When you do economic research,
you have three pieces.

I think of them as balls

that I want floating up
all the time.

I'm juggling them,

and one of them is the idea.

I have to begin with
"What's the question,

what's important?"

- [Narrator] Economists!

Not a group with a lot
of Marys, Natashas, or Juanitas,

and that's caused
a lot of controversy.

However, what's often overlooked
are the actual female economists

who are economics forward
by addressing real world issues.

Welcome to Women in Economics.

- [Ilyana] One thing I definitely
learned from Claudia

is to approach economic
research like a detective.

I think, especially,

when you're working
with economic history,

when you can't just download
a cleaned-up dataset.

You really have to go searching
open, dusty boxes

and look under tocks.

- [Lawrence] She is the consummate,
economic historian.

She has been the innovator and pioneer

on bringing economical logic
and historical and better data

to understanding
women's role in the economy,

and then she is a fantastic
labor economist,

who had been a leader on work on understanding inequality.

Claudia Dale Goldin was born in 1946 in the Bronx.

She was a problem-solver from the beginning.

As a child, she avoided the New York City heat

by spending her summer days playing cards

or reading in air-conditioned department stores.

And while she always knew she wanted to be a scientist of some kind,

she wasn't always set on economics.

SHe'll tell stories to me about when she first went to the Natural History Museum

when she was living in the Bronx

and fell in love with mummies

and thought that archeology was going to be her passion.

But then she discovered microbiology,

and she suddently realized that microscopes uncovered a whole new world of discovery for her.

It wasn't until she actually went to college at Cornell

that she first got introduced to economics.

I decidede to become an economist

because I took an economics class from an amazing person named Fred Kahn.

He was so excited about the field of industrial organization

and product markets and regulation

that it was infectious.

And in fact, when I went to graduate school at the University of Chicago,

I went there to study Industrial Organization.

Under the mentorship of Bob Fogel,

Claudia studied AMerican Economic History,

particularly the economics of slavery
and the post civil war south.

SHe had to travel to some southern states to gather archival materials for this research.

Goldin didn't approach this trip like a traditional economist.

She thought what I should do is hitchhike between the different cities in the south.

She met somebody in one of the archives

who let her stay at their place,

and when she came back, her advisor asked her for a list of the receipts and expenses

associated with the trip,

she had no clue that you were supposed to actually stay in hotels and pay for actual travel,

and you could get reimbursements.

By actually staying with the archivists and getting access to archives

and knowledge that you wouldn't have had,

it probably created [ ] and understanding that wouldn't have been possible

if you were going through usual channels.