[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.04,0:00:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] In this video,\Nwe are going to give ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.19,0:00:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an overview of ancient Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.02,0:00:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which corresponds\Ngeographically pretty closely
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.53,0:00:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the modern day state of\NEgypt in northeast Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.14,0:00:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the central feature\Nin both ancient Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.91,0:00:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in modern Egypt is the Nile River
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.83,0:00:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you see in blue right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.96,0:00:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Nile River is one of\Nthe great rivers of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.57,0:00:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It rivals the Amazon\NRiver as the longest river
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.54,0:00:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sources the\Ntributaries of the Nile Rover
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.68,0:00:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start even south of this picture
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.42,0:00:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the water flows northward
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.74,0:00:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually its delta\Nreaches the Mediterranean Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.44,0:00:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The delta, which is where\Na river opens into the sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.01,0:00:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called a delta because,\Nas you can see, these rivers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.50,0:00:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can even see it from
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.45,0:00:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the satellite pictures right over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.63,0:00:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they start branching up a bunch
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.59,0:00:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have this upside\Ndown triangular region,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.92,0:00:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which looks a little bit like
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.80,0:01:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an upside down Greek letter delta,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.63,0:01:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that's why river delta is called that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.72,0:01:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this one just happens\Nto be upside down.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.30,0:01:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it was flowing the other way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.55,0:01:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be a right-side-up delta.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.43,0:01:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Nile River, it\Nflows from, you could say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.13,0:01:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eastern mid-Africa up\Ninto the Mediterranean Sea
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.33,0:01:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because it has this northward flow,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.78,0:01:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the southern parts of\Nthe river are upriver
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.95,0:01:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are actually\Ncalled the Upper Nile.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.68,0:01:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Upper.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.57,0:01:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Upper Nile is actually\Nsouth of the Lower Nile,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.41,0:01:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Lower Nile.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.27,0:01:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once again, that's because\Nthe Upper Nile is up river,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.46,0:01:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also flowing from higher elevations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.52,0:01:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lower elevations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.85,0:01:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you go south, you get to\Nhigher and higher elevations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.04,0:01:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the reason why the\Nriver is so important,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.68,0:01:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we studied this multiple times,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.32,0:01:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rivers are a source of fresh water,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.10,0:01:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they flood they make\Nthe surrounding soil fertile,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.34,0:01:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're suitable for agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.16,0:01:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Nile Valley is\None of the first places
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.38,0:02:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we see agriculture emerging
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.73,0:02:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the neolithic period.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.34,0:02:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, human settlement we believe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.19,0:02:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was along this Nile River Valley
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.91,0:02:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as 6,000 BCE or 8,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.32,0:02:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it might have been there\Neven further back in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.27,0:02:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because you have that agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.78,0:02:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it allowed for higher\Npopulation densities,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.21,0:02:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed for more\Nspecialization of labor
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.27,0:02:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more complex societies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.17,0:02:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a coincidence\Nthat some of the first,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.10,0:02:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one of the first great\Ncivilizations emerged here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.46,0:02:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the story of the\NNile River, or of Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.88,0:02:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually they are tied very closely,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.59,0:02:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though Egypt is considered\Na lot of this region,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.45,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the human population,\Nthis is true even today,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is right along the river,\Naround that fertile soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.11,0:02:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the agriculture actually occurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.82,0:02:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this was so important\Nto the ancient Egyptians
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.32,0:03:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their whole calendar, their seasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.31,0:03:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were based on what the\NNile River was doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.04,0:03:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had a season called the inundation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.75,0:03:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the flooding of the river,\Nwhich makes the soil fertile.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.36,0:03:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had a season of growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.14,0:03:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is now talking about\Nthe growth of the crops
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.14,0:03:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had a season of harvest.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.62,0:03:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you had people in this\Nvalley for thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.89,0:03:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when we talk about ancient Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.93,0:03:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we formally talk about\Nit as a civilization
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.90,0:03:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 3,100, 3,150 BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.35,0:03:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is where we get to\Nour timeline right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.20,0:03:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're talking about right\Naround there on our timeline
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.75,0:03:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason why this is considered
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.03,0:03:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beginning of the ancient\NEgyptian civilization
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.07,0:03:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this is when we believe
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.66,0:03:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that upper and lower\NEgypt were first united
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.95,0:03:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the king and there's\Ndifferent names used,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.13,0:03:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narmer sometimes or Menes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.99,0:03:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to mispronounce things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.43,0:04:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every now and then and I'm\Nprobably doing it here as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.56,0:04:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he was the king that\Nunified upper and lower Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.71,0:04:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an empire and the\Nempire, as we will see,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.61,0:04:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which lasted thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.88,0:04:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every one of these spaces\Nis a hundred years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.30,0:04:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're gonna go over huge time span,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.07,0:04:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the ancient Egyptian\Ncivilization is roughly divided
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.12,0:04:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into three kingdoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.67,0:04:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the old kingdom,\Nwhich went from about,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.72,0:04:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right from about the 27th century BCE
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.33,0:04:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to about the 17th century BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.70,0:04:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the middle kingdom\Nand you have the new kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.22,0:04:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once again, this is\Nspanning right over here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.66,0:04:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a thousand years of history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.34,0:04:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in between those, you have\Nthese intermediate periods
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.52,0:04:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the kingdom or the empire
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.09,0:04:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a little bit more fragmented.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.83,0:05:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have in some of these\Nintermediate periods,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.12,0:05:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have some foreign rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.77,0:05:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just to get a sense\Nof some of what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.19,0:05:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over this thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.55,0:05:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm kind of laughing in my head
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.16,0:05:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's hard to cover\Nover two, 3,000 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.49,0:05:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the course of just a few minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.49,0:05:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this will give you a\Nsense of what ancient Egyptian
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.95,0:05:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,civilization was all about.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.44,0:05:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the kings are referred to as pharaohs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.59,0:05:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as we'll see that term\Npharaoh is not really used
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.78,0:05:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we get to the new kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.39,0:05:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I will refer to the kings as pharaohs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.60,0:05:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout this video,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.57,0:05:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to say, hey these\Nare the Egyptian kings.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.87,0:05:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the old kingdom is\Nprobably most known today
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.37,0:05:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our popular culture\Nfor what we most associate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.84,0:05:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with ancient Egypt and\Nthat is the pyramids.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.81,0:05:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, right over\Nhere are the pyramids,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.96,0:05:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's the Great Pyramid of Giza,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.73,0:05:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is near modern-day Cairo today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.77,0:05:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Sphinx and they\Nwere built in that old period
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.89,0:06:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the Pharaohs Sneferu\Nand Khufu, right over here
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.85,0:06:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 26th century BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.25,0:06:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are still trying to\Nget a better understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.20,0:06:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how this was done.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.83,0:06:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually now don't believe
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.57,0:06:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was done by slave labor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.64,0:06:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead it was done\Nduring, you could say,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.27,0:06:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the off season by the peasants\Nas a form of taxation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.48,0:06:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, you're done planting\Nor harvesting your crops?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.57,0:06:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well now that you have some time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.97,0:06:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this shows actually the\Nimportance of agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.97,0:06:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for freeing people up, so to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.04,0:06:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why don't you help the pharaohs\Nbuilt these massive tombs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.39,0:06:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I've seen various estimates
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.04,0:06:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it might have\Ntaken some place between
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.34,0:06:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 and 100,000 people several\Ndecades to build each.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.88,0:06:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these are even today,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.70,0:06:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these were built over 4,500 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.71,0:06:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are some of the most iconic symbols
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.09,0:06:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that humanity has ever created.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.55,0:06:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why we know\Nso much about ancient Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.55,0:07:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we have been able\Nto decipher their writing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.37,0:07:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a symbolic, they\Nhave these pictographs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.22,0:07:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these hieroglyphics, I'm sure you've heard
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.34,0:07:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the word before,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.41,0:07:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for a while we had\Nno idea what they said.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.49,0:07:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would see these\Nencryptions in these tombs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.68,0:07:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had a sense that, okay these tombs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.19,0:07:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially things like the pyramids
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.10,0:07:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be for these great kings,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.75,0:07:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could tell that it\Nwas a stratified society,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.52,0:07:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that nobility had better\Ntombs than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.41,0:07:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we didn't really have a\Ngood sense of what was going on
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.43,0:07:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we discovered this,\Nwhich is the Rosetta Stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.02,0:07:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was discovered in 1799.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.32,0:07:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why this is so valuable
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.22,0:07:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it has the same text
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.40,0:07:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,written in three different languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.97,0:07:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has it written in the hieroglyphs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.34,0:07:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ancient Egyptians,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.17,0:07:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has it written in a\Nlater script used in Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.16,0:07:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called demotic Egyptian,\Nand most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.92,0:07:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has it also written in Greek.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.19,0:07:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so historians were able to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.02,0:07:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay, we can now start to\Ndecipher what these symbols mean
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.76,0:07:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have a translation of them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.17,0:07:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's why it's one\Nof the first civilizations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.94,0:08:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we're able to put\Nthe picture together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.28,0:08:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hieroglyphics are one of\Nthe first forms of writing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.28,0:08:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's now go on in our journey
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.44,0:08:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through thousands of years of\Nancient Egyptian civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.78,0:08:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between the old kingdom\Nand the middle kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.88,0:08:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the first intermediate period
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.94,0:08:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you have the middle kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.46,0:08:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you have the Hyksos,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.47,0:08:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are Semitic people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.63,0:08:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Semitic referring to their language
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.37,0:08:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being of the same family as\NSemitic languages like Arabic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.42,0:08:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Hebrew, or Aramaic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.60,0:08:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then you have the new kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.29,0:08:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the new kingdom is\Nconsidered to be the peak
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.46,0:08:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ancient Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.37,0:08:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really the height\Nof their technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.67,0:08:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the height of their\Nmilitary capability.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.90,0:08:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are several pharaohs\Nthat are worthy of note
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.97,0:08:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the new kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.43,0:08:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is, he was born Amenhotep
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or he was originally known\Nas Amenhotep the Fourth
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.79,0:08:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he eventually\Nnames himself Akhenaton
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.79,0:09:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Akhenaton means effective for Aton,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.75,0:09:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aton being a significant Egyptian god.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.97,0:09:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why he changed\Nhis name is he decides
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.47,0:09:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, okay we have, the\NEgyptians have this huge
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.24,0:09:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pantheon of gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.40,0:09:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is just the sum of\Nthem right over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.90,0:09:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the god Osiris, often\Nassociated with the afterlife
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.86,0:09:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or transition, regeneration, resurrection.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.88,0:09:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the god Amun here\Nand his first name Amenhotep,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.88,0:09:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means Amun is satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.55,0:09:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is considered kind\Nof the equivalent of Zeus,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.87,0:09:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the god here Horace,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.06,0:09:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once again a very significant god
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.07,0:09:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at different times in Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.83,0:09:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what was interesting\Nabout Amenhotep the Fourth
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.93,0:09:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Akhenaton, whichever\Nname you want to use,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.79,0:09:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is he decided, no, no, no,\NI don't like this pantheon,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.02,0:09:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this polytheistic religion that we have,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.84,0:09:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanna worship one god,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.51,0:09:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the god that he decides to worship
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.37,0:10:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really the, you could\Nconsider it the sun god,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.76,0:10:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the sun disc, and\Nits representation looks
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.35,0:10:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like this and\Nit was referred to as Aten
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.13,0:10:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so he changes his name to Akhenaton
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.34,0:10:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he actually starts to\Ntry to get rid of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.01,0:10:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these other gods or to make\Nthem a lot less important.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.48,0:10:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the reason why that's notable
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.12,0:10:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this is viewed as perhaps
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.40,0:10:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the first attempts at monotheism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.58,0:10:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least within this ancient\NEgyptian civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.57,0:10:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also noted for giving\Na lot of power to his wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.01,0:10:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the queen, Nefertiti,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.89,0:10:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who some people say was second in command,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.89,0:10:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even co-ruled alongside him.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.24,0:10:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now he was also famous\Nbecause after his death,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.98,0:10:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually, his son, King Tut,\NTutankhamen, comes to power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.11,0:10:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why King\NTut, as he's often known,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.18,0:11:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although it's Tutankhamen,\Nis known is because
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.11,0:11:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to find his\Ntombs in relatively good order
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.47,0:11:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so he's become a popular\Npart of the imagination.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.06,0:11:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's known as a child pharaoh.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.73,0:11:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He comes to power when he's very young,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.41,0:11:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he dies at 18 and so it's\Nkind of an interesting story.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.56,0:11:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, most prominent\Namongst all of the pharaohs
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.02,0:11:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across Egyptian history,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.99,0:11:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is also in the new kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.68,0:11:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes a little bit after Tutankhamen,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.11,0:11:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Ramses the Second.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.70,0:11:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Ramses the Second, who\Nemerges here in the 13th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.96,0:11:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he rules for most\Nof the 13th century BCE,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.63,0:11:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he represents really the\Npeak of Egypt, ancient Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.72,0:11:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a military power.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.55,0:11:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's famous for the Battle at Kaddish,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.07,0:11:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the earliest battle\Nwhere we actually know
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.66,0:11:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the tactics and the formations were
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.18,0:11:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was with the also\Nsignificant Hittite Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.14,0:12:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1274 BCE, this is an\Nimage drawn much, much later,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.55,0:12:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Battle of Kaddish.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.90,0:12:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The battle, we now believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.93,0:12:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might have been a bit of a stalemate,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.43,0:12:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ramses the Second wasn't\Nable to capture Kaddish,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.86,0:12:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but has told us a lot\Nabout military tactics
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.84,0:12:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and strategy and formation of that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.92,0:12:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historians today think it\Nmight have been the largest
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.33,0:12:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chariot battle maybe ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.26,0:12:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this was a significant\Nthing that happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.15,0:12:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, eventually the new\Nkingdom does collapse,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.02,0:12:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we get to the end of\Nthe second millennium,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.78,0:12:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then over the next\Nseveral hundreds of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.20,0:12:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about a\Nvery long period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.15,0:12:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets fragmented, you\Nhave several rulers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.19,0:12:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the Kushites\Nrule from the Upper Nile,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.79,0:12:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Kushites were in this\Narea right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.72,0:12:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They rule for a brief period.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.62,0:12:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Assyrians, that's a\NMesopotamian civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.78,0:12:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they rule for a small period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.90,0:12:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then eventually and we\Ntalk about this in some detail
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.24,0:12:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in other videos, you have\Nthe Persians take over,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.54,0:13:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have Cambyses, Osiris the Great's son,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.90,0:13:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's able to rule over,\Nhe's able to conquer Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.34,0:13:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Egypt becomes part of the\NAchaemenid Empire for a while
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.25,0:13:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the conquering\Nof Alexander the Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.61,0:13:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after Alexander the Great dies,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.35,0:13:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of his generals and\Nhis dynasty takes over,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.99,0:13:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ptolemaic Egypt and now it's\Nbeing ruled by foreigners,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.03,0:13:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well it's been ruled by\Nforeigners for a while now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.09,0:13:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now it's by the Greeks
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.14,0:13:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the famous Cleopatra,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.72,0:13:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's considered a pharaoh of Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.75,0:13:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's actually Greek by blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.61,0:13:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's actually the one\Nthat seduced you could say
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.07,0:13:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julius Cesar and Marc Antony
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.91,0:13:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after Cleopatra's\Ndeath, more and more,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.42,0:13:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually eventually it\Nbecomes part of Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.27,0:13:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you can see we\Ncovered this enormous large
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.98,0:13:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time period in history,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.82,0:13:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most significant\Ncivilizations in all of history,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.88,0:13:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most famous\Npoems about civilizations
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.45,0:13:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rulers, about Ramses the\NSecond, the poem Ozymandias
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.28,0:13:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was named after him.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.79,0:14:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have some of the great\Ncities of the ancient world,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.37,0:14:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thebes, which was the capital
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.92,0:14:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during parts of the new\Nkingdom and the middle kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.46,0:14:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have Memphis, which was one of the,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.64,0:14:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some people say founded by Menes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.65,0:14:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the capital of the old kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.91,0:14:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were all happening in ancient Egypt.