9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When you do economic research,[br]you have three pieces. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think of them as balls 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that I want floating up[br]all the time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm juggling them, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and one of them is the idea. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I have to begin with[br]"What's the question, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what's important?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Narrator] Economists! 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Not a group with a lot[br]of Marys, Natashas, or Juanitas, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that's caused[br]a lot of controversy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 However, what's often overlooked[br]are the actual female economists 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who are economics forward[br]by addressing real world issues. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Welcome to Women in Economics. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Ilyana] One thing I definitely[br]learned from Claudia 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is to approach economic[br]research like a detective. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think, especially, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when you're working[br]with economic history, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when you can't just download[br]a cleaned-up dataset. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You really have to go searching[br]open, dusty boxes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and look under tocks. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Lawrence] She is the consummate,[br]economic historian. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She has been[br]the innovator and pioneer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on bringing economical logic[br]and historical and better data 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to understanding[br]women's role in the economy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and then she is a fantastic[br]labor economist, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who had been a leader on work[br]on understanding inequality. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Claudia Dale Goldin was born[br]in 1946 in the Bronx. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She was a problem-solver[br]from the beginning. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As a child, she avoided[br]the New York City heat 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by spending[br]her summer days playing cards 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or reading in air-conditioned[br]department stores. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And while she always knew 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she wanted to be[br]a scientist of some kind, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she wasn't always set on economics. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She'll tell stories to me 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 about when she first went[br]to the Natural History Museum 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when she was living in the Bronx 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and fell in love with mummies 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and thought that archeology[br]was going to be her passion. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But then she discovered[br]microbiology, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and she suddenly realized[br]that microscopes uncovered 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a whole new world[br]of discovery for her. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It wasn't until she actually went[br]to college at Cornell 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that she first got introduced[br]to economics. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I decided to become an economist 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because I took an economics class 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from an amazing person[br]named Fred Kahn. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He was so excited about the field[br]of industrial organization 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and product markets and regulation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that it was infectious. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in fact, when I went[br]to graduate school 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the University of Chicago, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I went there to study[br]Industrial Organization. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Under the mentorship of Bob Fogel, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Claudia studied[br]American Economic History, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 particularly the economics of slavery[br]and the post civil war south. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She had to travel[br]to some southern states 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to gather archival materials[br]for this research. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Goldin didn't approach this trip[br]like a traditional economist. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She thought what I should do 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is hitchhike between[br]the different cities in the south. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She met somebody[br]in one of the archives 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who let her stay at their place, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and when she came back, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 her advisor asked her for a list[br]of the receipts and expenses 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 associated with the trip, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she had no clue that you were[br]supposed to actually stay in hotels 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and pay for actual travel, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and you could get reimbursements. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 By actually staying[br]with the archivists 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and getting access to archives 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and knowledge that[br]you wouldn't have had, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it probably created [ ][br]and understanding 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that wouldn't have been possible 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if you were going through[br]usual channels. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - (Narrator ) She continued[br]to focus on economic history, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 exploring such questions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as why the north and south[br]had different economic outcomes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 after the Civil War. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Then I remember thinking[br]that there were interesting aspects 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in terms of child labor[br]and families. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It suddenly occurred to me[br]the main changes in the labor force 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 had to do with women. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Narrator] She realized 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that there was[br]a huge story in US history 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that was missing[br]from economist scrutiny. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that was the great evolution[br]of women's labor force participation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The women who were working, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from much of the history[br]that I was looking at, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 were young, single women. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But then it morphed[br]into studying how it was 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that older married women[br]with families joined the workforce. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Goldin combined[br]deep archival research, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 history, and economics 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to conduct study after study, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 examining how various dimensions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of women's participation[br]in the US labor force 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 evolved over 200 years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Goldin's best known[br]for her contributions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the economic subgender. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She sort of pioneers that area. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [ ] She has been thinking[br]about things that no one had known, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like why is it that women's jobs 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 were much more likely[br]to be paid piece rate, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and men's jobs, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 why is money taken away[br]and given to their parents, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the important role[br]in caring for the family 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and how that affects the labor market. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She just has a determination[br]to figure out what's true, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to find the new data,[br]to read the historical sources, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to think about what[br]the actual people making decisions. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One of the huge advantages[br]we have as economists, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we can actually read the diaries 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of actual people[br]making these decisions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and talk to them and interview them 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when we're doing[br]contemporaneous work 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or read their inner thoughts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Narrator] As just one example,[br]Goldin 's exhaustive research 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has lead her[br]to identify four phases, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 going back to the late 19th century 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that shaped women's role[br]in the US economy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The first three phases[br]were revolutionary. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 While important advances were made[br]through the evolutionary phases, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 women also had limited control 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 over key decisions[br]affecting their employment. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Women in those periods 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 were more likely to view[br]their working lives as intermittent 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and a means to put food[br]on the table. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Then came the quiet revolution,[br]starting in the late 1970s. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Women of the quiet revolution[br]generally reviewed their careers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as a significant part[br]of their personal identity 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and make their own decisions[br]about their working lives. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Goldin found that this latest phase 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was triggered mainly by[br]increased investments in education 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and increased availability[br]of contraceptives. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Edward] More than[br]any other person, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she has been central in the study[br]of women and work in economics. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 She gave it a broad,[br]historical sweep, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she tied it to economic theory[br]in a tight way. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Anyone who works on the issue[br]of women and work going forward 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will be citing Claudia Goldin[br]and will be influenced by her. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Working together with Larry Katz, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she's also done critical research[br]about education, technology, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the extreme dangers[br]of income and inequality. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [ ] She was among[br]the first to document 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what we now think of[br]as a U- shape of inequality 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 over the 20th century. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To this day, economists[br]are still trying to figure out 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the determinants of that U-shape. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Narrator] As the first woman[br]to be offered [ ] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the Harvard Economics Department, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she also takes her role 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of mentoring the next generation[br]of economists seriously. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [ ] As any graduate student will tell you, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 advisors play a critical role. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's these personal touches 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that make Claudia Goldin[br]such a wonderful advisor. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Whether it's walking[br]her dog, Pika, with her, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 receiving midnight texts from her[br]that always made me laugh. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [ ] She's not always serious, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which, of course, is,[br]I think, very important 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because if someone's[br]constantly serious, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's just so intimidating[br]as a student. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In 2014, Goldin started 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Undergraduate Women[br]in Economics Program, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a broad initiative to encourage[br]more female economics majors. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [ ] When I'm doing[br]my best research, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I am reminded[br]what I learned from Claudia, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and how research can be fun 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and how it's a mystery[br]that you want to unravel. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [ ] She brings a joy[br]to her research. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We were famously called[br]the "dismal science." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was certainly when[br]Claudia Goldin does at economics 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 isn't anything but dismal. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 - [Narrator] Want to better[br]understand Goldin 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and her contributions[br]to labor economics? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Click here for related materials[br]and practice questions, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or check out other videos 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on how economists[br]are tackling all sorts of issues, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 ranging from weighty topics, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 such as the Great Recession[br]and public health 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to everyday topics, like wine-- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 yes, even wine!