[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hear a lot about climate change \Nand carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can farmers do about it?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'A lot,' says Austra,lian soil scientist, \NDr. Christine Jones.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,' and get better crops as a result.'
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all about getting light energy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transforming it to biochemical energy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting that biochemical energy \Ninto the soil,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to drive the soil ecosystem \Nto make nutrients available
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the reason that carbon is important
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because all living things \Ncontain carbon
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so as things live and die,\Nthey give up their carbon
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then something else lives \Nand takes up that carbon.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess what we're talking about \Nwith climate changes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about that cycle \Ngetting out of balance
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for thousands of years \Nit's been in balance...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the atmosphere and the plants,\Nand the soil,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the living creatures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in modern times people have dug up
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and burned fossil fuels \Nand exposed soil for farming.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, over a third of the carbon
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,added to the atmosphere since 1850
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has come from deforestation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exposing, and oxidizing\Nthe rich carbon deposits in our topsoil.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,U.S. soil scientist Dr. Elaine Ingham says,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'We can put it back though.'
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'And in a way so that much of it will stay.'
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, carbon sequestration - \Nwe're talking about putting CO2
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the atmosphere back into the soil
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a form that's not going to be lost.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we do this?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same way nature did \Nin the first place.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got to be photosynthesizing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we've got to be growing plants in that soil...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So CO2 and sunlight \Nwill be bound back into sugar structures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As those sugars go down \Ninto the root system,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Picking up all the nitrogen phosphorus \Nsulfur magnesium calcium
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the soil.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Building that plant material - \Nthe plants are putting
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exudates out into the soil,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cakes and cookies' out into the soil,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the bacteria and fungi utilize that material
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and build the organic matter \Nback in the soil once again.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those sugar water exudates are the key.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This photo shows liquid carbon\Nflowing from a plant root above,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along a fungal hypha or two,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feed the fungus below.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In exchange for that carbon,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soil microbes, including fungi,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bring water \Nor micro nutrients to the roots,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing the plant to release more carbon.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to build that soil carbon,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to be looking after the microbial
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or supporting \Nthe microbial communities in the soil
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that join all the little \Ncarbon atoms together
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form humors polymers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can't grow as well unless \Nthose microbes are there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They won't have as many \Ntrace elements in them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if those microbes aren't there,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the plants don't have \Nthose trace elements in them,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become vulnerable \Nto insect attack and fungal attack,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pathogens of all kinds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, we're now seeing \Nthe light as it is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realizing that we are like farmers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that what we need to do is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to harvest as much \Nsunlight energy as possible,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by having as much green leaf as possible.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, as much \Nof the year as possible.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because photosynthesis drives \Nthe whole system...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soil should always be covered with plants,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either crop plants or cover crops.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Farmers here in the United States
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started experimenting with two-way covers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then five-way covers,\Nand then 10-way covers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now they're sort of aiming \Nfor 20-way covers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, 20 different varieties\Nof plants in a cover crop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And realizing that the more diverse \Nthey make the cover crop,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the faster they can build soil.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more, less reliant \Nthey are on any chemicals at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Farmers are finding \Nthat building soil biodiversity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,builds plant health.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're finding they don't have \Nto use any synthetic fertilizers anymore,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have to use pesticides,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have to use insecticides.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They not only are they producing food \Nthat's higher in nutrients,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's also lower in toxic chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're taking co2\Nout of the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and storing it in soils.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also want resilience in our fields.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon builds \Na good clumpy soil structure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holding on to rainwater.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other thing is how quickly \Nwhen the rain does absorb...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how quickly does it evaporate.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when it gets into the soil, \Nwe want it to stay there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we want to have \Nan aggregate send us all,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aggregates the little lumps \Nlike pea show clumps in the soil
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have a much higher moisture content
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the inside of the aggregate \Nthan on the outside.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we see the greatest increases \Nin carbon sequestration,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through what I call \N'the liquid carbon pathway' -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's being
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fixed in and green leaves transfer
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,powder through the plants excuted by
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roots into microbial communities in the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soil and forming aggregates and leading
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the process of unification which is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the holy grail for soil to have an
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increase in humans in the soil so our
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,job as dr. Ingham says is to farm so we
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are working with nature
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so don't till could we have a list of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those farmers that are no-till or zero
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,till and really let people know that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're the ones doing the work and as
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dr. Jones says this kind of farming is a
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,win for everyone if we can take more of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the carbon that's in the atmosphere and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,store it in our soil and our soils and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our food production systems are going to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be more resilient but we could produce
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same meal with much higher quality
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with much lower cost and building soil
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the fundamental shift in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking that we have to make is that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farming is about harvesting light
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the process of photosynthesis
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to change light energy to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biochemical energy and then that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biochemical energy becomes our plants
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our animals so you know through the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon compounds that are made by that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,process we are fundamentally light
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farmers and when we make that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,realization then the sky's the limit.