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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.08,0:00:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Claudia] When you do\Neconomic research,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.52,0:00:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have three pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.65,0:00:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of them as balls
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.35,0:00:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I want floating up\Nall the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.61,0:00:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm juggling them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.63,0:00:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of them is the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.85,0:00:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to begin with\N"What's the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.65,0:00:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's important?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.33,0:00:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ [music] ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.84,0:00:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Economists --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.14,0:00:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a group with a lot\Nof Marys, Natashas, or Juanitas,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.10,0:00:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's caused\Na lot of controversy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.68,0:00:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, what's often overlooked\Nare the actual female economists
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.55,0:00:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are pushing economics forward\Nby addressing real-world issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.88,0:00:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to Women in Economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.05,0:00:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Ilyana] One thing I definitely\Nlearned from Claudia
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.23,0:00:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to approach economic\Nresearch like a detective.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.95,0:00:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, especially, when working\Nin economic history,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.68,0:00:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you can't just download\Na cleaned-up dataset,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.37,0:00:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you really have to go searching,\Nopen dusty boxes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.52,0:01:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look under rocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.77,0:01:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Lawrence] She is the consummate\Neconomic historian.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.22,0:01:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has been\Nthe innovator and pioneer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.67,0:01:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on bringing economic logic,\Nand historical and better data,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.22,0:01:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understanding\Nwomen's role in the economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.88,0:01:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then she is a fantastic\Nlabor economist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.78,0:01:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had been a leader in work\Non understanding inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.52,0:01:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Claudia Dale Goldin\Nwas born in 1946 in the Bronx.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.18,0:01:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was a problem-solver\Nfrom the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.51,0:01:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a child, she avoided\Nthe New York City heat
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.90,0:01:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by spending her summer days\Nplaying cards or reading
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.79,0:01:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in air-conditioned\Ndepartment stores.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.58,0:01:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while she always knew
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.80,0:01:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she wanted to be\Na scientist of some kind,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.73,0:01:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she wasn't always set on economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.52,0:01:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Dev] She'll tell stories to me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.96,0:01:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about when she first went\Nto the Natural History Museum,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.90,0:01:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she was living in the Bronx,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.40,0:01:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fell in love with mummies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.17,0:02:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thought that archeology\Nwas going to be her passion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.60,0:02:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then she discovered\Nmicrobiology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.57,0:02:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she suddenly realized\Nthat microscopes uncovered
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.35,0:02:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole new world\Nof discovery for her.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.33,0:02:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't until she actually went\Nto college at Cornell
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.75,0:02:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she first got introduced\Nto economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.76,0:02:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Claudia] I decided\Nto become an economist
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.05,0:02:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I took an economics class
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an amazing person\Nnamed Fred Kahn.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.08,0:02:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was so excited about the field\Nof industrial organization
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.52,0:02:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and product markets and regulation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.45,0:02:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was infectious.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.03,0:02:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, when I went\Nto graduate school
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.10,0:02:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Chicago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.43,0:02:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went there to study\NIndustrial Organization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.90,0:02:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Under\Nthe mentorship of Bob Fogel,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.22,0:02:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Claudia studied\NAmerican Economic History,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.38,0:02:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly the economics of slavery\Nand the post-Civil War South.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.93,0:02:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had to travel\Nto some southern states
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.93,0:03:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to gather archival materials\Nfor this research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.98,0:03:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldin didn't approach this trip\Nlike a traditional economist.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.83,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Lawrence] She thought\Nwhat I should do
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.62,0:03:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is hitchhike between\Nthe different cities in the south.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.92,0:03:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She met somebody\Nfrom one of the archives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.07,0:03:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who let her stay at their place,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.53,0:03:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when she came back,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.95,0:03:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her advisor asked her for a list\Nof the receipts and expenses
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.47,0:03:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with the trip,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.75,0:03:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she had no clue
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.40,0:03:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you were supposed\Nto actually stay in hotels
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.17,0:03:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pay for actual travel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.87,0:03:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that you could\Nget reimbursements.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.88,0:03:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, by actually staying\Nwith the archivist
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.42,0:03:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting access\Nto archives and knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.74,0:03:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you wouldn't have had,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.01,0:03:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it probably created inroads\Nand understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.80,0:03:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wouldn't have been possible
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.20,0:03:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were going through\Nusual channels.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.45,0:03:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] She continued\Nto focus on economic history,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.40,0:03:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploring such questions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.83,0:03:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as why the North and South\Nhad such different economic outcomes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.70,0:03:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the Civil War.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.17,0:03:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Claudia] Then I remember thinking\Nthat there were interesting aspects
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.75,0:04:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of child labor\Nand families.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.07,0:04:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It suddenly occurred to me,\Nthe main changes in the labor force
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.95,0:04:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to do with women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.58,0:04:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] She realized
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.60,0:04:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was\Na huge story in U.S. history
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.67,0:04:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was missing\Nfrom economist scrutiny
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.30,0:04:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was the great evolution\Nof women's labor force participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.21,0:04:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Claudia] The women\Nwho were working --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.15,0:04:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from much of the history\Nthat I was looking at --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.65,0:04:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were young, single women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.64,0:04:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then it morphed\Ninto studying how it was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.95,0:04:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that older married women\Nwith families joined the workforce.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.28,0:04:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Goldin combined\Ndeep archival research,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.24,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history, and economics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to conduct study after study,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.08,0:04:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,examining how various dimensions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.02,0:04:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of women's participation\Nin the U.S. labor force
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.57,0:04:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolved over 200 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.52,0:04:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Ilyana] Goldin's best known\Nfor her contributions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.54,0:04:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the economics agenda.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.45,0:04:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She sort of pioneers that area.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.80,0:05:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Lawrence] She has been thinking\Nabout things no one had known --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.35,0:05:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like why is it that women's jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.42,0:05:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were much more likely\Nto be paid piece rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.13,0:05:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And men's jobs --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.93,0:05:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why is money taken away\Nand given to their parents?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.06,0:05:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The important role\Nfor caring for the family
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.92,0:05:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how that affects\Nthe labor market.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.30,0:05:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She just has a determination\Nto figure out what's true,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.07,0:05:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the new data,\Nto read the historical sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.68,0:05:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about what\Nthe actual people making decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.70,0:05:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the huge advantages\Nwe have as economists,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.24,0:05:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can actually read the diaries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.68,0:05:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of actual people\Nmaking these decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.02,0:05:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and talk to them and interview them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.42,0:05:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're doing\Ncontemporaneous work
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.04,0:05:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or read their inner thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.92,0:05:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] As just one example,\NGoldin's exhaustive research
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.82,0:05:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has led her\Nto identify four phases,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.57,0:05:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going back to the late 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.85,0:05:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shaped women's role\Nin the U.S. economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.62,0:05:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first three phases\Nwere evolutionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.69,0:06:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While important advances were made\Nthrough the evolutionary phases,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.33,0:06:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women also had limited control
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.15,0:06:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over key decisions\Naffecting their employment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.50,0:06:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women in those periods
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.81,0:06:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were more likely to view\Ntheir working lives as intermittent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.30,0:06:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a means to put food\Non the table.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.97,0:06:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then came the quiet revolution,\Nstarting in the late 1970s.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.44,0:06:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women of the quiet revolution\Ngenerally viewed their careers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.74,0:06:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a significant part\Nof their personal identity
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.60,0:06:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made their own decisions\Nabout their working lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.29,0:06:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goldin found that this latest phase
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.68,0:06:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was triggered mainly by\Nincreased investments in education
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.09,0:06:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increased availability\Nof contraceptives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.04,0:06:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Edward] More than\Nany other person,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.88,0:06:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she has been central in the study\Nof women and work in economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.84,0:06:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She gave it a broad\Nhistorical sweep.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.64,0:06:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She tied it to economic theory\Nin a tight way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.38,0:06:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyone who works on the issue\Nof women and work going forward
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.30,0:06:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be citing Claudia Goldin\Nand will be influenced by her.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.70,0:07:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Working together\Nwith Larry Katz,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.74,0:07:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's also done critical research\Nabout education, technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.71,0:07:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the extreme dangers\Nof income and inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.85,0:07:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Ilyana] She's among\Nthe first to document
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.02,0:07:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we now think of\Nas a U shape of inequality
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.99,0:07:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.44,0:07:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To this day, economists\Nare still trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.18,0:07:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the determinants of that U shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.40,0:07:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] As the first woman\Nto be offered tenure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.69,0:07:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Harvard Economics Department,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.79,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she also takes her role
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mentoring the next generation\Nof economists seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.49,0:07:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Dev] As any graduate\Nstudent will tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.37,0:07:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the advisors play a critical role.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.72,0:07:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's these personal touches
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.22,0:07:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make Claudia Goldin\Nsuch a wonderful advisor --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.39,0:07:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's walking\Nher dog, Pika, with her,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.56,0:07:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,receiving midnight texts from her\Nthat always make me laugh.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.90,0:07:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Ilyana] She's not always serious --\Nwhich is, of course, very important
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.95,0:07:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if someone's\Nconstantly serious,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.86,0:07:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just so intimidating\Nas a student.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.65,0:07:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] In 2014,\NGoldin started
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.76,0:08:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Undergraduate Women\Nin Economics Program --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.10,0:08:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a broad initiative to encourage\Nmore female economics majors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.19,0:08:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Ilyana] When doing\Nmy best research,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.72,0:08:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am reminded of\Nwhat I learned from Claudia,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.88,0:08:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how research can be fun
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.21,0:08:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it's a mystery\Nthat you want to unravel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.83,0:08:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Edward] She brings a joy\Nto her research.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.01,0:08:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were famously called\Nthe "dismal science."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.38,0:08:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, certainly when\NClaudia Goldin does economics --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.50,0:08:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's anything but dismal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.42,0:08:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Want to better\Nunderstand Goldin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.19,0:08:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her contributions\Nto labor economics?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.73,0:08:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Click here for related materials\Nand practice questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.89,0:08:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or check out other videos
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.19,0:08:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how economists\Nare tackling all sorts of issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.01,0:08:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ranging from weighty topics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.64,0:08:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the Great Recession\Nand public health,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.81,0:08:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to everyday topics, like wine --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.82,0:08:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, even wine!