[Script Info]
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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.10,0:00:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between 2008 and 2012,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.40,0:00:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,archeologists excavated the rubble\Nof an ancient hospital in England.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.59,0:00:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the process, they uncovered\Na number of skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.95,0:00:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One in particular belonged \Nto a wealthy male
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.13,0:00:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lived in the 11th or 12th century
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.57,0:00:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and died of leprosy between \Nthe ages of 18 and 25.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.41,0:00:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we know all this?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.96,0:00:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply by examining some old,\Nsoil-caked bones?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.04,0:00:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even centuries after death,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.67,0:00:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skeletons carry unique features\Nthat tell us about their identities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.40,0:00:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And using modern tools and techniques,\Nwe can read those features as clues.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.54,0:00:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a branch of science known as\Nbiological anthropology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.58,0:00:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It allows researchers to piece together \Ndetails about ancient individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.17,0:00:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and identify historical events\Nthat affected whole populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.30,0:00:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When researchers uncover a skeleton,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.71,0:00:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the first clues they gather,\Nlike age and gender,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.92,0:00:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lie in its morphology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.65,0:01:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the structure, appearance,\Nand size of a skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.41,0:01:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bones, like the clavicle, \Nstop growing at age 25,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.72,0:01:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a skeleton with a clavicle\Nthat hasn't fully formed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.63,0:01:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be younger than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.56,0:01:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, the plates in the cranium\Ncan continue fusing up to age 40,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.77,0:01:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes beyond.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.19,0:01:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By combining these with some \Nmicroscopic skeletal clues,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.48,0:01:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physical anthropologists can estimate\Nan approximate age of death.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.31,0:01:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, pelvic bones reveal gender.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.89,0:01:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biologically, female pelvises are wider,\Nallowing women to give birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.02,0:01:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where as males are narrower.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.19,0:01:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bones also betray the signs \Nof ancient disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.68,0:01:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Disorders like anemia leave their traces\Non the bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.81,0:01:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the condition of teeth \Ncan reveal clues
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.31,0:01:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to factors like diet and malnutrition,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.70,0:01:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sometimes correlate with wealth\Nor poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.84,0:01:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A protein called collagen can give us\Neven more profound details.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.12,0:01:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The air we breathe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.34,0:01:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,water we drink,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.36,0:01:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and food we eat
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.62,0:01:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaves permanent traces \Nin our bones and teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.29,0:02:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of chemical compounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.44,0:02:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These compounds contain measurable\Nquantities called isotopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.89,0:02:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stable isotopes in bone collagen\Nand tooth enamel varies among mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.03,0:02:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dependent on where they lived\Nand what they ate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.12,0:02:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by analyzing these isotopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.91,0:02:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can draw direct inferences regarding \Nthe diet and location of historic people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.46,0:02:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that, but during life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.75,0:02:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bones undergo a constant cycle\Nof remodeling.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.86,0:02:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if someone moves from one place\Nto another,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.21,0:02:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bones synthesized after that move
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.13,0:02:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will also reflect the new isotopic \Nsignatures of the surrounding environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.68,0:02:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that skeletons can be used\Nlike migratory maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.26,0:02:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, between 1-650 AD,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.03,0:02:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great city of Teotihuacan in Mexico\Nbustled with thousands of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.99,0:02:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Researchers examined the isotope ratios\Nin skeletons' tooth enamel,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.64,0:02:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which held details of their diets\Nwhen they were young.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.05,0:02:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found evidence for significant\Nmigration into the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.86,0:02:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A majority of the individuals\Nwere born elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.50,0:03:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With further geological \Nand skeletal analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.09,0:03:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may be able to map where\Nthose people came from.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.95,0:03:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That work in Teotihuacan is also\Nan example of how bio-anthropologists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.20,0:03:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,study skeletons in cemeteries \Nand mass graves,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.95,0:03:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then analyze their similarities \Nand differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.71,0:03:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From that information, they can learn\Nabout cultural beliefs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.64,0:03:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social norms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.37,0:03:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.12,0:03:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what caused their deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.32,0:03:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we use these tools to answer\Nbig questions about how forces,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.50,0:03:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like migration and disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.83,0:03:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shape the modern world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.74,0:03:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA analysis is even possible in some\Nrelatively well-preserved ancient remains.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.92,0:03:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's helping us understand how diseases\Nlike tuberculosis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.02,0:03:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have evolved over the centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.06,0:03:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can build better treatments\Nfor people today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.42,0:03:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient skeletons can tell us a\Nsurprisingly great deal about the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.11,0:03:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if your remains are someday \Nburied intact,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.72,0:03:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what might archeologists \Nof the distant future learn from them?