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<i>"Mario!"</i>

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*"Ah! Help!"*

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Welcome to our multi-part video series exploring the roles and representations of women in video games

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This project will examine the tropes, plot devices and patterns most commonly associated with women in gaming

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from a systemic, big picture perspective.

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This series will include critical analysis of many beloved games and characters

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but remember, that it's both possible, and even necessary

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to simultaneously enjoy media, while also being critical of its more problematic or pernicious aspects.

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So, without further ado, let's jump right into the Damsel In Distress.

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Let's start with the story of a game that no one ever got to play

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Back in 1999, game developer 'Rare' was hard at work on a new original title for the Nintendo 64 called Dinosaur Planet.

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The game was to star a 16 year old hero named Krystal as one of two playable protagonists.

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She was tasked with travelling through time, fighting prehistoric monsters with her magical staff

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and saving the world. She was strong, she was capable and she was heroic.

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*"And who might you be, animal girl?"*

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*"My name is Krystal"*

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Pretty cool right?

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Well, it would have been except the game never got released.

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As development on the project neared completion, legendary game designer, Shigeru Miyamoto

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joked about how he thought it should be the third installment in his Star Fox franchise instead.

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Over the next two years, he and Nintendo did just that.

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They rewrote and redesigned the game and released it as Star Fox Adventures for the Game Cube in 2002.

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In this revamped version, the would-be protagonist Krystal, has been transformed into a Damsel in Distress

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and spends the vast majority of the game trapped inside a crystal prison

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waiting to be rescued by the new hero, Fox McCloud.

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The in-game actions sequences that were originally built for Krystal

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were converted to feature Fox instead.

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Krystal is given a skimpier, more sexualized outfit.

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*"Wow! She's beautiful!!"*

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*"What am I doing?"*

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And, yes. That is cheesy saxophone music playing to make sure it's crystal clear

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that she is now an object of desire, even while in suspended animation.

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To add insult to injury, Fox is now using <i>her</i> magical staff to fight his way through the game to save her.

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The tale of how Krystal went from protagonist of her own epic adventure

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to the passive victim in someone else's game

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illustrates how the Damsel-in-Distress trope disempowers female characters

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and robs them of the chance to be heroes in their own right.

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The term 'damsel in distress' is a translation of the French 'demoiselle en détresse'.

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'Demoiselle' simply means 'young lady'

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while 'détresse' means, roughly, anxiety or despair caused by a sense of abandonment

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helplessness or danger.

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As a trope, the Damsel in Distress is a plot device

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in which a female character is placed in a perilous situation

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from which she cannot escape on her own, and must be rescued by a male character,

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usually providing the core incentive or motivation

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for the protagonist's quest

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In video games, this is most often accomplished via kidnapping

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but it can also take the form of petrification or demon possession, for example.

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Traditionally, the woman in distress is a family member or a love interest of the hero,

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princesses, wives, girlfriends and sisters are all commonly used to fill the role.

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Of course the Damsel in Distress predates the invention of video games by several thousand years.

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The trope can be traced back to Ancient Greek mythology with the tale of Perseus.

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According to the myth, Andromeda is about to be devoured by a sea monster

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after being chained naked to a rock as human sacrifice.

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Perseus slays the beast, rescues the princess and then claims her as his wife.

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In the middle ages, the Damsel in Distress was a common feature

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in many medieval songs, legends and fairy tales.

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The saving of a defenseless woman was often portrayed as the raison d'être

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or reason for existence in romance tales and poems of the era.

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involving a knight-errant, the wandering knight

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adventuring to prove his chivalry, prowess and virtue.

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At the turn of the twentieth century, victimized young women became the cliche of choice

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for the nascent American film industry

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as it provided an easy and sensational plot device for the silver screen.

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A famous early example is the 1913 Keystone Cops' short, *"Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life'*

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which features the now iconic scene,

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of a woman being tied to the railway tracks by an evil mustache twirling villain.

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Around the same time, the motif of a giant monkey, carrying away a screaming woman

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began to gain widespread popularity in media of all kinds

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notably Tarzan's love interest, Jane,

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is captured by a broodish primate

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in Edgar Rice Burroughs' 1912 pulp adventure

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*Tarzan and the Apes*

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In 1930, Walt Disney used this meme in an early Mickey Mouse cartoon

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called *The Gorilla Mystery*.

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The imagery was even exploited by the US military in this recruitment poster for World War I

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But it was in 1933 that two things happened,

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which 50 years later, would set the stage for the Damsel in Distress trope

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to become a foundational element in video games as a media.

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First, Paramount Pictures introduced their animated series, *Popeye the Sailor* to cinema audiences.

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The formula for most shorts would involved Popeye rescuing a kidnapped Olive Oyl.

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Second, in March of that year, RKO pictures releases its groundbreaking hit film *King Kong*

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in which a giant ape abducts a young woman

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and is eventually killed while trying to keep possession of her.

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Fast forward to 1981, when a Japanese company named Nintendo

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entrusted a young designer named Shigeru Miyamoto

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with the task of creating a new arcade game for the American market.

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Originally, the project was conceived of as a game starring Popeye the sailor

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but when Nintendo wasn't able to secure the rights

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Miyamoto created his own characters to fill the void, heavily influenced by the movie *King Kong*.

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The game's hero 'Jump Man' was tasked with rescuing a damsel named 'The Lady',

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after she is carried off by a giant ape.

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In later versions, she is renamed 'Pauline'.

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Although Donkey Kong is perhaps the most famous early arcade game to feature the Damsel in Distress

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it wasn't the first time Miyamoto employed the trope.

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Two years earlier, he had a hand in designing a 1979 arcade game called <i>Sheriff</i>.

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In it, a vague female shaped collection of pixels

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referred to as 'The Beauty', must be rescued from a pack of bandits.

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The hero is then rewarded with a 'smooch of victory' for his bravery in the end.

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A few years later, Miyamoto recycled his Donkey Kong character designs

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Pauline became the template for a new damsel named Princess Toadstool

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and 'Jump Man' became a certain very famous plumber.

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Princess Peach is in many ways the quintessential stock character version of the Damsel in Distress.

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The ill-fated princess appears in fourteen of the core Super Mario Bros platformer games

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and she is kidnapped in thirteen of them.

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The North American release of Super Mario Bros 2 in 1988

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remains the only game in the core series in which Peach is <i>not</i> kidnapped

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and also the only game in which she is a playable character,

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though it should be noted it wasn't originally created to be Mario game at all.

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The game was originally released in Japan under a completely different title

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called *Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panikku*

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which, roughly translates to *Dream Factory: Heart Pounding Panic*

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*Japanese voice over*

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Nintendo of American thought that the original Japanese release of Super Mario Bros 2 was too difficult

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and too similar to the first game

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and so they re-skinned and redesigned *Doki Doki Panic*

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to star Mario and Luigi instead.

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However, the Japanese game already had four playable characters.

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So the designers opted to include Toad and the Princess to fill the two remaining slots

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building directly on top of the pre-existing character models.

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So really, if we're honest, Peach is kinda accidentally playable in this one.

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Still, she had the awesome ability to float for short distances

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which came in really handy, especially in the ice levels.

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Sadly, Peach has never been a playable character again in the main franchise.

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Even with newer games that feature four player options,

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like the new Super Mario Bros Wii and WiiU

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the Princess is still excluded from the action.

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She's been replaced with another Toad instead

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as to allow Nintendo to force her back into the Damsel role, again and again.

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Peach does of course appear in many spin offs,

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such as the Mario Party, Mario Sports and Mario Kart series

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as well as the Super Smash Bros Nintendo universe cross-over fighting games

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however all of these spin offs fall well outside of the core Super Mario series of platformers.

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She is the star of only one adventure, and we'll get to that a little later.

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One way to think about Damsel characters is via what is called the subject/ object dichotomy.

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In the simplest terms, subjects act, and objects are acted upon.

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The subject is the protagonist; the one who the story is centered on

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and the one doing most of the action.

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In video games this is almost always the main playable character

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and the one from whose perspective most of the story is seen.

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So the Damsel Trope typically makes men the subject of narratives

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while relegating women to the role of object.

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This is a form of objectification, because as objects damsel'ed women are being acted upon,

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most often becoming, or reduced to a prize to be won, a treasure to be found, or a goal to be achieved.

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The brief into sequence accompanying many classic arcade games

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tends to reinforce the framing of women as a possession that has been stolen from the protagonist.

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The hero's fight to retrieve his stolen 'property' then provides lazy justification for the actual gameplay.

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At its heart, the Damsel Trope is not really about women at all.

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She simply becomes the central object in a competition between men,

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at least in its traditional incarnations.

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I've heard it said that, in the game of patriarchy, women are not the opposing team,

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they are the ball.

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So for example, we can think of the Super Mario franchise as a grand game being played

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between Mario and Bowser and Princess Peach's role is essentially that of the ball.

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The two men are tossing her back and forth

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over the course of the main series,

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each trying to keep and take possession of the 'Damsel Ball'.

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Even though Nintendo certainly didn't invent the Damsel in Distress,

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the popularity of their 'save the princess' formula, essentially set the standard for the industry.

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The trope quickly became the go-to motivational hook for developers

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as it provided an easy way to tap into adolescent male power fantasies

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in order to sell more games to young straight boys and men.

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Throughout the 80s and 90s the trope became so prevalent,

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that it would be nearly impossible to mention them all.

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There were literally hundreds of examples showing up at platformers

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side scrolling beat-em-ups,

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first person shooters

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and role playing games alike.

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Let's take a quick moment to clear up some common misconceptions about this trope.

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As a plot device the Damsel in Distress is often grouped with other, separate tropes,

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including 'The Designated Victim', 'The Heroic Rescue' and 'The Smooch of Victory'.

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However, it is important to remember that these associated conventions

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are not necessarily a part of the Damsel in Distress trope itself.

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So the woman in question may or may not play the victim role for the entire game or series

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while our brave hero may or may not be successful in his rescue attempts.

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All that is really required to fulfil the Damsel in Distress trope

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is for a female character to be reduced to a state of helplessness

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from which she requires rescuing by a typically male hero

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for the benefit of his story arc.

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This brings us to the other famous Nintendo princess.

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In 1986, Shigeru Miyamoto doubled down on his Damsel in Distress formula

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with the NES release of *The Legend of Zelda*.

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This was the first in what would become one of the most beloved action adventure game franchises of all time.

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Over the course of more than a dozen games, spanning a quarter century,

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all of the incarnations of Princess Zelda have been kidnapped, cursed, possessed, turned to stone,

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or otherwise disempowered at some point.

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Zelda has never been the star in her own adventure, nor been a true playable character in the core series.

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However, it must be said that not all Damsels are created equal

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and Zelda is occasionally given a more active or integral role to play than her counter part in the Mushroom Kingdom.

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Unlike Peach, Zelda is not completely defined by her role as Ganondorf's perpetual kidnap victim

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and in a few later games, she even rides the line between Damsel and Sidekick.

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Remember, the Damsel in Distress as plot device is something that happens <i>to</i> a female character

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and not necessarily something a character <i>is</i> from start to finish.

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Once in a while, she might be given the opportunity to have a slightly more active role

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in facilitating the hero's quest, typically by opening doors, giving hints, power-ups

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and other helpful items.

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I call this variant on the theme, The Helpful Damsel.

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Indeed Zelda is at her best when she takes the form of Sheik in Ocarina of Time and Tetra in The Wind Waker.

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In Ocarina of Time, Zelda avoids capture for the first three quarters of the game.

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Disguised as Sheik, she is a helpful and active participant in the adventure

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and she is shown to be more than capable.

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However, as soon as she transforms back into her more stereotypically feminine form of Zelda

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she is captured within three minutes.

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Literally three minutes. I timed it.

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Her rescue then becomes central to the end of Link's quest.

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Similarly, in the Wind Waker, Tetra is a feisty and impressive young pirate captain

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but as soon as she is revealed to be, and transformed into, her more stereotypically feminine form of Princess Zelda

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she's told that she is no longer allowed to accompany Link on the adventure

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because it is suddenly too dangerous for her.

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She is ordered to wait in the castle,

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which she does until she is eventually kidnapped, while waiting obediently in the same spot.

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It is noteworthy that, in the very last stage of the boss battle,

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she does help Link fight Ganondorf, for a few brief minutes, which is a refreshing change.

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However the next time Tetra's incarnation appears, in 2007's The Phantom Hourglass

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she is kidnapped immediately during the intro.

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Later she is turned to stone and then kidnapped for a second time.

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It’s disappointing that even with her moments of heroism, Zelda is still damsel’ed

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she is removed from the action, pushed aside,

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and made helpless at least once in every game she appears in.

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This brings us to one of the core reasons why the trope is so problematic and pernicious for women’s representations.

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The damsel in distress is not just a synonym for “weak”,

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instead it works by ripping away the power from female characters, even helpful or seemingly capable ones.

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No matter what we are told about their magical abilities, skills or strengths

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they are still ultimately captured or otherwise incapacitated and then must wait for rescue.

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Distilled down to its essence, the plot device works by trading the disempowerment of female characters

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FOR the empowerment of male characters.

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Let’s compare the damsel to the archetypal Hero Myth,

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in which the typically male character may occasionally also be harmed,

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incapacitated or briefly imprisoned at some point during their journey.

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In these situations, the character relies on their intelligence, cunning, and skill to engineer their own escape

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— or, you know, just punching a hole in the prison wall works too.

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The point is, they're ultimately able to gain back their own freedom.

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In fact that process of overcoming the ordeal

0:18:26.516,0:18:31.159
is an important step in the protagonist's transformation into an heroic figure.

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A damsel'ed women on the other hand, is shown as incapable of escaping the predicament on her own

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and then must wait for a savior to come and do it for her.

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In this way, the Damsel's ordeal is not her own,

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instead it is framed as a trial for the hero to overcome.

0:18:45.915,0:18:51.083
Consequently the trope robs women in peril from the opportunity of being the architects of their own escape

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and therefore prevents them from becomig archetypal heroes themselves.

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Today, many old school Damsel games are being resurrected for modern platform services and mobile devices

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as publishers are in a rush to cash in on gaming nostalgia

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and capitalise on any recognisable characters from years gone by.

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For example, Sega's 1993 platformer, Sonic CD, featuring a Damsel'ed Amy Rose

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has been enhanced and made available for download on a wide variety of modern platforms.

0:19:19.611,0:19:22.832
Jordan Mechner's famous <i>Karateka</i> and *Prince of Persia* games,

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originally released for the Apple II home computer in the 1980s,

0:19:26.663,0:19:36.960
have both seen modern HD remakes.

0:19:36.960,0:19:40.054
And the 1983 animated laser disk game, *Dragon's Lair*,

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with ditsy Princess Daphne, has been ported to just about every system imaginable.

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*Please save me! The cage is locked. With a key. The dragon keeps it around his neck.*

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*To slay the dragon use the magic sword*

0:19:58.358,0:20:02.584
Remember Pauline? Damsel in the classic Donkey Kong arcade?

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Well she has also been revived. First in 1994's Donkey Kong for the Game Boy

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and later in the Mario versus Donkey Kong series for the Nintendo DS.

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Each game features a rehashing of the old excuse plot

0:20:14.633,0:20:23.800
with Pauline being whisked away by the giant ape in the opening credits.

0:20:23.800,0:20:28.582
The now iconic opening seconds of the 1987 beat-em-up arcade game *Double Dragon*

0:20:28.582,0:20:33.276
has Marian being punched in the stomach, thrown over the shoulder of a thug, and carried away.

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In several versions, her panties are clearly shown to the player while she is being abducted.

0:20:38.187,0:20:43.361
The game has been remade, released, and ported to dozens of systems over the past 25 years

0:20:43.361,0:20:48.435
ensuring that Marian will be battered and Damsel'ed for each new generation to enjoy.

0:20:48.435,0:20:55.044
Most recently Double Dragon Neon and 2012 reintroduced new gamers to this regressive crap, yet again

0:20:55.044,0:20:56.708
this time in full HD.

0:21:00.879,0:21:06.176
The pattern of presenting women as fundamentally weak, ineffective or ultimately incapable

0:21:06.176,0:21:09.469
has larger ramifications, beyond the characters themselves

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and the specific games they inhabit.

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We have to remember that these games don't exist in a vacuum.

0:21:14.768,0:21:20.190
They are an increasingly important and influential part of our larger social and cultural ecosystem.

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The reality is, this trope is being used in a real world context

0:21:23.578,0:21:26.696
where backward, sexist attitudes are already rampant.

0:21:26.696,0:21:31.917
It is a sad fact that a large percentage of the world's population, still clings to the deeply sexist belief

0:21:31.917,0:21:36.873
that women, as a group, need to be sheltered, protected, and taken care of by men.

0:21:36.873,0:21:40.168
The belief that women are somehow a naturally weaker gender

0:21:40.168,0:21:45.257
is a deeply ingrained, socially constructed, myth which is of course completely false

0:21:45.257,0:21:50.095
but the notion is reinforced and perpetuated when women are continuously portrayed

0:21:50.095,0:21:53.766
as frail, fragile and vulnerable creatures.

0:21:53.766,0:21:57.855
Just to be clear, I'm not saying that all games that use the Damsel in Distress as a plot device

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are automatically sexist, or have no value.

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But it is undeniable that popular culture is a powerful influence in our lives

0:22:04.199,0:22:12.495
and the Damsel in Distress trope as a recurring trend, does help to normalise extremely toxic, patronising and paternalistic attitudes about women.

0:22:13.141,0:22:18.582
Now I grew up on Nintendo. I've been a fan of the Mario and Zelda franchises for most of my life

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and they will always have a special place in my heart, as I'm sure is true for a great number of gamers out there.

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But it is still important to recognise and think critically about the more problematic aspects

0:22:28.009,0:22:31.748
especially considering many of these franchises are as popular as ever

0:22:31.748,0:22:34.750
and the characters have become world wide icons.

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The good news is that there is nothing stopping developers from evolving their gender representations

0:22:38.749,0:22:41.980
and making more women heroes in their future games.

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It would be great to finally see Zelda, Sheik and Tetra as the protagonists of their own games.

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And not just mobile DS games, I'm talking full-on console adventures.

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OK, so we've established that the Damsel in Distress trope is one of the most widely used gendered cliches in the history video games

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and has been core to the popularisation and development of gaming as a medium.

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But what about modern games? Has anything changed in the past 10 years?

0:23:06.630,0:23:12.218
Well stay tuned for Part Two, where I will be looking at more contemporary examples of the Damsel in Distress trope.

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We will look at all the dark and edgy twists and turns and see how the convention has been used and abused, right up until today.

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Then we will check out some games where developers have tried to 'flip the script' on the Damsel.

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I would like to extend a big thank you to all of my backers on Kickstarter

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who have continued to support me and helped make this video series a reality.