1 00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:07,010 In 1989 the Soviet empire started to collapse. 2 00:00:07,115 --> 00:00:11,230 A historic victory. It could be that the Secret Committee of US 3 00:00:11,230 --> 00:00:15,290 President Ronald Reagan contributed to it. 4 00:00:15,438 --> 00:00:17,568 Herb Mayer, CIA vice-chief of Intelligence 5 00:00:17,678 --> 00:00:20,488 - They stopped playing defense and began to play offense. 6 00:00:20,488 --> 00:00:24,308 That was the great shift that changed the course of world history. 7 00:00:24,478 --> 00:00:25,478 Thomas Reed, Special Questions Advisor 8 00:00:25,478 --> 00:00:27,799 We could have brought them to their knees if we wanted. 9 00:00:27,799 --> 00:00:30,199 Did the Committee in fact exist? 10 00:00:30,251 --> 00:00:32,711 What methods did Reagan’s soldiers use? 11 00:00:33,539 --> 00:00:35,359 John Lemann, the Minister of the US Navy 12 00:00:35,359 --> 00:00:37,537 - The use of deception 13 00:00:37,537 --> 00:00:40,257 could make it appear to the Soviets to be 20 feet tall. 14 00:00:43,607 --> 00:00:44,877 Admiral James ‘Ace’ Lyons 15 00:00:44,927 --> 00:00:48,947 - You have to go out and physically demonstrate... 16 00:00:49,237 --> 00:00:53,497 For the first time, witnesses tell of those events. 17 00:00:53,735 --> 00:00:54,822 Mathias Mossberg, the Secretary General 18 00:00:54,822 --> 00:00:56,242 for 3d Submarine Investigation Board. 19 00:00:56,326 --> 00:00:59,270 - They made fools of the Swedish parliament and government 20 00:00:59,270 --> 00:01:04,280 as well as Swedish media. What world do we actually live in? 21 00:01:05,250 --> 00:01:08,610 Deception: Reagan’s Method 22 00:01:08,749 --> 00:01:13,049 A film by Dirk Polmann 23 00:01:13,257 --> 00:01:15,227 Submarines against Olof Palme 24 00:01:15,369 --> 00:01:19,556 The next target is a supposed neutral state in the North of Europe - 25 00:01:21,976 --> 00:01:28,436 Sweden. Only the Baltic Sea separates it from the Soviet Union 26 00:01:28,718 --> 00:01:29,608 Ula Tunander: 27 00:01:29,708 --> 00:01:31,498 Sweden was actually extremely important 28 00:01:31,498 --> 00:01:34,498 in case of a future World War. 29 00:01:34,728 --> 00:01:38,208 Sweden was located northward of Germany 30 00:01:38,208 --> 00:01:44,268 and was kind of an unsinkable aircraft-carrier 31 00:01:44,268 --> 00:01:47,398 that the US could operate from. 32 00:01:48,729 --> 00:01:53,639 Since 1960 Sweden had been integrated in plans of NATO militarization. 33 00:01:53,723 --> 00:01:58,383 In the 1960's, Swedish Air Forces ranked 4th strongest in the world. 34 00:01:58,466 --> 00:02:03,306 The US Army counted on Sweden’s secret loyalty to NATO. 35 00:02:03,494 --> 00:02:04,514 Ula Tunander: 36 00:02:04,584 --> 00:02:07,649 - Since 1960, Sweden was preparing to 37 00:02:07,649 --> 00:02:10,224 receive US aircraft on its territory. 38 00:02:10,304 --> 00:02:12,774 There was a direct phone line with 39 00:02:12,774 --> 00:02:17,284 the headquarters of US Navy in Wiesbaden. 40 00:02:17,754 --> 00:02:18,774 Ingemar Engman: 41 00:02:18,875 --> 00:02:23,066 - We prepared airfields, on which the American jet airplanes 42 00:02:23,066 --> 00:02:27,526 could have landed on their way eastwards. 43 00:02:28,206 --> 00:02:33,376 The USA needed Sweden as an 'aircraft-carrier'. 44 00:02:33,457 --> 00:02:38,747 And besides: the Soviet Union would be forced to fight on two fronts. 45 00:02:42,738 --> 00:02:46,478 There’s an extremely conservative elite in the Swedish Army, 46 00:02:46,478 --> 00:02:50,242 an economy and aristocracy completely aligned with the USA 47 00:02:50,242 --> 00:02:55,492 that treats social-democrats with deep mistrust. 48 00:02:56,716 --> 00:02:57,746 Ula Fritjofson: 49 00:02:57,836 --> 00:03:00,518 - In social-democratic Sweden it was perhaps 50 00:03:00,518 --> 00:03:04,778 the most powerful social-democratic party in the world. 51 00:03:06,698 --> 00:03:10,236 A charismatic leader, Olof Palme – 52 00:03:10,236 --> 00:03:15,166 a man of indisputable international renoun. 53 00:03:15,260 --> 00:03:18,210 A man who had enemies. 54 00:03:18,477 --> 00:03:19,777 Ula Tunander: 55 00:03:19,851 --> 00:03:22,413 - It was the social-democratic government of the country. 56 00:03:22,498 --> 00:03:26,048 But there’re also ruling elites who shared quite different views. 57 00:03:26,131 --> 00:03:28,980 They were closely related to the USA and Great Britain. 58 00:03:29,028 --> 00:03:33,928 And this means that you have a divided Sweden. 59 00:03:33,938 --> 00:03:36,781 Once I was invited for dinner with James Schlesinger - 60 00:03:36,781 --> 00:03:41,278 the former US Secretary of Defense and Director of CIA. 61 00:03:41,278 --> 00:03:44,969 I asked him what he thought of Sweden 62 00:03:44,969 --> 00:03:47,609 at the time he had occupied his position. 63 00:03:47,609 --> 00:03:51,070 And he asked me: ‘What Sweden? 64 00:03:51,070 --> 00:03:54,138 The political Sweden or the military Sweden?’ 65 00:03:55,228 --> 00:03:59,525 At the end of 60's, beginning of 70's, the Vietnam War 66 00:03:59,525 --> 00:04:02,673 shook up the Western states and deeply divided society. 67 00:04:02,673 --> 00:04:07,203 Outraged youth organized demonstrations all over the world. 68 00:04:07,206 --> 00:04:11,208 Olof Palme led demonstrations criticizing US policy 69 00:04:11,208 --> 00:04:14,525 together with the North Vietnamese Ambassador. 70 00:04:14,525 --> 00:04:15,893 The case is exactly one for the Committee. 71 00:04:15,893 --> 00:04:18,603 In 1981 Palme is still the opposition leader 72 00:04:18,603 --> 00:04:24,223 But a year later he wins the elections and has brilliant ratings. 73 00:04:24,223 --> 00:04:28,822 Palme’s and Reagan’s plans are as much as fire and water. 74 00:04:28,822 --> 00:04:33,544 However the Committee can use the preliminary work of the CIA. 75 00:04:33,545 --> 00:04:36,217 Since 70's, the US Secret Service had been scheming 76 00:04:36,217 --> 00:04:39,202 against Palme on Swedish territory. 77 00:04:39,202 --> 00:04:43,532 Reagan and Casey knew: Palme is considered to be a traitor 78 00:04:43,532 --> 00:04:46,812 among Swedish security agencies. 79 00:04:46,945 --> 00:04:51,505 Besides, important Swedish admirals are on their side. 80 00:04:53,234 --> 00:04:54,304 John Lehman: 81 00:04:54,426 --> 00:04:58,300 - Certainly there were efforts to see that the Swedish military 82 00:04:58,300 --> 00:05:02,730 addressed the demands of NATO strategies and ideas, 83 00:05:02,730 --> 00:05:06,240 and that Sweden had access to technologies 84 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:09,793 needed to defend their neutrality. 85 00:05:11,383 --> 00:05:15,253 On the morning of October 28th, 1981 86 00:05:15,253 --> 00:05:18,763 the Chief of Swedish Naval Staff in Karlsrona 87 00:05:18,763 --> 00:05:22,143 receives an unexpected report: 88 00:05:22,248 --> 00:05:25,668 Fishermen found a submarine washed ashore. 89 00:05:25,733 --> 00:05:29,503 Commander Karl Andersson immediately heads there. 90 00:05:31,737 --> 00:05:32,507 Karl Andersson: 91 00:05:32,617 --> 00:05:36,845 - As soon as we called in at Gosefjerden I slowed down. 92 00:05:36,906 --> 00:05:41,596 And suddenly I saw a black and green 93 00:05:41,596 --> 00:05:46,235 Whiskey-class submarine 100 meters in front of me. 94 00:05:46,298 --> 00:05:49,565 It was obviously a Russian submarine. 95 00:05:55,143 --> 00:05:58,841 The highest rank aboard was the Chief of Brigade Staff 96 00:05:58,841 --> 00:06:01,317 from the city of Baltiysk – Joseph Avrukevich. 97 00:06:01,402 --> 00:06:04,542 He had navigated the submarine along quite a narrow fjord. 98 00:06:04,652 --> 00:06:07,496 The commander Peter Gushchin was forced 99 00:06:07,496 --> 00:06:09,486 to follow Avrukevich’s instructions. 100 00:06:10,739 --> 00:06:11,519 Karl Andersson: 101 00:06:11,623 --> 00:06:15,283 - I could never understand what kind of commander he was 102 00:06:15,283 --> 00:06:18,318 or what the operation was meant to be. 103 00:06:18,368 --> 00:06:21,258 I actually didn’t even think of that because 104 00:06:21,258 --> 00:06:24,517 it was incredibly stupid to call in at Gosefjerden 105 00:06:24,517 --> 00:06:26,997 since a submarine could run aground. 106 00:06:27,527 --> 00:06:30,187 The submarine had been drifting for a long time 107 00:06:30,187 --> 00:06:33,240 until Avrukevich, guided by a beacon, steered the submarine 108 00:06:33,240 --> 00:06:37,800 into the fairway of the just 100 meter wide Gosefjerden. 109 00:06:38,210 --> 00:06:39,280 Karl Andersson: 110 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:42,723 - They could hire a fishing boat under the guise 111 00:06:42,723 --> 00:06:45,000 of a Swedish flag for that purpose. 112 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:47,772 But it was a very stupid decision 113 00:06:47,772 --> 00:06:50,000 to call in there with a submarine. 114 00:06:51,114 --> 00:06:55,259 The public will discover: the submarine was sent to spy. 115 00:06:55,259 --> 00:06:58,721 In a fjord that it couldn’t submerge into, 116 00:06:58,721 --> 00:07:01,541 since there was 1.5 m of water under the keel? 117 00:07:01,552 --> 00:07:04,475 Anderson notes that the person who was responsible 118 00:07:04,475 --> 00:07:07,445 for making decisions was the mysterious Chief of Staff Avrukevich. 119 00:07:07,445 --> 00:07:10,764 He then received an order not to interrogate him. 120 00:07:11,386 --> 00:07:12,256 Karl Andersson: 121 00:07:12,329 --> 00:07:15,798 - Yes, I received this exact order. 122 00:07:15,798 --> 00:07:19,499 I received orders to interrogate Gushchin only, 123 00:07:19,499 --> 00:07:23,219 the watch officer, the signaler and the navigator. 124 00:07:23,219 --> 00:07:29,477 I was prohibited from interrogating anyone else. 125 00:07:33,692 --> 00:07:36,682 Swedish Naval Forces sent a diver under water. 126 00:07:36,682 --> 00:07:41,302 Their footage is being officially shown here for the first time ever. 127 00:07:42,674 --> 00:07:44,744 They make a startling discovery. 128 00:07:44,831 --> 00:07:50,251 A big sand dune formed behind the marine propeller. 129 00:07:51,262 --> 00:07:52,525 Ula Tunander: 130 00:07:52,525 --> 00:07:56,477 - In front of the propeller there was no sand dune. 131 00:07:56,477 --> 00:07:59,405 That meant someone wanted the submarine 132 00:07:59,405 --> 00:08:02,573 to run further against the rocks, to stay there. 133 00:08:03,264 --> 00:08:06,580 And then it was turned around more than 50 degrees 134 00:08:06,580 --> 00:08:10,168 so the submarine would really get stuckin the rocks 135 00:08:10,168 --> 00:08:13,813 so it wouldn't slide off. 136 00:08:14,528 --> 00:08:18,262 To sum up: A supposed spy submarine put into 137 00:08:18,262 --> 00:08:21,735 the extremely narrow fjord, where there's almost no water 138 00:08:21,735 --> 00:08:26,135 under the keel and will sooner or later run aground. 139 00:08:26,622 --> 00:08:30,877 When it happened, the engines continued to work at full capacity. 140 00:08:30,877 --> 00:08:33,438 The submarine crawled further onto the rocks until it got stuck. 141 00:08:33,438 --> 00:08:36,748 But one mustn't interrogate the officer 142 00:08:36,748 --> 00:08:39,468 responsible for this insane operation. 143 00:08:39,768 --> 00:08:42,698 ‘Whiskey on the rocks’ hit the headlines. 144 00:08:42,698 --> 00:08:45,483 Sweden is shocked and indignant. 145 00:08:47,770 --> 00:08:51,180 Olof Palme wins the elections in 1982. 146 00:08:51,180 --> 00:08:53,693 He wants to achieve neutrality, disarmament 147 00:08:53,693 --> 00:08:56,513 and nonalignment to the military blocs for Sweden. 148 00:08:57,580 --> 00:09:03,130 Confrontation mitigation; but Reagan wanted just the opposite. 149 00:09:03,906 --> 00:09:07,486 Therefore the ‘Deception Committee’ begins to project 150 00:09:07,486 --> 00:09:09,736 the operation of psychological warfare. 151 00:09:09,832 --> 00:09:13,751 A pretense of reality that should return Sweden back on the course 152 00:09:13,751 --> 00:09:17,241 that corresponds to the Reagan strategy. 153 00:09:20,483 --> 00:09:25,023 Two weeks after Palme took office a submarine’s periscope 154 00:09:25,023 --> 00:09:27,775 was detected at a Swedish naval base Muskö. 155 00:09:29,218 --> 00:09:31,487 It could be – and everyone claimed they were: 156 00:09:31,487 --> 00:09:34,757 only Soviet submarines after ‘Whiskey on the Rocks’. 157 00:09:35,471 --> 00:09:36,591 Ula Tunander: 158 00:09:36,591 --> 00:09:40,879 - They showed their periscopes and cone towers to the public. 159 00:09:40,949 --> 00:09:44,779 A submarine's captain shouldn’t do that. 160 00:09:44,869 --> 00:09:45,759 Mathias Mossberg: 161 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:48,163 - Why did they want to be seen? 162 00:09:48,243 --> 00:09:51,513 To turn the trick. And they did that very well. 163 00:09:53,213 --> 00:09:56,051 A few hours after the submarines had been detected, 164 00:09:56,051 --> 00:09:58,551 the Swedish Naval Forces convene a press conference. 165 00:09:58,721 --> 00:10:02,286 More than 750 journalists from all over the world report 166 00:10:02,286 --> 00:10:05,450 on Swedish Naval Forces with arms ready in hand 167 00:10:05,450 --> 00:10:08,760 but without success; hunt for the Soviet submarines. 168 00:10:09,739 --> 00:10:13,269 Is it just a pretense for media? 169 00:10:14,495 --> 00:10:17,760 In the following years, the hunt for submarines 170 00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:19,630 repeats hundreds of times. 171 00:10:19,721 --> 00:10:22,701 Foreign submarines are seen in front of the Royal Palace 172 00:10:22,702 --> 00:10:25,762 and in front of summerhouses and naval bases. 173 00:10:25,857 --> 00:10:29,457 While Palme negotiates with the Soviets on disarmament 174 00:10:29,457 --> 00:10:32,485 and proposals of peace, Soviet Military Forces 175 00:10:32,485 --> 00:10:34,335 apparently pretend to want it. 176 00:10:34,425 --> 00:10:36,145 Moscow is confused. 177 00:10:36,226 --> 00:10:38,806 No one has given such orders to their military. 178 00:10:38,905 --> 00:10:41,475 Or are there self-ruling captains? 179 00:10:43,487 --> 00:10:45,117 Palme protests 180 00:10:45,117 --> 00:10:46,694 to the Soviet Ambassador again and again. 181 00:10:46,764 --> 00:10:50,224 In the end the latter passes a proposal from the Kremlin. 182 00:10:50,435 --> 00:10:52,545 Boris Pankin, the Soviet Ambassador to Sweden: 183 00:10:52,881 --> 00:10:56,521 - If you think our submarines are there, you can bomb them. 184 00:10:56,578 --> 00:10:58,568 But we know there are none, 185 00:10:58,568 --> 00:11:00,758 that’s why we are not afraid of any bombing. 186 00:11:02,222 --> 00:11:04,478 Endless, unsuccessful war against 187 00:11:04,478 --> 00:11:07,468 the ghost submarines has its consequences. 188 00:11:13,482 --> 00:11:14,542 Ulf Svenson: 189 00:11:14,545 --> 00:11:17,781 - It was impossible for Palme to do anything alse 190 00:11:17,781 --> 00:11:20,046 than to decisively blame the Russians. 191 00:11:20,756 --> 00:11:25,786 It was difficult to ensure the policy of ‘common security’ 192 00:11:25,786 --> 00:11:28,516 in relation to the communist states. 193 00:11:28,766 --> 00:11:30,788 The leaders of Swedish Naval Forces 194 00:11:30,788 --> 00:11:34,218 sunk not a single enemy submarine but it successfully torpedoed 195 00:11:34,218 --> 00:11:36,358 Palme’s ‘common security’ policy. 196 00:11:36,449 --> 00:11:40,529 Without the Swedish media, this operation would fail. 197 00:11:40,750 --> 00:11:42,080 Mathias Mossberg: 198 00:11:42,230 --> 00:11:46,490 - The media were very much taking the lead 199 00:11:46,490 --> 00:11:52,455 in blowing up this issue according to 200 00:11:52,455 --> 00:11:58,511 the information they got from our militaries. 201 00:11:59,651 --> 00:12:04,211 From 1981 to 1983, the number of Swedes 202 00:12:04,211 --> 00:12:09,521 who felt there was a Soviet threat increased from 27% to 83%. 203 00:12:11,205 --> 00:12:14,235 Boris Pankin, the Soviet Ambassador to Sweden: 204 00:12:14,451 --> 00:12:17,781 - I would like to mention why it bothers me now. 205 00:12:17,945 --> 00:12:22,471 It turned out that even in such an educated, Western-European state, 206 00:12:22,471 --> 00:12:26,748 in such a bulwark of democracy, it was quite easy 207 00:12:26,748 --> 00:12:33,348 to distract vast masses of people and brainwash them, to zombify them. 208 00:12:33,492 --> 00:12:36,527 Since 1983, three investigations 209 00:12:36,527 --> 00:12:39,267 imto the submarines scam were carried out. 210 00:12:39,501 --> 00:12:40,685 Mathias Mossberg: 211 00:12:40,685 --> 00:12:44,101 - The first inquiry concluded that it was Soviet submarines. 212 00:12:44,101 --> 00:12:47,447 The second concluded that this could not be proven. 213 00:12:47,447 --> 00:12:50,450 Then a few years went by and an interview 214 00:12:50,450 --> 00:12:57,486 came out with Caspar Weinberger, the US Secretary of Defense, 215 00:12:57,486 --> 00:13:02,116 who clearly said that the US was involved in this. 216 00:13:02,474 --> 00:13:03,764 Caspar Weinberger, the US Secretary of Defense: 217 00:13:03,848 --> 00:13:07,282 - There was no direct insertion or testing of 218 00:13:07,282 --> 00:13:11,382 Swedish defense without consultion, 219 00:13:11,382 --> 00:13:13,792 when speaking of the agreement. 220 00:13:14,382 --> 00:13:15,552 Keith Speed, the British Navy Minister: 221 00:13:15,599 --> 00:13:17,800 - There were exercise attacks. 222 00:13:17,888 --> 00:13:20,517 Could the submarines infiltrate their waters 223 00:13:20,517 --> 00:13:23,135 and emerge at the port in Stockholm? 224 00:13:23,257 --> 00:13:25,815 Well, that’s not quite the thing but something like that. 225 00:13:25,865 --> 00:13:27,540 How far could we go? 226 00:13:27,588 --> 00:13:29,207 During my administration, we had Oberon-class and Porpoise-class 227 00:13:29,207 --> 00:13:32,339 diesel submarines for that purpose. 228 00:13:33,495 --> 00:13:37,517 It's quite clear: Swedish Naval Forces’ leadership knew 229 00:13:37,517 --> 00:13:41,677 NATO’s submarines were in Swedish territorial waters. 230 00:13:41,752 --> 00:13:45,112 Why had they kept silent back then? 231 00:13:45,168 --> 00:13:48,268 And what part had the Americans and British played? 232 00:13:51,496 --> 00:13:52,765 Mathias Mossberg: 233 00:13:52,765 --> 00:13:54,965 - Obviously we needed to go into the question again. 234 00:13:54,965 --> 00:13:57,529 They instituted a new inquiry 235 00:13:57,529 --> 00:13:59,939 and appointeded me as Secretary General. 236 00:14:00,461 --> 00:14:04,284 Mossberg found a document in the Muskö naval base archives. 237 00:14:04,331 --> 00:14:06,756 Several senior admirals were worried about 238 00:14:06,756 --> 00:14:10,516 Weinberger’s statement and wanted to be prepared. 239 00:14:11,489 --> 00:14:12,728 Mathias Mossberg: 240 00:14:12,761 --> 00:14:18,686 - To the effect we had to coordinate our response to this. 241 00:14:18,765 --> 00:14:23,859 I wanted to take a copy of this document. 242 00:14:24,979 --> 00:14:26,785 But our military expert told us: 243 00:14:26,785 --> 00:14:29,219 ‘You don’t need to do that. 244 00:14:29,219 --> 00:14:34,535 We have this at the office in Stockholm’. 245 00:14:34,599 --> 00:14:39,456 I believed him. When I came back to our office 246 00:14:39,456 --> 00:14:43,496 it turned that we didn’t have this document at all. 247 00:14:43,686 --> 00:14:46,758 And next time we went back to that archive 248 00:14:46,758 --> 00:14:50,886 that particular document had disappeared. 249 00:14:51,416 --> 00:14:55,486 So these were the kind of things we had to fight with. 250 00:14:56,002 --> 00:14:58,492 The board faced resistance: 251 00:14:58,492 --> 00:15:01,274 Access to the archives was denied and it discovered 252 00:15:01,274 --> 00:15:03,556 that the military destroyed important evidence, 253 00:15:03,556 --> 00:15:05,776 photographs and documents. 254 00:15:07,903 --> 00:15:08,733 Mathias Mossberg: 255 00:15:08,733 --> 00:15:12,233 - What we were dealing with was a certain group 256 00:15:12,233 --> 00:15:16,523 that was not telling the government the full truth 257 00:15:16,523 --> 00:15:26,466 about what they knew or had happened or was happening. 258 00:15:26,566 --> 00:15:35,470 And they were taking decisions which had far-reaching implications 259 00:15:35,470 --> 00:15:40,270 for Swedish defense and foreign policy. 260 00:15:40,390 --> 00:15:45,310 They were decisions that were taken outside 261 00:15:45,310 --> 00:15:49,868 the democratic framework of the Swedish government. 262 00:15:49,978 --> 00:15:54,066 Then of course, you ask yourself where you are. 263 00:15:54,356 --> 00:15:57,504 In a country, where the army conspired together with 264 00:15:57,504 --> 00:16:01,164 a foreign power against its own Minister-President? 265 00:16:01,204 --> 00:16:02,259 Mathias Mossberg: 266 00:16:02,259 --> 00:16:04,455 - Sweden was taken for a ride. 267 00:16:04,455 --> 00:16:06,495 Public opinion was taken for a ride, 268 00:16:06,495 --> 00:16:09,475 Swedish parliament was taken for a ride, 269 00:16:09,475 --> 00:16:14,465 Swedish government was taken for a ride, the press was taken for a ride. 270 00:16:14,465 --> 00:16:18,285 What sort of world are we actually living in? 271 00:16:18,745 --> 00:16:22,185 In a world where Olof Palme was murdered. 272 00:16:22,189 --> 00:16:25,329 The killer hasn’t been found yet. 273 00:16:26,246 --> 00:16:27,734 Mikhail Gorbachev, The President of the USSR 274 00:16:27,734 --> 00:16:32,954 -I’m sure it was a political killing. It was a contract killing… 275 00:16:33,045 --> 00:16:39,335 I don’t think he was murdered for some domestic reasons… 276 00:16:40,517 --> 00:16:43,567 - Why do you think it was a political killing? 277 00:16:43,567 --> 00:16:48,272 Because this man and the things he was proposing... 278 00:16:48,743 --> 00:16:53,152 Their implementation involved the interests 279 00:16:53,152 --> 00:16:59,222 of groups who weren't particularly interested 280 00:16:59,222 --> 00:17:01,562 in making world a better place.