[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.06,0:00:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Instructor] Check this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.89,0:00:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have two clear colorless\Nsolutions over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.24,0:00:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pour them into each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.01,0:00:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We pour the first one and\Nwe pour the second one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.77,0:00:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And boom, we now get a\Nwhite colored solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.34,0:00:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another example.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.45,0:00:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, two colorless solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.61,0:00:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We pour one into another, and boom!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.31,0:00:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We again get a beautiful\Nyellow colored solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.67,0:00:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on over here?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.14,0:00:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To find out, let's dig a little deeper.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.85,0:00:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a more curious\Nquestion for us, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.13,0:00:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in the first case, what did we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.57,0:00:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We poured sodium chloride\Nand silver nitrate together,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.23,0:00:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that gave us a white\Ncolored solution, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.26,0:00:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now if I were to\Nchange just one element,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.59,0:00:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of silver, if I\Nhad potassium over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.80,0:00:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything else is the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.15,0:00:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if I had poured potassium nitrate
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.46,0:00:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sodium chloride into each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.25,0:00:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't have gotten anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.93,0:00:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would've just gotten\Na colorless solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.90,0:00:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not that interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.98,0:00:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore, I couldn't\Nfind any footage online.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.65,0:00:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is just an edited\Nimage, but you get the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.38,0:01:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wouldn't get anything\Ninteresting over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.39,0:01:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the big question is why?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.04,0:01:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why silver nitrate and sodium chloride
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.08,0:01:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives us a white colored solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.15,0:01:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas potassium\Nnitrate, just one change,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.73,0:01:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sodium chloride does\Nnot give us anything?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.64,0:01:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at it. Let's\Nlook at it one by one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.44,0:01:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the first case,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.28,0:01:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are reacting sodium\Nchloride aqueous solution
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.52,0:01:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with silver nitrate aqueous solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.73,0:01:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we get?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.08,0:01:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, remember that in aqueous solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.06,0:01:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ions usually dissociate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.62,0:01:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So over here, we'll get basically NA+ ions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.08,0:01:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and CL- ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.43,0:01:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over here, we have\NAg+ ions and NO3- ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.02,0:01:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I pour them together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.64,0:01:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just get all those ions together, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.50,0:01:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, because these are together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.79,0:01:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can form new combination.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.23,0:01:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, cations should always\Ncombine with anions, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.63,0:01:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So NA can now combine with NO3,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.64,0:01:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's nothing special because again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.71,0:01:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will dissociate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.94,0:01:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Ag can also combine with Cl.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.70,0:02:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Ag combines with Cl,\Nsomething interesting happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.15,0:02:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What? Well, guess what?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.19,0:02:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AgCl is insoluble,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.61,0:02:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore, it will precipitate out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.35,0:02:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the reason why\Nthis whole thing looks white
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.25,0:02:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the AgCl precipitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.64,0:02:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we end up with?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.63,0:02:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll end up with AgCl,\Nwhich is insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.42,0:02:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's why it's written\Nas solid over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.40,0:02:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It precipitates out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.90,0:02:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me just share it over here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.10,0:02:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show that it's precipitating, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.57,0:02:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what remains in the aqueous solution?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.76,0:02:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, sodium ions and nitrate ions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.52,0:02:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we get sodium nitrate aqueous solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.76,0:02:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The white color is due to\Nthe AgCl precipitating out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.39,0:02:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you zoom out and\Nlook at the reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.01,0:02:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see what has happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.15,0:02:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sodium and silver cations\Nhave switched places.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.60,0:02:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sodium has replaced silver over here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.39,0:02:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get sodium nitrate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.68,0:02:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and silver has replaced sodium over here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.26,0:02:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give us silver chloride.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.72,0:02:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So since there are two\Ncations replacing each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.44,0:03:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a double replacement happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.48,0:03:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called, no surprise,\Na double replacement reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.38,0:03:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also call this double\Ndisplacement reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.14,0:03:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we witnessed was a\Ndouble replacement reaction
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.32,0:03:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the products precipitated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.48,0:03:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving us that white color.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.04,0:03:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, before we look at the other one,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.30,0:03:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a quick question for you is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.98,0:03:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can you identify which of the\Nelements underwent oxidation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.28,0:03:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which ones underwent reduction?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.66,0:03:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pause and think about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.24,0:03:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, whenever I want to think about that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.37,0:03:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just look at the\Ncharges on the elements.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.38,0:03:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, over here, sodium\Nhas a positive charge.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.48,0:03:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a cation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.13,0:03:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other side, well,\Nit's still a positive cation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.10,0:03:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no change happened to\Nthe charge on the sodium.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.59,0:03:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing happened to it, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.54,0:03:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about Ag?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.16,0:03:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No change.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.81,0:03:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same is the case\Nwith the anions as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.58,0:03:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No change, no change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.55,0:03:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means look, nothing\Nis undergoing an oxidation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.34,0:03:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing is undergoing a reduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.93,0:03:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so double replacement reactions\Nare not redox reactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.65,0:03:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you may be wondering,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.79,0:03:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are you excited about the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.99,0:04:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's not a redox reaction?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.54,0:04:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm excited because I used to think
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.10,0:04:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all chemical reactions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.10,0:04:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must involve electron\Ntransfers, and therefore,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.17,0:04:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all chemical reactions should\Nhave something oxidizing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.72,0:04:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and something else reducing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.13,0:04:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I was wrong. Look,\Nright in front of our eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.53,0:04:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can see examples of chemical reactions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.57,0:04:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there are no electron transfers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.40,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there is no oxidation or reduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.04,0:04:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that's pretty cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.15,0:04:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But anyways, now let's\Nlook at the other one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.68,0:04:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when I\Npour these two together?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.20,0:04:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's look at the reactants.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.97,0:04:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time, the reactants\Nare NaCl and KNO3.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.42,0:04:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both are aqueous solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.89,0:04:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I pour them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.09,0:04:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just like before, I will now have
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.95,0:04:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the four different\Nkinds of ions over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.61,0:04:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Na can combine with NO3.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.82,0:04:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, cations can only\Ncombine with anions, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.52,0:04:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the only new\Ncombinations you can form.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.47,0:04:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Na can combine with NO3-,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.93,0:04:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but again, it'll dissociate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.67,0:04:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,K+ can also combine with Cl-.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.77,0:04:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's important over here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.27,0:04:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that KCl, potassium\Nchloride, is soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.80,0:04:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, when K and Cl combine,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.33,0:04:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, they will dissociate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.43,0:05:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So nothing happens over here.\NThere's no precipitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.64,0:05:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll just end up with a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.32,0:05:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where all the four different kinds of ions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.33,0:05:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just floating around together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.25,0:05:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no chemical changes happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.53,0:05:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the reason why I\Ndon't get any colorations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.56,0:05:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't get anything over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.42,0:05:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So over here, I get\Nessentially no reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.34,0:05:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you notice the key difference?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.75,0:05:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key difference was AgCl was insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.99,0:05:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why it precipitated out.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.06,0:05:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why in order for us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.59,0:05:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get a double replacement reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.39,0:05:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need one of the\Nproducts to precipitate.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.09,0:05:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If both are soluble and\Nthey form aqueous solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.18,0:05:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then nothing will happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.29,0:05:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll just get a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.34,0:05:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all the four different kinds of ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.93,0:05:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No chemical change at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.55,0:05:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in general, we can now write down
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.80,0:05:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what a displacement reaction looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.75,0:05:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can say that if you have\Nan aqueous solution of AB
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.42,0:05:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reacting with an aqueous solution of CD,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.91,0:05:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then a double replacement reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.65,0:05:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two cations replace each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.21,0:05:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So A will now combine with\ND and C will combine with B.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.90,0:06:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that'll only be the case\Nif one of them is insoluble
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.75,0:06:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and precipitates out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.79,0:06:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Precipitation, sorry, is the key
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.77,0:06:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to having double replacement reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.81,0:06:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So look, if you pour any\Ntwo aqueous ionic solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.99,0:06:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not expect to get a\Ndouble replacement reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.24,0:06:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll only get them if one\Nof the products is insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.80,0:06:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we'll be wondering,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.09,0:06:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we know whether a particular salt
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.98,0:06:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is soluble or insoluble?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.48,0:06:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm glad you asked that question
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.74,0:06:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that brings us\Nto the solubility chart.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.98,0:06:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A solubility chart is basically that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.02,0:06:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tells us whether a\Nsalt is soluble or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.73,0:06:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's how we can read it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.56,0:06:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wanna look at potassium chloride,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.78,0:06:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's potassium cation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.43,0:06:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's the chloride anion, sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.22,0:06:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we can just say,\Nhey, this is where they meet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.28,0:06:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so this is the solubility\Nof potassium chloride
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.89,0:06:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see it is soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.69,0:06:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about silver chloride?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.88,0:06:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Silver is here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.38,0:06:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chloride is here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.82,0:06:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, try to make them\Nmeet. And what do you notice?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.82,0:06:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Silver chloride is insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.13,0:06:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what about this\Nyellow slightly soluble?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.01,0:07:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, don't worry too much about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.45,0:07:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll only work with the soluble
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.16,0:07:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the insoluble ones, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.69,0:07:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just by looking at this chart,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.01,0:07:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see some trends.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.88,0:07:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, you can see salts of lithium,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.74,0:07:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sodium, potassium, and even ammonium.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.20,0:07:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all are soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.18,0:07:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, there are some exceptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.29,0:07:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're all soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.79,0:07:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast, salts of\Nlead are almost insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.14,0:07:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also see salts\Nwhich have nitrate ions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.20,0:07:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and acetate ions, pretty much soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.68,0:07:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyways, now equipped with\Nthis solubility chart,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.28,0:07:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can predict whether certain\Ndouble replacement reactions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.43,0:07:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are gonna happen or not, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.60,0:07:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's check that. Here's the first one.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.51,0:07:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're gonna pour lead two\Nnitrate aqueous solution
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.23,0:07:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and potassium iodide\Naqueous solution together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.69,0:07:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What will we get?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.31,0:07:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pause the video and try\Nto do this yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.47,0:07:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, think about what\Nthe potential products are
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.93,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by swapping the cations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then check whether\None of them is insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.27,0:07:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it is, then it'll precipitate it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.49,0:07:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll get the reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.87,0:08:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If both are soluble, we'll get nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.36,0:08:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So pause and try.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.86,0:08:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, here it goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.09,0:08:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the potential products is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.28,0:08:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead cation combines with iodide ion.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.75,0:08:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So before writing, let\Nme just check over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.76,0:08:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where is lead?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.72,0:08:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lead is over here
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.46,0:08:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and iodide lead cation, okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.95,0:08:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iodide is over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.22,0:08:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you look at that,\Nthere you go. It's insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.06,0:08:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I know immediately,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.68,0:08:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.36,0:08:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iodide,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.01,0:08:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I need to be careful,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.00,0:08:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead has a +2 charge and iodine\Nover here has a -1 charge.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.65,0:08:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to compensate, I have\Nto put two over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.38,0:08:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I get lead two iodide.\NThat is insoluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.55,0:08:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that will precipitate out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.04,0:08:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what else will I get?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.08,0:08:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, potassium can combine with nitrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.95,0:08:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, we can check\Nfor it. Where is potassium?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.05,0:08:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Potassium is here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.06,0:08:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nitrate is over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.86,0:08:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I go down, go over\Nhere, look, it's soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.37,0:09:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll get potassium\Nnitrate, which is soluble,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.88,0:09:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,charge is +1, -1, okay,\Nso I'll just get this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.78,0:09:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll get an aqueous solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.79,0:09:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, I'll\Nhave to balance it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.50,0:09:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's quickly do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.34,0:09:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I have two iodine over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.05,0:09:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'll put a two here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.85,0:09:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two potassium, so I'll put a two here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.55,0:09:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that balances everything out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.97,0:09:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the experiment\Nthat we saw earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.04,0:09:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are pouring potassium\Niodide into lead two nitrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.88,0:09:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is that yellow color?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.44,0:09:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's basically the lead two\Niodide being precipitated.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.37,0:09:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now the aqueous solution
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.78,0:09:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contains potassium and nitrate ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.84,0:09:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, why don't we try another one?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.40,0:09:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one looks a little bit intimidating,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.40,0:09:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the idea is the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.60,0:09:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why don't you pause the\Nvideo and try this again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.33,0:09:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, we start by thinking about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.04,0:09:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the potential products are.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.45,0:09:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we do that? We\Nswap the cations, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.30,0:09:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So ammonium cation, let's combine\Nthem with the acetate ion.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.40,0:09:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, before writing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.54,0:09:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's just look over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.98,0:10:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where is ammonium?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.24,0:10:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's ammonium, and acetate is over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.14,0:10:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at that.\NOh yeah, that is soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.81,0:10:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this one is soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.73,0:10:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one would be\Nsodium and sulfate ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.05,0:10:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sodium is here, sulfate is here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.25,0:10:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we get? Oh, that's also soluble.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.33,0:10:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing is insoluble over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.68,0:10:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we'll get is soluble,\Nso nothing precipitates out,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.50,0:10:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means we'll just\Nend up with a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.21,0:10:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you have all these\Nfour kinds of ions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.15,0:10:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means we will get no reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.04,0:10:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, so the final thing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.09,0:10:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there's a special kind
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.26,0:10:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of double replacement reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:10:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we call acid-base neutralization.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.94,0:10:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we'll talk about\Nwhat acids and bases are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.01,0:10:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in detail in future videos,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.02,0:10:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll look at all the cool\Nproperties and everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.85,0:10:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for now, think about acid
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.86,0:10:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as basically an ionic solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.51,0:10:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has hydrogen cation\Nand some other anion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.41,0:10:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and base as an ionic solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.08,0:11:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which contains a hydroxide anion.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.59,0:11:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, some metal cation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.08,0:11:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, consider HCl,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.24,0:11:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an acid because\Nit has a hydrogen cation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.42,0:11:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reacting with sodium hydroxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.04,0:11:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a base because\Nit has a hydroxide anion.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.16,0:11:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What will happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.17,0:11:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we just swap the cations.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.54,0:11:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sodium will combine with chlorine
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.75,0:11:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give me sodium chloride,\Nand that is soluble,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.83,0:11:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'll get an aqueous solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.81,0:11:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the interesting part over here is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.67,0:11:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what happens when hydrogen\Ncombines with OH-?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.02,0:11:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we get? This is\Nno longer an ionic salt.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.29,0:11:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is H2O. This is water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.32,0:11:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water is covalently bonded.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.27,0:11:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we now end up with a\Ncovalently bonded molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.53,0:11:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we will get water, H2O.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.50,0:11:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since it's no longer\Nan ionic solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.51,0:11:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just write as liquid.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.92,0:11:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So look what we get in general.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.69,0:11:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you combine acid with a base,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.09,0:12:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they neutralize each other\Nto give us a salt and water.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.26,0:12:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a special kind of\Ndouble replacement reaction
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.21,0:12:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are no\Nprecipitates over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.07,0:12:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the reaction happens
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.06,0:12:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we get a covalently\Nbonded liquid water.