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When you do economic research,
you have three pieces.

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I think of them as balls

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that I want floating up
all the time.

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I'm juggling them,

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and one of them is the idea.

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I have to begin with
"What's the question,

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what's important?"

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- [Narrator] Economists!

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Not a group with a lot
of Marys, Natashas, or Juanitas,

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and that's caused
a lot of controversy.

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However, what's often overlooked
are the actual female economists

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who are economics forward
by addressing real world issues.

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Welcome to Women in Economics.

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- [Ilyana] One thing I definitely
learned from Claudia

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is to approach economic
research like a detective.

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I think, especially,

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when you're working
with economic history,

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when you can't just download
a cleaned-up dataset.

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You really have to go searching
open, dusty boxes

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and look under tocks.

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- [Lawrence] She is the consummate,
economic historian.

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She has been the innovator and pioneer

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on bringing economical logic
and historical and better data

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to understanding
women's role in the economy,

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and then she is a fantastic
labor economist,

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who had been a leader on work on understanding inequality.

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Claudia Dale Goldin was born in 1946 in the Bronx.

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She was a problem-solver from the beginning.

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As a child, she avoided the New York City heat

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by spending her summer days playing cards

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or reading in air-conditioned department stores.

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And while she always knew she wanted to be a scientist of some kind,

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she wasn't always set on economics.

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SHe'll tell stories to me about when she first went to the Natural History Museum

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when she was living in the Bronx

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and fell in love with mummies

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and thought that archeology was going to be her passion.

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But then she discovered microbiology,

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and she suddently realized that microscopes uncovered a whole new world of discovery for her.

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It wasn't until she actually went to college at Cornell

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that she first got introduced to economics.

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I decidede to become an economist

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because I took an economics class from an amazing person named Fred Kahn.

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He was so excited about the field of industrial organization

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and product markets and regulation

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that it was infectious.

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And in fact, when I went to graduate school at the University of Chicago,

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I went there to study Industrial Organization.

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Under the mentorship of Bob Fogel,

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Claudia studied AMerican Economic History,

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particularly the economics of slavery
and the post civil war south.

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SHe had to travel to some southern states to gather archival materials for this research.

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Goldin didn't approach this trip like a traditional economist.

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She thought what I should do is hitchhike between the different cities in the south.

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She met somebody in one of the archives

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who let her stay at their place,

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and when she came back, her advisor asked her for a list of the receipts and expenses

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associated with the trip,

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she had no clue that you were supposed to actually stay in hotels and pay for actual travel,

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and you could get reimbursements.

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By actually staying with the archivists and getting access to archives

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and knowledge that you wouldn't have had,

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it probably created [ ] and understanding that wouldn't have been possible

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if you were going through usual channels.