[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you do economic research,\Nyou have three pieces. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of them as balls Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I want floating up\Nall the time. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm juggling them, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of them is the idea. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to begin with\N"What's the question, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's important?" Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Economists! Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not a group with a lot\Nof Marys, Natashas, or Juanitas, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's caused\Na lot of controversy. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, what's often overlooked\Nare the actual female economists Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are economics forward\Nby addressing real world issues. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to Women in Economics. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Ilyana] One thing I definitely\Nlearned from Claudia Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to approach economic\Nresearch like a detective. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, especially, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're working\Nwith economic history, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you can't just download\Na cleaned-up dataset. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You really have to go searching\Nopen, dusty boxes Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look under tocks. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Lawrence] She is the consummate,\Neconomic historian. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has been\Nthe innovator and pioneer Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on bringing economical logic\Nand historical and better data Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understanding\Nwomen's role in the economy, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then she is a fantastic\Nlabor economist, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had been a leader on work\Non understanding inequality. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Claudia Dale Goldin was born\Nin 1946 in the Bronx. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was a problem-solver\Nfrom the beginning. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a child, she avoided\Nthe New York City heat Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by spending\Nher summer days playing cards Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or reading in air-conditioned\Ndepartment stores. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while she always knew Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she wanted to be\Na scientist of some kind, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she wasn't always set on economics. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She'll tell stories to me Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about when she first went\Nto the Natural History Museum Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she was living in the Bronx Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fell in love with mummies Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thought that archeology\Nwas going to be her passion. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then she discovered\Nmicrobiology, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she suddenly realized\Nthat microscopes uncovered Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole new world\Nof discovery for her. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't until she actually went\Nto college at Cornell Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she first got introduced\Nto economics. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to become an economist Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I took an economics class Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an amazing person\Nnamed Fred Kahn. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was so excited about the field\Nof industrial organization Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and product markets and regulation Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was infectious. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, when I went\Nto graduate school Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Chicago, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went there to study\NIndustrial Organization. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the mentorship of Bob Fogel, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Claudia studied\NAmerican Economic History, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly the economics of slavery\Nand the post civil war south. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had to travel\Nto some southern states Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to gather archival materials\Nfor this research. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldin didn't approach this trip\Nlike a traditional economist. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She thought what I should do Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is hitchhike between\Nthe different cities in the south. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She met somebody\Nin one of the archives Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who let her stay at their place, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when she came back, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her advisor asked her for a list\Nof the receipts and expenses Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with the trip, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she had no clue that you were\Nsupposed to actually stay in hotels Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pay for actual travel, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could get reimbursements. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By actually staying\Nwith the archivists Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting access to archives Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and knowledge that\Nyou wouldn't have had, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it probably created [ ]\Nand understanding Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wouldn't have been possible Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were going through\Nusual channels. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator ) She continued\Nto focus on economic history, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploring such questions Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as why the north and south\Nhad different economic outcomes Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the Civil War. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I remember thinking\Nthat there were interesting aspects Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of child labor\Nand families. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suddenly occurred to me\Nthe main changes in the labor force Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to do with women. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] She realized Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was\Na huge story in US history Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was missing\Nfrom economist scrutiny. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was the great evolution\Nof women's labor force participation. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The women who were working, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from much of the history\Nthat I was looking at, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were young, single women. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then it morphed\Ninto studying how it was Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that older married women\Nwith families joined the workforce. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldin combined\Ndeep archival research, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history, and economics Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to conduct study after study, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,examining how various dimensions Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of women's participation\Nin the US labor force Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolved over 200 years. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldin's best known\Nfor her contributions Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the economic subgender. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She sort of pioneers that area. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [ ] She has been thinking\Nabout things that no one had known, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like why is it that women's jobs Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were much more likely\Nto be paid piece rate, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and men's jobs, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why is money taken away\Nand given to their parents, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the important role\Nin caring for the family Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how that affects the labor market. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She just has a determination\Nto figure out what's true, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the new data,\Nto read the historical sources, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about what\Nthe actual people making decisions. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the huge advantages\Nwe have as economists, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can actually read the diaries Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of actual people\Nmaking these decisions Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and talk to them and interview them Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're doing\Ncontemporaneous work Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or read their inner thoughts. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] As just one example,\NGoldin 's exhaustive research Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has lead her\Nto identify four phases, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going back to the late 19th century Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shaped women's role\Nin the US economy. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first three phases\Nwere revolutionary. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While important advances were made\Nthrough the evolutionary phases, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women also had limited control Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over key decisions\Naffecting their employment. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women in those periods Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were more likely to view\Ntheir working lives as intermittent Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a means to put food\Non the table. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then came the quiet revolution,\Nstarting in the late 1970s. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women of the quiet revolution\Ngenerally reviewed their careers Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a significant part\Nof their personal identity Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make their own decisions\Nabout their working lives. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldin found that this latest phase Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was triggered mainly by\Nincreased investments in education Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increased availability\Nof contraceptives. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Edward] More than\Nany other person, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she has been central in the study\Nof women and work in economics. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She gave it a broad,\Nhistorical sweep, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she tied it to economic theory\Nin a tight way. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyone who works on the issue\Nof women and work going forward Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be citing Claudia Goldin\Nand will be influenced by her. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Working together with Larry Katz, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's also done critical research\Nabout education, technology, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the extreme dangers\Nof income and inequality. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [ ] She was among\Nthe first to document Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we now think of\Nas a U- shape of inequality Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the 20th century. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To this day, economists\Nare still trying to figure out Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the determinants of that U-shape. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] As the first woman\Nto be offered [ ] Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Harvard Economics Department, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she also takes her role Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mentoring the next generation\Nof economists seriously. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [ ] As any graduate student will tell you, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,advisors play a critical role. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's these personal touches Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make Claudia Goldin\Nsuch a wonderful advisor. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's walking\Nher dog, Pika, with her, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,receiving midnight texts from her\Nthat always made me laugh. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [ ] She's not always serious, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, of course, is,\NI think, very important Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if someone's\Nconstantly serious, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just so intimidating\Nas a student. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2014, Goldin started Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Undergraduate Women\Nin Economics Program, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a broad initiative to encourage\Nmore female economics majors. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [ ] When I'm doing\Nmy best research, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am reminded\Nwhat I learned from Claudia, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how research can be fun Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it's a mystery\Nthat you want to unravel. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [ ] She brings a joy\Nto her research. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were famously called\Nthe "dismal science." Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was certainly when\NClaudia Goldin does at economics Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't anything but dismal. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Want to better\Nunderstand Goldin Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her contributions\Nto labor economics? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Click here for related materials\Nand practice questions, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or check out other videos Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how economists\Nare tackling all sorts of issues, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ranging from weighty topics, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the Great Recession\Nand public health Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to everyday topics, like wine-- Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, even wine!