[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.24,0:00:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight I'd like to talk to you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.73,0:00:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about an experiment I did a few years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.04,0:00:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that improved my life in so many ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.80,0:00:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, before getting into the details,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.04,0:00:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to take you on a trip,\Nand photography can help us, to Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand a bit\Nthe context of this whole experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.76,0:00:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just imagine these four hunters
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.96,0:00:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moving through a typical\NSavannah scenario.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.28,0:00:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are on the hunt.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.92,0:00:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are following a herd\Nof enormous herbivores, called kudu,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.92,0:01:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and specifically a much larger one\Nthat left the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.92,0:01:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are putting him under pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.28,0:01:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human being evolved\Nfor resistance race;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.12,0:01:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a race that is not too fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.56,0:01:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that can go on for a very long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.95,0:01:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hunters are putting him\Nunder pressure,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.96,0:01:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the kudu - unlike human beings -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.06,0:01:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot regulate his body temperature;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.76,0:01:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because he is a large herbivore,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.84,0:01:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his intestine does not allow him\Nto breathe correctly on the run.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.60,0:01:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fate of the kudu\Nis unfortunately marked,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.18,0:01:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at some point\Nit will have to stop,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.40,0:01:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise its heart would burst\Ndue to the rise in temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.92,0:01:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the hunter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.08,0:01:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with just a simple pointed wooden shaft,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.04,0:02:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can end the life of this large herbivore.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.20,0:02:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if this is a cruel scene,\Nit does not happen often.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.40,0:02:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is difficult for the hunters\Nto carry it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.08,0:02:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today our guys will take home\Nabout 38,000 calories
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.92,0:02:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share with the rest of the village,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.64,0:02:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women, children\Nand less fortunate hunters,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.92,0:02:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.92,0:02:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent ten years in Africa,\Nin Capetown to be precise,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.64,0:02:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I worked in a center\Nfor population genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.56,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and together with other researchers,\NI became passionate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the lifestyle\Nof these hunter-gatherers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.88,0:02:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are still present\Nin different parts of Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.16,0:02:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so also in South Africa,\Nthe state of Lesotho;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.40,0:02:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Botswana, Namibia and Tanzania.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.60,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we often spent time with them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand\Ntheir lifestyle, their eating habits,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.48,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their movement patterns\Nthroughout the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.36,0:03:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had incredible experiences:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.96,0:03:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember we used\Nto follow them in the hunt,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.64,0:03:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their gatherings, all day long,\Nmaybe a 38-degree hot day,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.84,0:03:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our super technological shoes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.04,0:03:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Camel Bags\Nfull of water, mineral salts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.60,0:03:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe the latest\Ngeneration of supplements,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.72,0:03:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was practically impossible\Nto keep up with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.51,0:03:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes we had to sit\Nin the shade of an acacia,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.84,0:03:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while I watched them\Ndisappear on the horizon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.20,0:03:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wondered if they weren't\Nreally superior beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.10,0:03:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean really incredibly strong people\Nfrom all points of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.60,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also considering how stressful\Ntheir daily lifestyle is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:03:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I then returned to Italy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.03,0:04:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decided to start this experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.48,0:04:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because something didn't add up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.64,0:04:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this slide you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.32,0:04:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some agencies, such as FAO,\NENSA or the American FDA,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.60,0:04:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggest the correct intake of calories
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.08,0:04:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maintain body homeostasis\Nand good health.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.04,0:04:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.12,0:04:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone will find their range,\Naccording to age and sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.32,0:04:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere around 2,600-2,800 calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.74,0:04:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as I was concerned,\Nsomething didn't add up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.16,0:04:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While living with them,\Nthey didn't have those daily calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.32,0:04:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, if the hunt was successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.32,0:04:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surely there were even more than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.88,0:04:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't always the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.88,0:04:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to start an experiment\Nthat lasted for months.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.36,0:04:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I greatly reduced
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.72,0:04:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of suggested calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.92,0:05:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I made a food plan
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.27,0:05:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that got as close as possible\Nto what I had seen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.72,0:05:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I followed it for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.97,0:05:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From a hematological perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.42,0:05:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I monitored all\Nthe parameters that came out,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.76,0:05:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking samples every three - four weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.36,0:05:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.54,0:05:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to see the changes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.80,0:05:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in blood glucose, azotemia,\Ncholesterol, creatinine
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.16,0:05:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the other factors\Nthat are influenced by diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.32,0:05:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one way or another.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.44,0:05:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plus, I also tried to monitor\Nhow my body changed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.88,0:05:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of lean mass, fat mass,\Nvisceral fat and body hydration,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.40,0:05:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and obviously I kept a daily journal
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.52,0:05:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see day by day
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.62,0:05:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how I was reacting mentally,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.64,0:05:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how my moods and energy levels were.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.76,0:05:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I carried out this experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.60,0:05:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not easy at first -\Nmy wife knows something about that -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.44,0:06:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because moods change very very often,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.08,0:06:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy falls, and so it also has\Nan influence on your work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.72,0:06:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I wanted to look beyond the horizon;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.12,0:06:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried to move forward,\Ndespite a lot of people said to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.24,0:06:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What are you doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.68,0:06:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're decreasing your calories\Nand increasing your physical activity:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.24,0:06:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not good, it's wrong."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.12,0:06:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went further, tried to continue,\Nand after a while something changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.67,0:06:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember it was friday,\Nbecause I was keeping a journal.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.52,0:06:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I woke up,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.76,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and felt an energy\NI hadn't felt in a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.84,0:06:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My sense of smell and taste\Nwere completely altered for the better.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.40,0:06:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could feel everything around me\Nin a 360 degrees fashion,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.56,0:06:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as though I were experiencing\Nthe real "here and now".
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.89,0:06:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was not happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.11,0:06:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I tried to involve, at the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.84,0:07:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bunch of crazy friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.28,0:07:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who said, OK, come on,\Nwe're right behind you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.04,0:07:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also gave them a plan\Nwith the same concept:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.96,0:07:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lower by 1000 calories\Ntheir daily nutritional intake.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.20,0:07:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with them I monitored,\Nusing specific questionnaires,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.20,0:07:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole series of parameters.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.40,0:07:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I went from friends to acquaintances,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.60,0:07:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we really increased in number.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.28,0:07:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people wanted to try it\Njust for the sake of challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.56,0:07:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.84,0:07:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We eventually became so many.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.37,0:07:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I collected all this data,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.68,0:07:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and although obviously\Nwith different timing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.96,0:07:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually everything converged
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.16,0:07:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the same feelings I had experienced:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.88,0:07:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a general sense of well-being and health.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are parameters
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.44,0:07:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that perhaps may not make sense to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.68,0:07:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but make it clear
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.00,0:07:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when the body\Nundergoes caloric stress,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.16,0:08:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something happens;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.32,0:08:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is like an awakening, inside our cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.64,0:08:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of genes that had been hidden and dormant
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.76,0:08:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hundreds of thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.48,0:08:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I tried to go a little more\Ndeeply into the topic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.16,0:08:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and through PubMed ,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.12,0:08:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a database where you can find
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.12,0:08:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the research done\Nby laboratories around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.80,0:08:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I looked for ones
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.08,0:08:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had somehow studied deeper\Nand for a much longer time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.64,0:08:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the difference between\Nour society's lifestyle
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.17,0:08:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that of hunter-gatherer populations
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.40,0:08:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still in place around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.55,0:08:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there were -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.56,0:08:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the graphs\Nthat basically shows
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.06,0:08:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caloric diversity from plants and animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.84,0:08:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the different populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.44,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Essentially, I found\Nthree main differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.52,0:09:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is caloric regime;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.96,0:09:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another is caloric expenditure,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.84,0:09:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of calories burned in a day;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.16,0:09:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third, perhaps most important thing -\Nthat struck me so much -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.08,0:09:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the very presence in our society
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.48,0:09:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a whole series of degenerative diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.68,0:09:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are statistically increasing\Nin the population,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.08,0:09:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even in the youngsters -\Ntake obesity, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.48,0:09:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These diseases are completely unknown
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.24,0:09:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these hunter-gatherer populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.28,0:09:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wondered, what if these calories\Nare the real culprit?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.64,0:09:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at this graph, 1990 to 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.48,0:10:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the caloric intake worldwide\Nhas increased exponentially.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.96,0:10:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am one of those\Nwho did not raise his hand before,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.16,0:10:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the math teacher\Nasked who was good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.64,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we want to, we can do an experiment:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take out our cell phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.16,0:10:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go to the calculator application.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.24,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok? Let's put in 1000 calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.76,0:10:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We multiply that by seven,\None for every day of the week,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.80,0:10:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then by four,\None for every week in a month.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.84,0:10:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we go on, by 12,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.84,0:10:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we get to 336,000 -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.36,0:10:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then let's put in 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.15,0:10:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That gets us to six million calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.52,0:10:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to leave you with this thought:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if these six million extra calories\Nwere the unexpected cause
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.48,0:11:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.15,0:11:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do not allow us to age\Nin a healthy manner,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.16,0:11:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prevent us to become\Nlike those hunters,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.99,0:11:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all that great energy we have?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.48,0:11:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.74,0:11:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)