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I am a capitalist,

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and after a 30-year career in capitalism

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spanning three dozen companies

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generating tens of billions
of dollars in market value,

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I'm not just in the top one percent,
I'm in the top 0.1 percent of all earners.

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Today, I have come to share
the secrets of our success,

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because rich capitalists like me
have never been richer.

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So the question is, how do we do it?

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How do we manage to grab

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an ever-increasing share
of the economic pie every year?

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Is it that rich people are smarter
than we were 30 years ago?

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Is it that we're working harder
than we once did?

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Are we taller, better looking?

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Sadly, no.

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It all comes down to just one thing:

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economics.

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Because, here's the dirty secret.

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There was a time in which
the economics profession

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worked in the public interest for everyone

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but in the neoliberal era,

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today,

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they work only for big corporations

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and billionaires,

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and that is creating
a little bit of a problem.

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We could choose to enact economic policies

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that raise taxes on the rich,

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regulate powerful corporations,
or raise wages for workers.

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We have done it before.

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But neoliberal economists would warn

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that all of these policies
would be a terrible mistake,

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because raising taxes
always kills economic growth,

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and and any form of government regulation

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is inefficient,

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and raising wages always kills jobs.

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Well, as a consequence of that thinking,

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over the last 30 years, in the USA alone,

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the top one percent has grown
21 trillion dollars richer

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while the bottom 50 percent
have grown 900 billion dollars poorer,

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a pattern of widening inequality
that has largely repeated itself

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across the world.

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And yet, as middle class families
struggle to get by

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on wages that have not budged
in about 40 years,

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neoliberal economists continue to warn
that the only reasonable response

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to the painful dislocations
of austerity and globalization

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is even more austerity and globalization.

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So, what is a society to do?

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Well, it's super-clear to me
what we need to do.

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We need a new economics.

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So, economics has been described
as the dismal science,

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and for good reason, because
as much as it is taught today,

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it isn't a science at all, in spite of
all of the dazzling mathematics.

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In fact, a growing number
of academics and practitioners

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have concluded that neoliberal
economic theory is dangerously wrong

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and that today's growing crises
of rising inequality

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and growing political instability

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are the direct result of decades
of bad economic theory.

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What we now know is that the economics
that made me so rich isn't just wrong,

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it's backwards,

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because it turns out

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it isn't capital that creates
economic growth,

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it's people;

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and it isn't self-interest
that promotes the public good,

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it's reciprocity;

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and it isn't competition
that produces our prosperity,

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it's cooperation.

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What we can now see is that an economics
that is neither just nor inclusive

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can never sustain the high levels
of social cooperation

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necessary to enable
a modern society to thrive.

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So where did we go wrong?

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Well, it turns out
that it's become painfully obvious

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that the fundamental assumptions
that undergird neoliberal economic theory

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are just objectively false,

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and so today first I want to take you
through some of those mistaken assumptions

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and then after describe where the science
suggests prosperity actually comes from.

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So neoliberal assumption number one is

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that the market is an efficient
equilibrium system,

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which basically means that if one thing
in the economy, like wages, goes up,

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another thing in the economy,
like jobs, must go down.

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So for example, in Seattle, where I live,

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when in 2014 we passed our nation's
first 15 dollar minimum wage,

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the neoliberals freaked out
over their precious equilibrium.

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"If you raise the price
of labor," they warned,

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"business will purchase less of it.

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Thousands of low-wage workers
will lose their jobs.

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The restaurants will close."

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Except, they didn't.

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The unemployment rate fell dramatically.

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The restaurant business in Seattle boomed.

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Why?

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Because there is no equilibrium.

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Because raising wages
doesn't kill jobs, it creates them,

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because, for instance,

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when restaurant owners are suddenly
required to pay restaurant workers enough

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so that now even they can afford
to eat in restaurants,

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it doesn't shrink the restaurant business,

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it grows it, obviously.

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(Applause)

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Thank you.

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The second assumption is

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that the price of something
is always equal to its value,

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which basically means that
if you earn 50,000 dollars a year

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and I earn 50 million dollars a year,

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that's because I produce
a thousand times as much value as you.

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Now, it will not surprise you to learn

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that this is a very comforting assumption

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if you're a CEO paying yourself
50 million dollars a year

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but paying your workers poverty wages.

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But please, take it from somebody
who has run dozens of businesses:

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this is nonsense.

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People are not paid what they are worth.

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They are paid what they have
the power to negotiate,

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and wages' falling share of GDP

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is not because workers
have become less productive

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but because employers
have become more powerful.

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(Applause)

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And by pretending that the giant imbalance
in power between capital and labor

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doesn't exist,

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neoliberal economic theory
became essentially

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a protection racket for the rich.

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The third assumption,
and by far the most pernicious,

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is a behavioral model

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that describes human beings
as something called "homo economicus,"

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which basically means that
we are all perfectly selfish,

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perfectly rational,
and relentlessly self-maximizing.

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But just ask yourselves,

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is it plausible that every single time
for your entire life,

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when you did something
nice for somebody else,

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all you were doing was maximizing
your own utility?

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Is it plausible that when a soldier jumps
on a grenade to defend fellow soldiers,

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they're just promoting
their narrow self-interest?

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If you think that's nuts,

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contrary to any reasonable
moral intuition,

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that's because it is,

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and according to the latest science,

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not true.

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But it is this behavioral model

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which is at the cold, cruel heart
of neoliberal economics,

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and it is as morally corrosive

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as it is scientifically wrong,

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because if we accept at face value

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that humans are fundamentally selfish

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and then we look around the world

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at all of the unambiguous
prosperity in it,

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then it follows logically,

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then it must be true by definition,

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that billions of individual
acts of selfishness

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magically transubstantiate
into prosperity and the common good.

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If we humans are merely
selfish maximizers,

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then selfishness is the cause
of our prosperity.

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Under this economic logic,

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greed is good,

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widening inequality is efficient,

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and the only purpose of the corporation

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can be to enrich shareholders,

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because to do otherwise would be
to slow economic growth

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and harm the economy overall.

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And it is this gospel of selfishness

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which forms the ideological cornerstone
of neoliberal economics,

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a way of thinking which has
produced economic policies

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which have enabled me and my rich buddies
in the top one percent

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to grab virtually all of the benefits
of growth over the last 40 years.

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But, if instead

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we accept the latest empirical research,

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real science, which correctly
describes human beings

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as highly cooperative,

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reciprocal,

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and intuitively moral creatures,

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then it follows logically

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that it must be cooperation

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and not selfishness

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that is the cause of our prosperity,
and it isn't our self-interest

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but rather our inherent reciprocity

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that is humanity's economic superpower.

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So at the heart of this new economics

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is a story about ourselves that grants us
permission to be our best selves,

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and, unlike the old economics,

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this is a story that is virtuous

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and also has the virtue of being true.

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Now, I want to emphasize
that this new economics

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is not something I have personally
imagined or invented.

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Its theories and models
are being developed and refined

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in universities around the world

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building on some of the best
new research in economics,

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complexity theory, evolutionary theory,

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psychology, anthropology,
and other disciplines.

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And although this new economics
does not yet have its own textbook

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or even a commonly agreed upon name,

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in broad strokes

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its explanation of where prosperity
comes from goes something like this.

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So, market capitalism
is an evolutionary system

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in which prosperity emerges

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through a positive feedback loop

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between increasing amounts of innovation
and increasing amounts of consumer demand.

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Innovation is the process
by which we solve human problems,

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consumer demand is the mechanism
through which the market selects

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for useful innovations,

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and as we solve more problems,
we become more prosperous.

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But as we become more prosperous,

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our problems and solutions

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become more complex,

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and this increasing technical complexity

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requires ever higher levels
of social and economic cooperation

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in order to produce the more
highly specialized products

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that define a modern economy.

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Now, the old economics
is correct, of course,

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that competition plays a crucial role
in how markets work,

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but what it fails to see

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is that it is largely a competition
between highly cooperative groups,

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competition between firms,
competition between networks of firms,

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competition between nations,

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and anyone who has ever run
a successful business knows

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that building a cooperative team
by including the talents of everyone

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is almost always a better strategy
than just a bunch of selfish jerks.

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So how do we leave neoliberalism behind

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and build a more sustainable,
more prosperous,

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and more equitable society?

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The new economics suggests
just five rules of thumb.

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First is that successful economies
are not jungles, they're gardens,

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which is to say that markets,

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like gardens, must be tended,

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that the market is the greatest
social technology ever invented

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for solving human problems,

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but unconstrained by social norms
or democratic regulation,

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markets inevitably create
more problems than they solve.

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Climate change,

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the great financial crisis of 2008

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are two easy examples.

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The second rule is

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that inclusion creates economic growth.

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So the neoliberal idea

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that inclusion is this fancy luxury

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to be afforded if and when we have growth
is both wrong and backwards.

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The economy is people.

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Including more people in more ways

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is what causes economic growth
in market economies.

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The third principle

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is the purpose of the corporation
is not merely to enrich shareholders.

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The greatest grift
in contemporary economic life

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is the neoliberal idea that
the only purpose of the corporation

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and the only responsibility of executives

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is to enrich themselves and shareholders.

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The new economics must and can insist

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that the purpose of the corporation

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is to improve the welfare
of all stakeholders:

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customers, workers,

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community and shareholders alike.

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Rule four: greed is not good.

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Being rapacious doesn't
make you a capitalist,

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it makes you a sociopath.

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(Laughter)

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(Applause)

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And in an economy as dependent
upon cooperation at scale as ours,

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sociopathy is as bad for business
as it is for society.

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And fifth and finally,

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unlike the laws of physics,

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the laws of economics are a choice.

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Now, neoliberal economic theory

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has sold itself to you
as unchangeable natural law,

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when in fact it's social norms
and constructive narratives

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based on pseudoscience.

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If we truly want a more equitable,

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more prosperous
and more sustainable economy,

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if we want high-functioning democracies

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and civil society,

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we must have a new economics.

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And here's the good news:

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if we want a new economics,

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all we have to do is choose to have it.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)

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Moderator: So Nick, I'm sure
you get this question a lot.

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If you're so unhappy
with the economic system,

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why not just give all your money away
and join the 99 percent?

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Nick Hanauer: Yeah, no, yes, right.

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You get that a lot. You get that a lot.

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"If you care so much about taxes,
why don't you pay more,

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and if you care so much about wages,
why don't you pay more?"

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And I could do that.

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The problem is,

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it doesn't make that much difference,

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and I have discovered a strategy

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that works literally
a hundred thousand times better --

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Moderator: OK.

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NH: -- which is to use my money
to build narratives and to pass laws

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that will require all
the other rich people

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to pay taxes and pay their workers better.

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(Applause)

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And so, for example,
the 15 dollar minimum wage

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that we cooked up has now affected
30 million workers.

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So that works better.

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Moderator: That's great.

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If you change your mind, we'll find
some takers for you.

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(Laughter)

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NH: OK. Thank you.
Moderator: Thank you very much.

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(Applause)