[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.06,0:00:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is Liquid Smoke Flavoring Carcinogenic?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.26,0:00:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know smoke inhalation \Nisn't good for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.39,0:00:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what about smoke \Ningestion?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.56,0:00:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decades ago, smoke \Nflavorings were tested
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.16,0:00:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if they caused DNA \Nmutations in bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.87,0:00:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the test \Nwas negative.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.14,0:00:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as more and more \Nsmoke flavoring was added,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.15,0:00:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the DNA mutation rate \Nremained about the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.95,0:00:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the fact that something \Nis not mutagenic in bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.20,0:00:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has little predictive value \Nfor its effect on human cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.30,0:00:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a group at MIT tested \Na hickory smoke flavoring
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.72,0:00:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just bought at the store against \Ntwo types of human white blood cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.80,0:00:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike the bacteria, \Nthe mutation rate shot up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.54,0:00:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as more and more liquid \Nsmoke was added.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.73,0:00:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is little evidence \Nthat mutagenic activity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.56,0:00:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a particular human cell \Nline is more closely related
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.55,0:00:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to human health risk than is \Nmutagenic activity in bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.95,0:00:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, just \Nbecause liquid smoke
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.10,0:00:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes DNA mutations to human \Ncells in a petri dish,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.30,0:01:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that it does the \Nsame thing within the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.44,0:01:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Damaging DNA is just one of many \Nways chemicals can be toxic to cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.43,0:01:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A decade later researchers \Ntested to see what effect
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.06,0:01:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liquid smoke had on \Noverall cell viability.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.65,0:01:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you drip water on \Ncells, nothing happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.63,0:01:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they keep powering away \Nat around 100% survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.38,0:01:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But drip on more and \Nmore wood fire smoke
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.13,0:01:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can start killing \Nsome of the cells off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.07,0:01:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cigarette smoke \Nis more toxic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.24,0:01:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but 3 out of 4 of the brands \Nof liquid smoke they bought
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.67,0:01:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the supermarket killed \Noff even more cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.51,0:01:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading them to conclude that \Nthe cytotoxic potential
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.99,0:01:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some commercial smoke \Nflavorings is greater
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.34,0:01:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than that of liquid \Ncigarette smoke–
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.43,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a finding they no doubt celebrated \Ngiven that the researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.10,0:01:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were paid employees of the \NR.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.68,0:01:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, they didn't name \Nnames of the offending brands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.22,0:01:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one of the reasons I was \Nso excited about this new study,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.99,0:02:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they tested—and named 15 \Ndifferent brands of liquid smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.72,0:02:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This maximum "response" they were measuring \Nwas what was called p53 activation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.64,0:02:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,P53 is a protein we make, \Nillustrated here in pink and red,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.91,0:02:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that binds to our \NDNA, shown in blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.46,0:02:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It activates our \NDNA repair enzymes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.74,0:02:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a big P53 response might be \Nindicative of a lot of DNA damage,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.10,0:02:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a few of the liquid smoke \Nflavorings activated P53
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.99,0:02:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost as much as a chemotherapy \Ndrug like Etoposide
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.76,0:02:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose whole purpose is \Nto break DNA strands.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.23,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other flavorings \Ndidn't seem as bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though there was a hickory smoke \Npowder that ranked pretty high,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.84,0:02:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as did the fish sauce, though smoked \Npaprika didn't register at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.26,0:02:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The p53-activating property \Nin liquid smoke was eliminated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.04,0:02:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by standard baking \Nconditions (350°F for 1h),
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.08,0:02:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if we bake something with \Nliquid smoke for long enough
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.92,0:03:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it should eliminate \Nthis effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.20,0:03:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though just boiling, even for \Nan hour, or slow cooking
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.31,0:03:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't appear to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.94,0:03:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They conclude, "If the DNA-damaging \Nactivities of liquid smoke"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.14,0:03:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"were thought to be deleterious, \Nit might be possible to replace"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.85,0:03:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"liquid smoke with other, \Nsafer, smoky substances."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.86,0:03:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do they say IF thought \Nto be deleterious?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.66,0:03:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because they're not \Ndirectly measuring DNA damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.34,0:03:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, they're measuring \NP53 activation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.92,0:03:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's not \Nnecessarily a bad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.68,0:03:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,P53 is considered "Guardian of \Nour Genome," guardian of our DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.31,0:03:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's considered a \Ntumor suppressor gene,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.80,0:03:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it helps \Nrepair our DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.99,0:03:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if something boosts the activity \Nof P53, is that good or bad?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.92,0:03:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like the \Nbroccoli story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.18,0:03:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cruciferous vegetables dramatically \Nboost our liver's detoxifying enzymes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.48,0:03:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this because our body \Nsees broccoli as toxic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.60,0:03:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is trying to get \Nrid of it quicker?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.21,0:04:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Either way, the end result from \Nbroccoli is good, lower cancer risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.94,0:04:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's maybe a biological \Nphenomenon known as hormesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.64,0:04:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that which doesn't kill \Nus may make us stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.16,0:04:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like exercise is a \Nstress on the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.82,0:04:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the right amount can make \Nus healthier in the long run.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.03,0:04:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, teas and coffees \Ncaused P53 activation as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.10,0:04:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their consumption is associated \Nwith lower cancer risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.97,0:04:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's hard to know what to make \Nof that smoke flavoring P53 data.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.22,0:04:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Due to the limitations \Nof the available tests
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.42,0:04:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's hard to calculate the genotoxic \Npotential of liquid smoke,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.50,0:04:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any other food \Nfor that matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.48,0:04:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A better approach may be to just analyze \Nliquid smoke for known carcinogens,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.76,0:04:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemicals that we \Nknow cause cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.65,0:04:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was first attempted \Nback in 1971.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.67,0:04:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the seven liquid \Nsmoke flavors they tested
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.05,0:04:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contained a polycyclic \Naromatic hydrocarbon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.67,0:04:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known to be \Ncancer-causing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.95,0:04:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's a bunch of similar \Ncarcinogens that they didn't test for.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.82,0:05:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A later study, tested \Nacross the board,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.86,0:05:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking specifically at \N5 different carcinogens
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.02,0:05:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in retail liquid \Nsmoke seasonings.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.66,0:05:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The recommended daily upper safety \Nlimit for these carcinogens is 47.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.52,0:05:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hickory smoke flavoring \Nonly has 0.8 per teaspoon,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.20,0:05:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you'd have to drink three bottles \Na day to bump up against the limit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.75,0:05:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And mesquite liquid \Nsmoke, only 1.1.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.15,0:05:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that most of these \Ncarcinogens in smoke are fat soluble,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.37,0:05:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so when you make a water-based \Nsolution, like liquid smoke,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.38,0:05:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you capture the smoke \Nflavor compounds
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.13,0:05:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without capturing most of \Nthe smoke cancer compounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.44,0:05:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only time you need to really \Nworry is eating smoked foods,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.80,0:05:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,foods directly exposed \Nto actual smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.97,0:05:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, smoked \Nham comes up to here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.43,0:05:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smoked turkey \Nbreast up to here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.22,0:05:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one sandwich and we may \Nbe half way to the limit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.39,0:05:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one serving of \Nbarbecued chicken takes us...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.69,0:06:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.26,0:06:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Less than a single drumstick \Nand we may nearly
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.21,0:06:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,double our daily allotment \Nof these carcinogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.10,0:06:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing, however, \Nis as bad as fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.56,0:06:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smoked herring? 140.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.18,0:06:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have to shrink down the graph \Nto fit the worst of the worst...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.76,0:06:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smoked salmon.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.10,0:06:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One bagel with lox could take \Nus 10 times over the limit.