[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}34C3 preroll music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.27,0:00:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Back in time, back to the 1990's\Nwhere the internet actually made sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.94,0:00:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could annoy the whole family while\Nblocking the phone line. He was actually
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.92,0:00:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heavily involved in these early days of\Nthe internet. He operated and participated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.23,0:00:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these early structures, namely Bulletin\NBoard Systems and the UseNet. And he now
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.71,0:00:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,takes us back in time, to tell us all\Nabout the time when the internet made
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.96,0:00:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sounds. Thank you very much LaForge.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.95,0:00:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.98,0:00:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LaForge: Thank you very much for the\Nintroduction.This is a quite unusual
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.44,0:01:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,setting for me. Typically I give talks\Nabout deeply technical topics. Protocoll
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.40,0:01:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level details and telecom specs and so on.\NNow the first time I speak in the Art and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.74,0:01:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Culture track. That is definitely\Nsomething new for me. So, why am I here
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.48,0:01:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why am I talking about this topic.\NFirst of all, I was involved to some
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.56,0:01:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extent yes, but for sure I was not\Nsomebody who had any significant role in
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.34,0:01:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that universe. Neither in the BBS scene or\Nin the early internet days. I was just
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.52,0:01:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically a youngster, a teenager, who had\Nfun playing with technology and was
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.36,0:01:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping others to communicate using\Ntechnology. There are many more people who
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.31,0:01:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have, who are much more qualified than me\Nto talk about that subject but I ... and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.43,0:01:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the reason why I'm here and why I\Nsubmitted this talk is, you don't really
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.92,0:01:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see many people speaking about these days\Nor about those topics anymore. And even if
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.35,0:02:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want to research it, I think there's\Nlike one or two books in German on that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.49,0:02:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subject, they're very hard to get and also\Nnot very complete. So, I think we have to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.56,0:02:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of document the history of it for\Nthose people, who have not been around at
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.49,0:02:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the time. So, this talk will not have as\Nmany acronyms as you are used to from
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.60,0:02:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talks that I usually give. Still you have\Ntypos in the slides, as you can see in the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.72,0:02:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second line already, so that didn't\Nchange. I didn't invent any of the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.45,0:02:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technologies covered here. I didn't write\Nany of the software covered. I was just a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.28,0:02:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,user and operator or sysadmin. And that's\Nthe world I grew up in from 11 onwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.39,0:02:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I said many people lack that history and\Nto start with that, maybe a quick poll in
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.19,0:02:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the audience. Who has ever dialed into a\NBBS using a modem? Raise your hands. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.72,0:02:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm preaching to the converted. Okay,\Nmaybe I should invite all of you up to the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.89,0:03:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stage and we should make a discussion-\Nround instead. Anyway. So, circuit switch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.80,0:03:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telephony. Well, this is the telephony\Nfrom 1876 until about 1988 with
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.90,0:03:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,analog voice circuits over copper wires\Nand dial-up connections between A and B.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.42,0:03:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess everybody still remembers these.\NEven if you're young, you should have seen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.18,0:03:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a classic telephone, I think. And yeah,\Nyou have analog amplifiers possibly in the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.78,0:03:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,path, but actually the copper wires are\Nphysically switched at telephone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.40,0:03:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exchanges. So, this structure looks a bit\Nlike this: We have a telephone at one end,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.49,0:03:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a telephone at another end, and we\Nhave telephone exchanges or switches,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.13,0:03:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which actually switch the circuit - hence\Nthe term circuit switched telephony -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.38,0:03:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between A and B. So, you have a copper\Nwire from your phone to the office, the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.26,0:03:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exchange, to which you are connected and\Nthen that exchange again has copper wires
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.75,0:04:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other exchanges and so on. And based on\Nthe phone number you dial the call is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.74,0:04:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,switched to the destination subscriber.\NThat's sort of the foundation in terms of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.32,0:04:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology that we're using here. Also\Nsomething to document for the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.91,0:04:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,international audience in Germany at that\Ntime even local calls were metered and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,charged by the minute, flat rates didn't\Nexist and we had multiple zones so there's
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.94,0:04:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just local calls and long-distance\Ncalls but different depending on your
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.22,0:04:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distance so like up to 50 kilometers or\Nmore than 50 kilometers and so on. And
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.78,0:04:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given on that and the steep pricing and\Nnot so many people could afford long-
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.40,0:04:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distance BBSing at least not for a long\Ntime. All of this started with a device
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.31,0:04:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the acoustic coupler. It's actually\Nalso how I started even though I'm young
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.16,0:04:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I only started in I think about 90 or\N91. At 10 or 11 years of age you don't
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.95,0:05:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the latest and greatest in\Ntechnology. I got a used second hand or
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.49,0:05:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third hand Olivetti acoustic coupler from\Nmy uncle it had even a battery it could be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.33,0:05:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operated mobile it had a battery\Ncompartment with eight Mignon (AA) cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.09,0:05:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually I still own it and I still own\Nrelated telephone I just thought: yeah
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.84,0:05:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't have to bring it here. But it\Nstill exists. So anyway, here you have to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.31,0:05:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dial using your normal phone. You dial the\Ndigits of the phone number and once the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.62,0:05:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other side picks up the phone and they put\Ntheir receiver onto the acoustic coupler
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.86,0:05:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you put your receiver onto the\Nacoustic coupler, then data can be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.33,0:05:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmitted over the telephone line as\Nsaid with manual, dial manual pickup and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.01,0:05:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather extremely low speed. This all looks\Nlike this and the next step in the logical
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.42,0:05:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progression then was modems, which is sort of you can\Nthink of an automatized method of acoustic
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.40,0:06:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couplers, where you don't have an air gap\Nanymore. So in the acoustic coupler you
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.11,0:06:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally have a couple of centimeters of\Nair between the speaker and the microphone
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.54,0:06:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the receiver of your phone, versus the\Nacoustic coupler. So with the modem
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.02,0:06:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a direct connection and also you\Nhave automatic facilities to dial the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.41,0:06:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telephone number and to answer the line\Nand so on. So you don't need a manual
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.28,0:06:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operator anymore to pick up a phone or\Ndial numbers. And this thing gets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.54,0:06:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmitted over the telephone\Nline. This is a stack of various different
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.25,0:06:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modems – we will see some others here,\Nsome of you will remember the brands or
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.80,0:06:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the shapes or even the specific models of\Nthose modems. But that's too much level of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.67,0:06:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,detail for the moment. So let's look a bit\Nat the speed, or lack of speed, that was
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.20,0:06:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available. It started with 300 bps. I\Nactually used 300 bps a couple of times.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.100,0:07:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, in like around 1990 of course it\Nwas extremely slow but still it was what I
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.40,0:07:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could start with at the time. Then the\N1200 bps; so this is still rather slow and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.46,0:07:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can slowly read and follow the\Ntext as it's being printed. Unfortunately
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.37,0:07:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have an animation or something\Nlike that. I'm not such a multimedia savvy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.93,0:07:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guy. So yes, then the speeds progressed,\Nyou see the years in which they were
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.41,0:07:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created. The lines with the asterisk mark\Nyears that I found some secondary sources
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.77,0:07:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that originally it had been specified\Nthen. But actually the oldest spec
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.35,0:07:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,document for all these earlier ones was\Nfrom 1988. So if you go to the ITU
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.46,0:07:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,website, the earliest documents you can\Nfind are from 1988 and none of those
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.68,0:07:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earlier documents could – at least on the\Ninternet – be found anywhere. Maybe you
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.16,0:07:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can go to a library or something like\Nthat. Yeah so speeds progressed, different
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.45,0:08:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modulation schemes were introduced to\Nsqueeze ever more bits into these
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.14,0:08:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3 kilohertz analog circuit over the\Ntelephone line. And every couple of years
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.90,0:08:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new, especially in the 90s, if you\Nfollow this 91 14.400 bps, 93 19.200
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.46,0:08:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 1994 28.000 bits per second. And there\Nwere of course also proprietary protocols,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.20,0:08:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you had to have the same manufacturer\Nof modem that the other side whom you're
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.86,0:08:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calling and so on, but these are the\Nofficial standardized protocols and speeds
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.13,0:08:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were used. Which brings us... so okay\Nwe have a telephone system; we can dial
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.27,0:08:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numbers; we have a modem that can dial\Nnumbers; we have modems that can send bits
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.29,0:08:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in exceptionally fast speed. What do we do\Nwith this? And this brings us to be BBSs:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.48,0:08:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where could you actually dial, and what\Ncould you do there? So what's the BBS?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.44,0:09:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fundamentally, it's some computer – any\Nhardware, any operating system, any
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.26,0:09:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software. Some computer that accepts\Nincoming calls attached to a modem and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.57,0:09:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offers some kind of interactive service to\Nthe people who dial into that BBS. And if
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.33,0:09:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you wanted to operate a BBS, you had to\Nhave a separate dedicated computer for
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.16,0:09:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that. Because, at the time, most of the\NBBS software – and most of the software
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.37,0:09:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people used in general – predated\Nmultitasking operating systems. So when
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.100,0:09:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you ran the BBS, the computer was busy\Nrunning the BBS; you couldn't do anything
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.21,0:09:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,else at the same time. So you had to\Ninvest quite a bit into a separate second
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.66,0:09:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer, or third or fourth, to actually\Noperate that BBS. You had to have a
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.85,0:09:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,separate telephone line. Because if you\Noperate the BBS into which people dial
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.50,0:09:49.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into, of course any time of the day or\Nnight people will dial in there, so you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.100,0:09:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot use your normal phone line that you\Nuse to make phone calls but you had to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.30,0:09:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a separate dedicated phone line. And\Nof course the system had to run more or
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.65,0:10:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less 24/7 so people could dial in and\Nreach it. Luckily, on the user side there
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.77,0:10:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not so many requirements in terms of\Ntechnology that you needed. Your computer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.65,0:10:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course you only power when you use it,\Nand you can share the regular phone line –
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.73,0:10:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the side effect, as in the\Nintroduction has been mentioned, that your
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.19,0:10:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,family might have gone angry if you\Noccupied it too long – but otherwise no
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.51,0:10:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,additional infrastructure other than a\Nmodem required. Now you dial into the BBS
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.75,0:10:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,– what kind of content do you get? What do\Nyou do in that BBS? And the name BBS in
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.25,0:10:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English is a Bulletin Board Service,\Nthat's actually the acronym expansion. So
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.56,0:10:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were Bulletin Boards, message boards\Nwhere you could exchange messages and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.87,0:10:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,texts with other people, other users of\Nthat BBS or the so-called sysop, the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.35,0:11:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system operator, the guy running that BBS.\NYou could also chat with the system
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.01,0:11:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operator, which, well, didn't exist before\N– the ability to chat with somebody else
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.11,0:11:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remotely over a text-based terminal. There\Nwere also multi-user games, text-based, as
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.17,0:11:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well as so called file areas where you\Ncould download files. And downloading
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.02,0:11:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,files, given the speeds back then and so\Non and so on, of course it was primarily
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.05,0:11:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,text documents or small programs or\Nsomething like that. Mp3 didn't exist of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.38,0:11:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,course, at least until 95 or whenever it\Ncame out, so maybe some mod files for your
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.20,0:11:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,module tracker, something like that. And\Nof course, last but not least, ASCII and
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.39,0:11:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANSI artwork, which basically is an entire\Nsubculture and scene and community in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.24,0:11:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,itself, creating artworks and drawings\Nusing the character set that was used by
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.62,0:12:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANSI.sys, which was the DOS, you could say\Ndisplay driver, in quotes, in a certain
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.39,0:12:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,character set and you could draw graphics\Nlike this. We will see some more. And
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.80,0:12:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people were putting a lot of effort into\Nthis, and sort of competing who could who
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.72,0:12:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could make the best representation or the\Nmost expressive artwork given the limited
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.59,0:12:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resolution and the limited characters and\Ncolors available in this domain. So, what
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.52,0:12:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of software did one use? Or what kind\Nof technology was used? Well, we already
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.82,0:12:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had the computer and modem, you needed\Nsome software. So on the BBS side, BBS
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.57,0:12:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software, there's an unlimited number of\Ndifferent BBS software programmes, and
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.02,0:12:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extensions, and modifications thereof, a\Nlot of them are freeware or shareware.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.66,0:12:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are public domain, some\Nactual free software, some are
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.78,0:13:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proprietary. For any operating system, for\Nany computer architecture, people were
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.74,0:13:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writing BBS software. Whether you had an\NAmiga or Atari or you had Apple or DOS PCs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.14,0:13:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you name it, software was written, by\Nhobbyists primarily. One concept that you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.88,0:13:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will find in BBSs is the concept of so-\Ncalled doors. You can think of it as
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.86,0:13:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,similar to CGIs in web. So basically, the\NBBS software could call an external
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.71,0:13:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programme, which would then take over the\Ninput and output to and from the user. So
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.64,0:13:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could have sort of plugins to your BBS\Nsoftware which would add additional new
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.67,0:13:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,games or add chat software or messaging or\Nwhatever. On the user side you had a
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.86,0:13:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primarily so-called terminal program. It's\Ncalled terminal program because actually
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.90,0:13:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it emulates a serial terminal, which is a\Ndedicated hardware device with a keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.40,0:14:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a screen and a serial line, but not a\Ngeneral-purpose computer and in order to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.40,0:14:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a general-purpose computer behave\Nlike a terminal you had a terminal program
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.45,0:14:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on dos which I was using at the time. It's\Nprimarily telex and telemate I think were
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.98,0:14:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the favorite ones at least on this side of\Nthe planet and you started that program,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.67,0:14:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had a serial port, the serial port\Nattached to your modem and from there you
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.33,0:14:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dialed and the terminal program then was\Nresponsible for displaying the texts and
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.35,0:14:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ANSI graphics and so on and exchanging\Nfiles of a variety of different protocols,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.93,0:14:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we will also cover later but before\Nwe go on let's do a quick demo of how this
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.42,0:14:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks like. Now as a note I don't have a\Nmodem here I'm not emulating a modem I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.81,0:14:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not emulating a serial port, these days\Nyou can get the same experience by using
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.51,0:14:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telnet over the internet but you can\Nactually telnet into BBSs, I just want to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.47,0:15:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically show how it looks like. So this\Nis the terminal program and we have now
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.49,0:15:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connected to the BBS this is sort of a\Nintroductory graphic that we see before
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.76,0:15:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even logging into the the box yeah some...\Nof course the scrolling was much slower
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.46,0:15:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back then, so now we can scroll back up to\Nactually see what was there. Yes, some
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.66,0:15:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more graphics. You still haven't seen the\Nlogin prompt yet, as you can see a fairly
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.89,0:15:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,graphics heavy BBS. Then you can choose\Nthe theme of the BBS, a user interface,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.92,0:15:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to go for the classic ANSI here.\NFinally, I come to a login screen and I
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.62,0:15:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can log into the system where I have to\Nenter my handle and the password which is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.92,0:16:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now in clear-text over telnet. For those\Nof you interested in this, not that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.77,0:16:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's anything useful I just registered\Nthis morning at the BBS so there's nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.38,0:16:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with this account. Yeah some\Nmore graphics. Finally, we are at a
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.64,0:16:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,message board and we see as I said I just\Nlogged in or registered this BBS today. We
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.86,0:16:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see there is a message number one from\NHawk Hubbard, "Welcome", so if I want to
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.50,0:16:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at that message I could basically say\N"I want to read it now". This is the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.18,0:16:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,message reader I go in here, then here,\N"Welcome to forge" and so on.. So he
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.28,0:16:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,welcomes me to the BBS now let's go to the\Nmain menu of the BBS, which in this case
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.24,0:16:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks like that and you have different...\Nthe file areas, where you can download
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.70,0:16:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,files, you have the door games that I\Nmentioned, you have an ANSI gallery, a BBS
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.76,0:17:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,list, you can look at the last callers who\Nhas called this mailbox and you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.88,0:17:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this... Well, yeah three test calls from\Nme this morning, but you can see actually
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.44,0:17:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people are still logging into this\NBBS and it's 2017, so it's not... to me
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.43,0:17:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is mostly history but during the\Npreparation of this talk I discovered that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.49,0:17:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some people, for some people it is still\Nthe present and I'm very happy to see
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.50,0:17:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's still such an active community\Naround BBSs and which enables me to show
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.08,0:17:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of this without firing up some\Nemulators and so on. So yeah, we also can
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.96,0:17:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at one-liners, here's some messages\Nthat people can leave to other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.10,0:17:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other users in the BBS, again with some\Nquite a graphical... We don't want to
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.31,0:17:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leave any additional words here, but what for\Nexample we can look at the ANSI gallery
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.26,0:17:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just very quickly, can try to select\Nsomething here, I have no idea what I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.32,0:18:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at so... Ok... so here you have a\Nsort of a viewer that, yeah... So it will
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.98,0:18:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show you the sections of a sort of longer\Nartwork in this particular case... Yeah...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.14,0:18:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well... And the artwork... to me there\Nalways was a lot of similarity between the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.45,0:18:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of, between the ANSI art artists and\Nthe people doing... Now I'm lacking the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.60,0:18:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,word, street art basically I think there's\Na lot of similarity between that. Okay
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.83,0:18:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good, that was just a very quick demo of\Ncourse I could now look at more messages
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.48,0:18:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and write messages and play blackjack and\Ndo whatever I want, which I don't in this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.62,0:18:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,case, so we will log off. And again some\Nmore graphics and you can leave a comment
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.51,0:19:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the sysop if you want or you can just\Nbasically... Log of... Ok, that for a very
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.11,0:19:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quick demo of the look and feel. Now since\NI'm such a technical person and looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.24,0:19:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protocol stacks, I tried to draw a\Nprotocol stack diagram for BBSs, which
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.29,0:19:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ended up at this. So basically at the\Nlower layers we have the pots, the plain
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.04,0:19:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,old telephony system or ISDN, which we\Nwill get to in a few slides. We had modems
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.52,0:19:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the analogue telephone system, we had\Nother things on ISDN. In the end at some
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.44,0:19:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point you always have rs-232, a serial\Nport, either emulated or real, and then
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.80,0:19:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either you had a terminal program directly\Non top of that or, for example to transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.67,0:19:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,files, you have used X modem or Y modem or\NZ modem, which added error correction and
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.69,0:19:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,retransmission and block transmission so\Nyou could safely transfer files without,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.41,0:19:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least with less, corruption. The\Nchecksum algorithms were not so scientific
Dialogue: 0,0:19:58.36,0:20:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in many cases. Here we then have well some\Nother things, FTN, Point what does that,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.55,0:20:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,UUCP we will cover that later. Basically\Nyou could run different protocols and
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.03,0:20:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different systems on top of that. One\Ncuriosity that I still want to mention is
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.50,0:20:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, which I actually I forgot until on\NTwitter somebody reminded me a couple of
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.20,0:20:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,days ago that this existed, and I went "oh\Nyes, RIPterm, I used that quite some time
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.60,0:20:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ago", so instead of having these text-\Nbased user interfaces some people, company
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.00,0:20:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called TeleGrafix came up with a language\Ncalled RIPscript which was a fairly
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.15,0:20:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compact language of textual commands, by\Nwhich the BTS could control a vector
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.08,0:20:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,graphic renderer on the client side in\Nyour terminal program, and you could
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.14,0:20:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually draw VGA resolution graphics like\Nthe one that's presented here on the slide
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.50,0:21:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the VBS on the screen of the user,\Nwhich was quite a big change compared to
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.77,0:21:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ASCII art or ANSI art that you've seen\Nbefore. Yeah, so we're still at BBSs and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.52,0:21:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BBSs that are isolated, so you can\Nparticipate in those bulletin boards and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.60,0:21:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can read and write messages and\Nexchange ideas and recipes and thoughts
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.88,0:21:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cheat codes and whatever you want to\Nexchange. Users log in at different times,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.16,0:21:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the BBS is busy if it has only a single\Nline while it's being used by some other
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.99,0:21:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,user. Of course you can add as a BBS\Noperator, as the sysop, you can add more
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.31,0:21:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modems and more phone lines, which is of\Ncourse expensive, together with the multi-
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.47,0:21:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,port serial cards and and everything that\Nwas required. You can have time limits for
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.13,0:21:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each user, but in the end it's sort of,\Nthere's a limit to how far you can scale a
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.14,0:21:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,single BTS sort of - not a BTS, a BBS,\Njeez, a single BBS... Well also there's a
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.88,0:22:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scalability limit for BTSs, but that's\Nanother talk, so, yeah. Which brings us to
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.24,0:22:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one method of more efficiently engaging\Nwith BBSs for exchanging messages which is
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.75,0:22:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a concept of points or offline message\Nreading. So as we have just seen in this
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.04,0:22:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example we log in to the VP... the BBS and we\Nhave an online interactive session with
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.42,0:22:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the BBS while we read and write the\Nmessages and of course it means we occupy
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.90,0:22:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the telephone line for an extended period\Nof time and it's not used very efficiently
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.48,0:22:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because humans typically read slower than\Nat least a fourteen point four or twenty
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.15,0:22:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eight kilobits per second. So people\Ninvented something called points or
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.37,0:22:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offline message reading and different\Nconcepts different systems different
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.20,0:22:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standards different technologies. What\Nthey did in the end is they compressed and
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.14,0:23:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,batched all the messages for you into\Nfiles and you on your client-side you were
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.89,0:23:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writing your messages offline and also\Ncompressing and batching the messages that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.60,0:23:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've written and then you make a call,\Nyou quickly exchange those files in both
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.66,0:23:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,directions even in full duplex if the\Nsystem supports it and then you terminate
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.60,0:23:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the connection again. So during a very\Nshort call you can exchange much more, many
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.18,0:23:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more messages and you have all the time to\Nread through those messages without having
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.50,0:23:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at the phone meter or your phone\Nbill all the time. So, more scalability,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.03,0:23:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more users, shorter connection time, lower\Ncost for everyone involved. Definitely an
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.83,0:23:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting technology, but still sort of\Nscalability is limited of a single BTS
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.31,0:23:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, eh, BBS which brings us to BBS\Nnetworks, store-and-forward networks which
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.33,0:24:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically extended the ability to exchange\Nmessages beyond a single BBS, but so
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.44,0:24:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically the bulletin boards or the\Nmessage groups that you had at a BBS were
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.89,0:24:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replicated over different protocols that\Nwere invented by various different people
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.58,0:24:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time, so not only one BBS had all the\Nmessages of a given bulletin board but all
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.28,0:24:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other BBSs participating also were\Nreceiving these messages and replicating
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.53,0:24:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them all over the network. Also for\Npersonal mail, which is like email, right,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.88,0:24:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between two participants, you could route\Nthose messages across the network. The two
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.44,0:24:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,users exchanging messages didn't have to\Nconnect to the same BBS anymore. So much
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.28,0:24:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more scalability and also you could use it\Nefficiently for message routing to reduce
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.44,0:24:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the need for long distance calls and so\Non. So let's look at a couple of these BBS
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.66,0:24:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,networks and the technologies they used.\NOne large and very popular example of
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.78,0:25:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,course is the Fido Network which consists\Nof two parts, net mail and echo mail.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.30,0:25:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Net mail is the private personal mail and echo\Nmail are public message boards or message
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.75,0:25:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,groups. Fido had some, the technology used\Nby Fido called FTN Fido technology
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.65,0:25:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,networks were used also by other networks.\NThey were using the same protocols, but
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.06,0:25:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were not the same group of BBSs or\Nthe same content and so on. Treknet for
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.11,0:25:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Star Trek fans was one, Gernet in Germany\Nwas an example for that. And there also
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.88,0:25:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were other technologies and other networks\Nsuch as Z-Netz, where they called it
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.37,0:25:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Bretter" actually, so boards, the\Nindividual message groups. And again they
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.19,0:25:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had other offsprings that used the same\Ntechnology but have different groups and
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.93,0:25:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different policies and different\Nstructures such as T-Netz or CL-Netz. And
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.46,0:26:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there was the big faction of people\Nwho did UUCP, the UNIX to UNIX copy, which
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.33,0:26:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will look at a little bit. And MausNet\Nis another german example here originating
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.18,0:26:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the city of Muenster, which was used\Nto up to 120 BBSs here. Let's look at Fido
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.36,0:26:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little bit more. Started allegedly in\N1984. Of course I was not involved at that
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.72,0:26:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time at the age of 5. It reached a limit\Nof 250 nodes in 1985 because apparently, I
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.64,0:26:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suppose probably, a single integer UINT8\Nwas used for the node number or something
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.91,0:26:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that and then about 250 should be\Nsufficient for everyone. I don't know what
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.99,0:26:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other 5 are for. And then they\Nintroduced in '86 hierarchic regional
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.24,0:26:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,routing and addressing that was more\Nscalable and in the end at the peak of the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.98,0:27:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fido net propagation it was 39,000 nodes;\Nthat's BBSs not individual users but
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.38,0:27:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,39,000 BBSs were interconnected with an\Nestimated 2 million users worldwide and
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.20,0:27:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's for a you know hobbyist amateur\Nnetwork is I think quite impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.88,0:27:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The addresses looked like this. That's\Nactually a node number that I used around
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.86,0:27:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'95 in Nuremberg at the time. Z-Netz\Nstarted as Zerberus-Netz - and I'm not
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.02,0:27:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sure if padeluun or Rena or any of the\Npeople involved in the audience if then I
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.34,0:27:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hope I represent the history correctly -\Nwhich is a network technology created in
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.61,0:27:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany. The standards are inspired but\Ndifferent than the Usenet and UUCP
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.83,0:27:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protocols and there were all kinds of\Nflame war about who understood the specs
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.78,0:27:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrong and whether there's an improvement\Nbetween ZConnect compared to the Usenet
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.57,0:28:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standards or not. But anyway it was\Ndifferent and there was one program called
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.86,0:28:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CrossPoint which was the most popular\Npoint software at the time I think at
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.98,0:28:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,least on DOS for Z-Netz and also for other\Ntechnologies. The screenshot here at the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.74,0:28:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bottom actually is a cross point\Nscreenshot. And cross point in the early
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.14,0:28:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,90s already had features that I'm still\Nmissing today in any email client that I
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.02,0:28:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have found. Right? Imagine you have a\Nthread that crosses multiple folders,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.82,0:28:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple news groups, multiple whatever\Nand you have threading like the tree of
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.20,0:28:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thread across folders and news groups\Nand so on. I mean that's something that
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.04,0:28:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you cannot do with any of the\Nsoftware still today. Maybe you have you
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.40,0:28:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have an answer which software today\Nsupports this but for sure nothing I have
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.60,0:29:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found has the kind of features and\Nfunctionality. Unfortunately it was
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.14,0:29:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,written in Pascal and it had a line length\Nlimit of 255 characters per line which
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.54,0:29:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made it not very compatible to Usenet\Nstandards where lines could have different
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.69,0:29:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lengths so one couldn't continue to use it\Nin today's time and age at least not
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.88,0:29:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,easily. Usenet is another network of these\NBBS days where messages were exchanged by
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.63,0:29:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a system called UNIX to UNIX copy. UNIX to\NUNIX copy predates the Usenet it was used,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.38,0:29:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well as the name implies, to copy\Nsomething between UNIX machines - file
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.34,0:29:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,copying - and some of those files that\Npeople were copying were internet mail at
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.02,0:29:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the time. And then the Usenet news format\Nwas invented. The format is quite similar
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.12,0:29:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to internet mail, which we still know\Ntoday, but it's not a personal mail
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.73,0:30:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between person A and person B, but it, you\Ncould post it to a so-called news group
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.80,0:30:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was a hierarchy of news groups\Nwhich replicated and flooded messages
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.10,0:30:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the entire network, across the\Nglobe. And it was a flooding mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.41,0:30:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involve to make sure that the messages get\Nreplicated and the duplicates get detected
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.20,0:30:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and duplicates are not basically\Ntransmitted again or rather shown again
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.43,0:30:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on. The routing was originally\Ndefined in route maps in UUCP which is a
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.66,0:30:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite a bit odd over time because it's\Nbasically a static source based routing
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.78,0:30:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the UUCP mails. News as I said\Nthey were flooding anyway. Usenet was
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.17,0:30:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite popular until well into the 90s. I\Nwas news master of two news servers for
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.12,0:30:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some time basically doing system\Nadministration of those boxes. And just to
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.41,0:31:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give you an anecdote again; into this\Ncontext we will get to Kommunikationsnetz
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.87,0:31:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Franken, which is a nonprofit organization\Nin the area of Franconia in southern
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.83,0:31:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany, where I was active. And at the\Ntime internet - like when we actually got
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.71,0:31:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to IP, at some point, IP traffic was so\Nexpensive that it was rather difficult to
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.23,0:31:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get a full newsfeed over IP because you've\Nwasted a lot of your expensive bandwidth -
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.73,0:31:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasted in quotes - but you used it for\Nnews and so what we did actually is, we
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.93,0:31:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put up a satellite dish at a building in\NNuremberg and we had satellite feeds from
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.05,0:31:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US. So there were US companies that\Nwere streaming compressed Usenet batches
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.29,0:31:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to a geostationary satellite which has\Na downlink over Europe and then we got two
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.18,0:31:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,megabits of compressed batched news net\Nnews in, I would say, let's say 95ish or
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.79,0:32:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like that, so that was\Ndefinitely a big improvement. So we we had
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.35,0:32:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a full news feed coming directly from the\NUS without having to pay for all the
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.58,0:32:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,International data transfer. Another\Ncuriosity is the Floppy Poll/Point. Now
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.48,0:32:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody is laughing yet. Well not everyone\Nhad phone lines in the 90s, particularly
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.16,0:32:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in eastern Germany. Phone lines were still\Na rare commodity after reunification
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.91,0:32:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened in 90. It took some time until\Npeople could get connected to the
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.98,0:32:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telephone network. And so what people did\Nis actually they exchanged daily floppies
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.16,0:32:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by postal mail. So basically rather than\Nsending your compressed batches of
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.56,0:32:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,messages over modems, because well for a\Nmodem you need phone lines, you put a
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.43,0:32:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,floppy - I would assume 3.5 inch at the\Ntime, not so much four and a quarter inch
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.15,0:33:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- but you put a floppy in an envelope you\Nsend it to your BBS and the guy
Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.33,0:33:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opens the envelope and puts it in the BBS\Nand he sends you a floppy in return. So
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.93,0:33:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you add one day or something to your\Ntransmission but then well the
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.06,0:33:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmission speed of messages in those\Nnetworks at the time was sort of one to
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.71,0:33:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two days or maybe even three days anyway\Nso if you add another day what does it
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.68,0:33:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matter? It was such a big advantage that\Nyou could get messages like worldwide
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.75,0:33:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,messages at all in such a short time and\Nfor basically no cost whatsoever. Okay
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.90,0:33:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting to the internet, yeah. How did I\Nstart to access Internet, how did people
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.64,0:33:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start to access the Internet at the time?\NWell mail and news was sort of the
Dialogue: 0,0:33:41.94,0:33:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet in the beginning via UUCP, which\Nis nice and fine, but it's not IP, yet. So
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.57,0:33:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you could do is you could, instead of\Ndialing into a BBS, you could of course
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.88,0:34:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use your modem to dial to the serial port\Nof the TTY of any UNIX machine that's
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.55,0:34:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere else. If you have a UNIX\Nworkstation somewhere, that's connected to
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.15,0:34:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an IP network using 10base2 or whatever\Nwas the network technology at the time or
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.48,0:34:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FDDI or whatever, x21... then you could\Nattach a modem to a serial part of such a
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.78,0:34:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,UNIX box and you just get the login prompt\Nwhen you connect with the modem to that
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.10,0:34:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,box. Like you sit in front of your Linux\Nsystem today, you have your login prompt.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.45,0:34:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then on that workstation you basically\Nyou could remotely use that workstation
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.85,0:34:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you could run FTP clients or IRC\Nclients or telnet, gopher, whatever on the
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.16,0:34:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,text console. That was mostly available to\Npeople in the academic sector of course
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.86,0:34:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they had some UNIX machines at\Nuniversities. I was too young to be at
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.70,0:34:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,university, so I had to use FTP mailers\Nfor quite some time. So what's an FTP
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.86,0:35:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mailer? Well it's basically some FTP\Nclient that runs on a remote machine
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.80,0:35:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere that's connected to the Internet\Nand that has email access and you can use
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.75,0:35:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,input/output over email. So if you want to\NFTP to some FTP server you send an email.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.34,0:35:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It says "ftp ftp." and an "ls" and\Nthen some hours later you get a response
Dialogue: 0,0:35:19.85,0:35:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the list of the files, yeah? And then\Nafter you've got the list of the files you
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.65,0:35:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do the first CD to change into a directory\Nand then you get again the response. And
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.39,0:35:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then finally you know which file you want\Nso you issue a get command over the file
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.56,0:35:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you get this long series of\NUUencoded mails. UUencode is a method of
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.52,0:35:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sending binary 8-bit messages over mails\Nbefore MIME existed. The MIME format which
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.27,0:35:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use today for email attachments and so\Non. That didn't exist at the time, so it
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.24,0:35:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was UUencode before, so yeah. So hours or\Ndays later you got that and it
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.37,0:36:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worked perfectly fine, I mean, I was quite\Nhappy to be able to use that at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.46,0:36:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, then, if you had dial-up access to\NUNIX boxes, you could also do something
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.78,0:36:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called SLIP, which is a serial line IP. So\Nyou could transport IP over the modem line
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.22,0:36:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result you have IP at home in\Nyour apartment! Unbelievable! it was later
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.66,0:36:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,superseded by PPP which introduced\Nfeatures such as auto-configuration,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.52,0:36:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,authentication, compression and so on -\Nwell there was a compressed SLIP, but yeah
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.55,0:36:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not quite as compressed as PPP - and\Npopular software stack at the time - and
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.81,0:36:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking about early 90s, mid-90s - is\Nbasically Trumpet Winsock on Windows with
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.41,0:36:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NCSA Mosaic as a browser, because Windows\Nback then didn't have TCP/IP, so you had
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.44,0:36:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to install another package to actually\Nhave TCP/IP on Windows at the time. If
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.36,0:37:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't have Windows, I will get to\Nthat, and I'm talking about the pre-Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.51,0:37:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,days here. So what did you do if you\Nwanted to do internet on a PC before Linux
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.12,0:37:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was around? I didn't have a 386 initially,\NI had a 286. And on a 286 of course you
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.26,0:37:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couldn't run any multitasking operating\Nsystem because it doesn't have a real
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.40,0:37:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protected mode. So no Linux, no BSD, but\Nthere was something called KA9Q NOS. And
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.44,0:37:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now I want to see hands: who has ever\Nheard of or used KA9Q NOS? Yeah! Ok...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.52,0:37:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}laughs{\i0}\NAudience member shouts: It is a person's
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.17,0:37:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,callsign.\NLaForge: Yes, "It's a person's callsign"
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.80,0:37:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the comment from the audience, this is\Ncorrect. KA9Q is Phil Karn in the US and
Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.97,0:37:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wrote a network operating system the\NKA9Q NOS, the network operating system.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.14,0:37:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is an implementation of - he\Nstarted actually in the 80s with this on
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.68,0:37:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CPM and then later ported it to DOS - and\Nit implements TCP/IP, SLIP, PPP including
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.64,0:38:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,POP3 server, SMTP server + client, IP\Nrouting, telnet, ARP and so on. And you
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.37,0:38:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could do all this on DOS. I used it quite\Na lot at my home. You could do routing and
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.15,0:38:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had multiple applications at the same\Ntime all on top of DOS. It was a fantastic
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.34,0:38:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,piece of software. And then you could\Nbuild a router to ethernet and you could
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.13,0:38:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have multiple other machines in your home\Nand you have more and more cable in your
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.29,0:38:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home. And more and more connected machines, \Nyeah, actually, yeah we will get to that, ok.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.10,0:38:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PPP superseded that. At some point ISDN\Ncame around, particularly in Germany. ISDN
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.09,0:38:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the digital version of telephony\Nsystem, so instead of having analog
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.07,0:38:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circuits you now transfer digital bits.\NThat could be audio, digitized audio, but
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.15,0:38:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course it could be any other\Ntransparent digital data. In Germany ISDN
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.35,0:39:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was first put in operation in 1989. Until\N'93 it used a German protocol standard
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.51,0:39:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called 1TR6, and from '94 onwards the\NEuropean E-DSS1 protocol standard was
Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.14,0:39:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available. It was hugely popularized from\N1995 onwards by subsidies. So at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.35,0:39:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you actually ordered an ISDN connection\Nand at the same time you bought a, let's
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.16,0:39:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say a small PBX or a phone or a modem or\Nsomething like that, you could [get]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.27,0:39:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subsidies from Deutsche Telekom. So, I\Nthink it went up to 700 marks - not sure
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.53,0:39:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if somebody remembers the exact figures -\Nand so you've got quite a bit of money to
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.56,0:39:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buy equipment to switch to this new\Ntechnology. So when ISDN you don't have a
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.45,0:39:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modem because there's nothing to modulate\Nor demodulate, it's digital, so it's
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.82,0:39:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a terminal adapter, and it adapts\Nthe bitstream, the synchronous serial
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.55,0:40:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bitstream of the ISDN to your operating\Nsystem or your computer and there was
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.58,0:40:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something called V.110 as a rate\Nadaptation to do asynchronous serial like
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.06,0:40:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,RS-232, sort of, over a synchronous ISDN.\NOkay and how did we get internet access?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.13,0:40:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it was, if you were not in academia\Nor something like that, there were a few
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.70,0:40:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commercial ISPs like XLink or EUnet. They\Nwere very expensive and of course you
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.99,0:40:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't have local dial-in in all the\Ndifferent cities around Germany, but you
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.24,0:40:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had grassroot groups of enthusiasts that\Nestablished themselves in some
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.95,0:40:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associations to make sure the members can\Nget internet access. In my region in
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.59,0:40:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nuremberg Kommunikationsnetz Franken was\Nparticularly active. They started with
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.44,0:40:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dial-up UUCP services and later IP for\Nnon-commercial users - and I have to say
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.66,0:41:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an extremely high technical standard\Nwhich I'm still fascinated by today.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.04,0:41:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kommunikationsnetz Franken had points of\Npresence in various different cities in
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.13,0:41:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the region because not everybody could\Ncall to Nuremberg as a local call and
Dialogue: 0,0:41:12.39,0:41:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every user got six static IP addresses,\Nrouted to wherever he dialed in. The use of
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.08,0:41:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OSPF in the mid-1990s to make sure you\Nhave static IP addresses wherever you dial
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.24,0:41:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in. Some people still don't have that in\N2017 and I'm not even talking about the
Dialogue: 0,0:41:28.75,0:41:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,static IP addresses, but anyway. So about\N800 users peak at that association at the
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.35,0:41:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time. And there was an umbrella\Norganization called "Individual Network
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.62,0:41:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,e.V." (IN). This was established.\NIndividuals could not become members in
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.15,0:41:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that association so it's - the name is a\Nbit interesting - it's called Individual
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.38,0:41:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Network, because it's about networking for\Nindividuals, but the members were the
Dialogue: 0,0:41:56.50,0:42:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regional associations such as\NKommunikationsnetz Franken, who then
Dialogue: 0,0:42:00.97,0:42:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically used this umbrella entity to\Nnegotiate decent rates to get internet
Dialogue: 0,0:42:07.48,0:42:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connectivity and so on. And apparently the\NIN members served more than three hundred
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.90,0:42:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousand users at some point - so it\Nscaled quite a bit - was dissolved in 2000
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.66,0:42:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when lots of commercialized ISPs were\Naround and also when the remaining member
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.17,0:42:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entities, which many of which still exist\Ntoday such as Kommunikationsnetz Franken,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.74,0:42:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't need this umbrella entity to\Nget decent internet rates or tariffs
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.64,0:42:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again. So, with packets which TCP/IP we\Njust need one number that we call at some
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.74,0:42:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point We're not dialing into hundreds of\Ndifferent BBS's anymore but we're actually
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.58,0:42:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting always to the same number which\Nis our ISP, and then when we have that
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.35,0:42:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connection we exchange packet data with\Nsystems worldwide which brought new
Dialogue: 0,0:42:52.35,0:42:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purpose to lease lines. Analog leased\Nlines were basically telephone lines that
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.63,0:43:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were permanently switched, or actually\Npermanently wired at the exchange. So you
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.81,0:43:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had two wires of copper between one\Nlocation and another location and they
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.96,0:43:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were physically connected you could apply\Na DC voltage and the DC voltage would come
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.51,0:43:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out at the other end. You could get this\Nfrom Deutsche Post or Telekom at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.62,0:43:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I could finally afford one in '98 for\N900 marks installation cost and in my case
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.63,0:43:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,180 marks per month, was sixty marks\Nper hop. Hop means: telephone exchange. So
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.00,0:43:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if between the other end where you want to\Nconnect to and where you are, are three
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.10,0:43:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telephone exchanges, you had three times\Nsixty marks or 180 marks per month. And
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.00,0:43:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I connected to a system that looked\Nlike this, which is called the Hub
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.93,0:43:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nuremburg of this Kommunikationsnetz\NFranken, which is in the basement of one
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.53,0:43:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the members. You have basically a PC\Nrunning Linux of FreeBSD, no it was BSD
Dialogue: 0,0:43:55.39,0:44:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, with like a 16-port serial card\Nand various modems stacked on various
Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.24,0:44:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shelves to interconnect all these\Ndifferent leased lines and which then had
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.96,0:44:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one ISDN leased line with 128 kilobits to\Nsome internet uplink. Yeah that's the
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.99,0:44:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obligatory ISDN network termination and\Ntelephone sockets, which brings us to ISDN
Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.32,0:44:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leased lines. There was a product called\NSPV "Semi-Permanente Festverbindung",
Dialogue: 0,0:44:27.99,0:44:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not really a leased line - it's\Nsemi-permanent - and it's basically a
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.77,0:44:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flat-rate call to one specific destination\Ntelephone number, which you could get in
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.63,0:44:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,national 1TR6 ISDN and which was rather\Ninexpensive and what many people used who
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.43,0:44:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted more than the ISDN speeds. Okay I\Nhave to speed up a bit, time is running
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.91,0:44:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out! The first step of abusing analog\Nlines, which we did, is by deploying a
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.50,0:44:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,device called an ICU-T, which is the\Ninverse of an ISDN NTBA. So in ISDN you
Dialogue: 0,0:44:58.12,0:45:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still have the telephone exchange and you\Nhave a network termination, the NTBA, on
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.62,0:45:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your line. And basically the the ICU-T was\Na single line telephone exchange side of
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.29,0:45:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this protocol. So you could use an analog\Nline which you normally used for analog
Dialogue: 0,0:45:13.04,0:45:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modems but you remove the two analog\Nmodems you put an NTBA on one end, you put
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.22,0:45:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ICU-T on the other end and suddenly we\Ncan get 128 kilobits over that line which
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.63,0:45:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,previously you could only do 33.6 without\Nhaving to pay any additional cents or
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.44,0:45:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,money to Deutsche Telekom, of course. And\Nthen there was some special ISDN routers
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.44,0:45:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could use the signaling channel, the\N16 kbps signaling D-channel on ISDN also
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.95,0:45:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for data, so you get 128 + 16 kilobytes of\Ndata, because well, there's no signaling,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.94,0:45:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not dialling anyone so you can as\Nwell use that. Now this is sort of the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.02,0:45:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hierarchy of the leased line\Ninfrastructure at this entity. I'm not
Dialogue: 0,0:45:50.48,0:45:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing every leased line here, but\Nbasically I was at the upper left corner
Dialogue: 0,0:45:54.63,0:46:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here connecting with 33.6 kbps to this hub\NNuremburg, which connects to 128K to a
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.56,0:46:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,machine in a Nuremberg building of the\NUniversity of Erlangen, which then
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.95,0:46:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connects over X21 to the University of\NErlangen, where then all kinds of other
Dialogue: 0,0:46:09.25,0:46:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leased lines come together. That was the\Nthe architecture of what we deployed
Dialogue: 0,0:46:14.00,0:46:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there. Some more pictures: this is in\NFürth, a neighbor city of Nuremberg. The
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.33,0:46:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collection of telephone outlets and the\Ncollection of modems and the machine - oh
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.68,0:46:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was, I'm missing one picture sorry\Nfor that - anyway you can see a pile of
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.49,0:46:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modems here and some more modems here and\Nthe machine over there. And then we went
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.22,0:46:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into phase two of abusing analog telephone\Nlines, when the first DSL modems came out.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.84,0:46:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we imported some Ascend DSLpipes in '99\Nfrom the US and with some firmwares you
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.81,0:46:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could operate them back to back without\Nthe DSLAM so basically you operate one DSL
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.60,0:46:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modem at one end of the leased line and\Nanother DSL modem at the other end, and if
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.37,0:46:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are close enough like with a single\Nhop at the single telephone exchange you
Dialogue: 0,0:46:58.26,0:47:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could get up to 2.3 megabits symmetric\Nover your analog line. And that in 1999
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.30,0:47:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was quite a lot of speed, especially if\Nyou're not paying for traffic or anything
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.70,0:47:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that. Some less alternative, less\Nexpensive one alternatives came out. Okay!
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.27,0:47:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I wrap up, a short detour or one\Nthing still to mention. Another phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.50,0:47:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back then - I'm not sure if this happened\Nin other cities too - and in my area in
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.73,0:47:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fürth we had an entity called Falcons\NMaze, which was called an online bistro.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.04,0:47:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I became a regular there around '94. They\Ninitially had four DOS PCs, each of them
Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.73,0:47:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a modem and with a dedicated call-\Ncharge meter. And you could basically go
Dialogue: 0,0:47:46.88,0:47:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, it's a cafe, you can have, you know\Nyou can eat and drink and so on, and you
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.56,0:47:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can sit at the PC and you can then from\Nthere dial into BBSs and basically do
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.61,0:47:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things if you didn't have a modem or a PC\Nat home. But the interesting part of
Dialogue: 0,0:47:59.25,0:48:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,course was that there all the other peoples \Nwere hanging out, the other BBS users,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.86,0:48:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sysops and so on. At some point the PCs\Nwere networked with 10base2, so people
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.81,0:48:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could play doom when it came out, I think\Nin - not sure when it reached us in
Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.46,0:48:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany - '94 maybe or so, and yeah. The\Ninternet became more popular. It started
Dialogue: 0,0:48:20.47,0:48:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subsidiaries and we set up ISDN SPVs, the\N"semi-permanente Verbindung" as an
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.32,0:48:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internet uplink from there, so that also,\NI mean, you can find some sources that
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.28,0:48:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this apparently, allegedly was the first\Ninternet cafe. I'm not sure if anyone else
Dialogue: 0,0:48:36.98,0:48:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has contested that. Something like that.\NAnyway, after lots of anecdotes I want to
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.35,0:48:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give you some time for Q&A. To summarize:\Nthe first decades of wide area
Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.72,0:48:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communications were powered by a community\Nof enthusiasts or rather communities that
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.51,0:48:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were disjunct and not connected, largely\Nmotivated by non-commercial motives. Of
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.36,0:49:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,course there were commercial BBSs but by\Nfar not without much corporate or
Dialogue: 0,0:49:02.12,0:49:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government influence, right? There was no\NGoogle and there was no ministry that was
Dialogue: 0,0:49:06.91,0:49:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting censorship or something like that.\NAnd the BBS community is a distinct
Dialogue: 0,0:49:12.58,0:49:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subculture so it has different norms and\Nit has different values, different from
Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.37,0:49:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ham radio guys, different from free\Nsoftware guys, of course some overlap, but
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.56,0:49:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still a separate community with separate\Nnorms. What I personally think is the big
Dialogue: 0,0:49:28.34,0:49:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loss, other than the loss of picture on\Nthe screen, is that back then the networks
Dialogue: 0,0:49:37.12,0:49:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were distributed. There was no single\Npoint of failure. The infrastructure was
Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.50,0:49:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owned and operated by its users, by\Nindividuals. The connection speeds were
Dialogue: 0,0:49:45.29,0:49:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,symmetric and there was no, like, data\Ncenter versus consumer separation that we
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.49,0:49:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have in the internet day and age of today.\NAnd that's, yes, I really think this
Dialogue: 0,0:49:55.44,0:50:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,autonomy and decentralization is a big\Nloss to society or the community as a
Dialogue: 0,0:50:02.59,0:50:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whole. Ok, some pointers: if you want to\Nread up more or look at some ANSI artwork
Dialogue: 0,0:50:07.85,0:50:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or log into BBSs, the telnet BBS guide I\Ncan highly recommend that. You can also
Dialogue: 0,0:50:12.94,0:50:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find the BBS I looked into. Ok, good.\NWhich brings us to the point where we can
Dialogue: 0,0:50:19.89,0:50:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have some questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.00,0:50:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:50:34.66,0:50:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: The microphones here in, 3, 1, 2\Nand 4, but first we have questions from
Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.93,0:50:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the signal angel. So what's the question for?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:43.80,0:50:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signal Angel: The internet wants to know,\N"What was the highest phone bill you ever
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.02,0:50:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got back then?"\NLaForge: To be honest, I don't remember
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.98,0:51:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for sure it was four digits. I'm quite\Nsure it was. It was quite devastating,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.76,0:51:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes.\NHearld: There is another question from the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:04.59,0:51:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internet.\NSignal Angel: And there's another
Dialogue: 0,0:51:06.25,0:51:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question, "You mentioned that there are\Nvery few books around those topics. Which
Dialogue: 0,0:51:12.92,0:51:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ones would you recommend regarding BBS,\NUsenet and so on?"
Dialogue: 0,0:51:16.77,0:51:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LaForge: I cannot respond to this directly\NI don't remember that. I can put it
Dialogue: 0,0:51:22.26,0:51:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together and people can reach out to me\Nor I put it in the slides when I submit
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.74,0:51:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them into the frap system, sorry for that.\NHerald: So we have a question from the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.07,0:51:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microphone number two please.\NMic 2: Yes, back in the 90s most of the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.02,0:51:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voice was uncompressed and actually\Ndirect. Modern technologies usually, I
Dialogue: 0,0:51:43.37,0:51:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think, voice always compressed transferred\Nover IP. Do you know for any modern
Dialogue: 0,0:51:48.05,0:51:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modulation formats the text can survive\Nseveral codecs voice codecs or data
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.39,0:51:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmission?\NLaForge: I'm not the expert on that
Dialogue: 0,0:51:57.20,0:52:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subject. I know there are some codecs,\Nyes, but they are extremely slow. So you
Dialogue: 0,0:52:03.15,0:52:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are happy if you get something like 1200\Nor maybe 2400 bps of data through a modem
Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.44,0:52:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that survives multiple codecs and then of\Ncourse always the question of which
Dialogue: 0,0:52:14.69,0:52:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,codecs.\NHerald: Okay microphone number four
Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.24,0:52:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please.\NMic 4: Okay I don't have a question to
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.57,0:52:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald actually, but thanks for the talk.\NI would like to ask the audience because
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.32,0:52:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many, I think, users and operators of BBSs\Nare here. Who wants to meet this evening,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:30.49,0:52:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at I would say nine o'clock, in one of the\Nseminar rooms for talk about the back old
Dialogue: 0,0:52:34.94,0:52:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,times? Yeah, so I will try to lock a self-\Norganized session at the seminar room
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.62,0:52:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1415, I think it's called, at 9 o'clock.\NLaForge: Ok, thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.33,0:52:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic 4: So, see you there and talk about\Nthe good days of and some more stories I
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.47,0:52:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think.\NHerald: There are still more people
Dialogue: 0,0:52:52.23,0:52:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,queuing up. Microphone number 4, please.\NMic 4: I've got a question about the
Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.52,0:53:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political bulletin board systems. Could\Nyou tell us a bit about the CL-Net and the
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.19,0:53:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fascist clone the Thule-Net? What was the\Ndynamics back then and the fights? What
Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.12,0:53:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the conflicts in those boxes?\NLaForge: I have to admit I cannot say too
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.68,0:53:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much about it. I know, of course, CL-Netz\Nwas a network mainly for left-wing
Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.19,0:53:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political activists and groups and yes\Nthere was Thule-Netz, a right-wing
Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.59,0:53:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Network, and I knew there was discussions\Nand so on and there were people trying to
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.78,0:53:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hack each other's mailboxes and so on,\Nbut I was not participating or involved
Dialogue: 0,0:53:36.46,0:53:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these discussions to an extent that I\Ncan really comment on it sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.09,0:53:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Microphone number one, please.\NMic 1: Hi Harald. I still remember when I
Dialogue: 0,0:53:46.15,0:53:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started with an acoustic coupler. I did\Nthat because there was a severe threat of
Dialogue: 0,0:53:50.75,0:53:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,punishment if you used an illegal modem at\Nthe time from the Deutsche Bundespost. So
Dialogue: 0,0:53:55.49,0:54:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was actually never aware that a little\Nbit later you could actually do an end,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.01,0:54:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to back DSL modem connection over an\Nanalogue exchange. So at that time you did
Dialogue: 0,0:54:05.55,0:54:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, what was the the punishment\Nsituation from the Bundespost or whatever
Dialogue: 0,0:54:09.95,0:54:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was called at the time if they would\Nhave ever caught you doing that? Do you
Dialogue: 0,0:54:14.27,0:54:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember?\NLaForge: I have no clue. Yes, it sort of,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.01,0:54:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I mean the... How can I say? The the\Ncriminal offense, I think, stopped in '92
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.36,0:54:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Deutsche Post was privatized. So\Nuntil '92 it was a criminal offence to
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.33,0:54:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operate a non-approved modem at the German\Ntelephone network, because was government
Dialogue: 0,0:54:34.73,0:54:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owned. It was a crime, not a minor\Noffence. But afterwards I don't really
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.82,0:54:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know to be honest. I don't think anyone\Nbothered at the time and nobody, I mean
Dialogue: 0,0:54:44.85,0:54:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the, we never had any trouble with these\NDSL things and so on, that we did over
Dialogue: 0,0:54:49.99,0:54:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,analog circuits.\NHerald: Microphone number two, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:53.82,0:54:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic 2: Okay, hello I'm from Taiwan and I\Njust want to share something interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:54:58.72,0:55:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for everyone. In Taiwan is a small country\Nin Asia. We are still using BBS. The
Dialogue: 0,0:55:05.20,0:55:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largest is named PTT and exported to use\NSSH or WebSocket you can edit, and the
Dialogue: 0,0:55:12.09,0:55:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,source code is open available on GitHub.\NEverybody can search it. Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:16.58,0:55:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LaForge: Thank you very much. It's\Nactually not just for Taiwan, but you can
Dialogue: 0,0:55:23.59,0:55:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find many, I mean maybe it's more popular\Nthere still, but you can find many BBSs
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.87,0:55:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are still in operation today in many\Ndifferent countries even also with BBS
Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.05,0:55:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software that's free software that's\Nmaintained now on GitHub or on other
Dialogue: 0,0:55:38.24,0:55:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,repositories with contributors and so on.\NSo the community still lives, but I think
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.24,0:55:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least internationally it's very small\Nand I'm happy to hear if it's larger in
Dialogue: 0,0:55:48.23,0:55:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some countries.\NHerald: You have still time for questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:52.48,0:55:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microphone number four, please.\NMic 4: So you talked about restoring
Dialogue: 0,0:55:57.82,0:56:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decentralization. So, what old systems\Nwould you like to see coming back?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:05.18,0:56:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something like the Usenet? I mean it's\Nstill there, but you can't access it
Dialogue: 0,0:56:09.03,0:56:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without paying a lot of money to some big\Ngateway. So, which technologies would you
Dialogue: 0,0:56:13.29,0:56:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like to revive or do you think are\Nrealistic to revive to have
Dialogue: 0,0:56:17.37,0:56:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decentralization again?\NLaForge: I don't think the technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.64,0:56:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,necessarily need to be revived because\Nthey are, to a large extent, old and
Dialogue: 0,0:56:26.25,0:56:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are smarter and the, how can I say,\Nthe capacity and the computational
Dialogue: 0,0:56:32.90,0:56:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complexity of what you can do today and so\Non is much better. So we can have much
Dialogue: 0,0:56:37.14,0:56:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better technology. But the thing that I\Nwould like to see revived is more
Dialogue: 0,0:56:42.58,0:56:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decentralization and more people operating\Ntheir own technology and that's just, I
Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.86,0:56:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think, I don't really have a plan and I'm\Nnot saying I have a vision I'm just saying
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.53,0:56:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has a problem, this development, that\Nbasically it's a consumer / producer model
Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.62,0:57:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially with content delivery\Nnetworks and with attacks on network
Dialogue: 0,0:57:03.51,0:57:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neutrality and and all these topics, it's\Nalways moving in one direction. It's
Dialogue: 0,0:57:08.36,0:57:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically turning the user into a stupid\Nconsumer and and making sure all the
Dialogue: 0,0:57:12.80,0:57:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control and all the content, and so on, is\Nin the hand of large corporations.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:20.21,0:57:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}\NBy the way, one interesting anecdote about
Dialogue: 0,0:57:28.54,0:57:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the... I talked about the asymmetry of the\Nspeed, right? And with DSL at this ADSL
Dialogue: 0,0:57:33.64,0:57:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the popular technology is always the\Ndownlink is bigger than the uplink. I know
Dialogue: 0,0:57:38.21,0:57:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Brazil a lot of people, basically in\Nsmall, like small size ISPs, they did it
Dialogue: 0,0:57:45.11,0:57:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the opposite way around! So they did one\Nmodem with basically a large downstream
Dialogue: 0,0:57:50.29,0:57:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and small upstream and then they, on\Nanother line next to it, they inverted it
Dialogue: 0,0:57:55.38,0:57:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using a master modem on one side and a\Nslave modem on the other so then again he
Dialogue: 0,0:57:59.13,0:58:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had symmetric speed. So, some people had\Ncreative ideas to work around some of the
Dialogue: 0,0:58:04.29,0:58:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technological restrictions.\NHerald: So microphone number two, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:09.90,0:58:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic 2: I also from Taiwan and I want to\Nadd something for my friend. Like, there
Dialogue: 0,0:58:16.09,0:58:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are still like half million people come\Nhere to BBS called PTT, yeah, today. And
Dialogue: 0,0:58:25.64,0:58:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, there's a, there are 100,000 people\Nonline now, yeah. So, I think the
Dialogue: 0,0:58:34.34,0:58:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community is now like...\NHerald: What ist your question? Can you
Dialogue: 0,0:58:39.26,0:58:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please phrase the question?\NMic 2: I just want to add something for my
Dialogue: 0,0:58:42.30,0:58:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,friend, yeah.\NLaForge: Okay, thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:46.64,0:58:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Microphone number one, please.\NMic 1: {\i1}cough{\i0} You talked about content of
Dialogue: 0,0:58:54.64,0:59:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mailboxes. Isn't it that the\NFreifunk community today is a possible way
Dialogue: 0,0:59:01.55,0:59:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get this freedom back from what you had\Nin your mailboxes? The services they were
Dialogue: 0,0:59:11.90,0:59:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offered there, the Freifunk could do the\Nsame today with user own structures and so
Dialogue: 0,0:59:19.29,0:59:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on.\NLaForge: That's very correct yes. Freifunk
Dialogue: 0,0:59:21.57,0:59:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,definitely is much more in the spirit of\Nthe community owned and community run
Dialogue: 0,0:59:26.27,0:59:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,systems, and I see lots of similarities\Nbetween the BBS community and what
Dialogue: 0,0:59:31.44,0:59:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Freifunk is doing today. It's correct.\NMic 1: Are you are you doing something
Dialogue: 0,0:59:34.69,0:59:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Freifunk?\NLaForge: Me personally? No, I'm not
Dialogue: 0,0:59:37.63,0:59:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved.\NMic 1: Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:40.48,0:59:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: I think microphone number two is\Nwaiting way too long.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:47.20,0:59:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic 2: Hello, thanks for the talk. You\Nmentioned that most people didn't have a
Dialogue: 0,0:59:53.27,0:59:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TCP/IP capable operating system at this\Ntime and I started to read recently about
Dialogue: 0,0:59:59.67,1:00:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an operating system called Xenix, X-E-N-\NI-X, that was actually developed by
Dialogue: 0,1:00:06.31,1:00:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microsoft and published in 1983 that could\Nrun on IBM PC compatible machines on the
Dialogue: 0,1:00:14.61,1:00:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,x86 processors, and I hear that in the\NRussian BBS systems at least it was very
Dialogue: 0,1:00:20.85,1:00:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,popular. Did you encounter any Xenix\Noperating systems at that time?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:26.48,1:00:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LaForge: No I personally did not encounter\NXenix. I read about it, yes, and I know it
Dialogue: 0,1:00:30.89,1:00:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could have possibly run it on my 286\Nmachine, but I mean, I don't think it was
Dialogue: 0,1:00:35.86,1:00:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that was readily available for\Naffordable price to individuals, but maybe
Dialogue: 0,1:00:40.10,1:00:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm wrong. No, certainly not, okay, some\Npeople are heavily shaking their heads.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:44.28,1:00:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic 2: I think this is why it was popular\Nin Russia...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:46.58,1:00:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Laughs{\i0}\NLaForge: Possibly. I do not want to
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.15,1:00:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comment on that...\NHerald: We have time for one more
Dialogue: 0,1:00:52.44,1:00:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question. Microphone number 4.\NMic 4: I just wanted to note, in the wiki
Dialogue: 0,1:00:56.60,1:01:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the meeting is up. Search for BBS and this\Nevening at 9 o'clock I think we can talk
Dialogue: 0,1:01:00.98,1:01:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about all the details of running DSL on\Nmodem lines. I've also got some more
Dialogue: 0,1:01:05.48,1:01:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,details on that and a lot of these modems\Nleft if you need some. But I think, so see
Dialogue: 0,1:01:10.28,1:01:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you Harold at 9 o'clock\NLaForge: Yeah definitely! Thanks!
Dialogue: 0,1:01:13.71,1:01:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mic 4: Ok, everybody welcome.\NLaForge: Thank you!
Dialogue: 0,1:01:16.09,1:01:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Applause{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,1:01:17.48,1:01:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Thank you very much for the talk.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:20.22,1:01:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}34C3 Music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,1:01:25.42,1:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subtitles created by c3subtitles.de\Nin the year 2020. Join, and help us!