[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.04,0:00:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we evolved from monkeys,\Nwhy are there still monkeys?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.35,0:00:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.75,0:00:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because we're not monkeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.86,0:00:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.04,0:00:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.10,0:00:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, knowing you're a fish\Nand not a monkey
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.07,0:00:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually really important\Nto understanding where we came from.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.52,0:00:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I teach one of the largest\Nevolutionary biology classes in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.28,0:00:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when my students finally understand\Nwhy I call them fish all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.37,0:00:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I know I'm getting my job done.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.98,0:00:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I always have to start my classes\Nby dispelling some hardwired myths,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.64,0:00:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because without really knowing it,\Nmany of us were taught evolution wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.85,0:00:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, we're taught\Nto say "the theory of evolution."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.94,0:00:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are actually many theories,\Nand just like the process itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.78,0:00:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones that best fit the data\Nare the ones that survive to this day.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.24,0:00:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one we know best\Nis Darwinian natural selection.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.96,0:00:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the process by which organisms\Nthat best fit an environment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.95,0:01:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,survive and get to reproduce,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.19,0:01:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while those that are less fit\Nslowly die off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.70,0:01:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.90,0:01:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evolution is as simple as that,\Nand it's a fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.78,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evolution is a fact\Nas much as the "theory of gravity."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.15,0:01:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can prove it just as easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.20,0:01:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just need to look at your bellybutton
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.29,0:01:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you share\Nwith other placental mammals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.48,0:01:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your backbone that you share\Nwith other vertebrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.53,0:01:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your DNA that you share\Nwith all other life on earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.51,0:01:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those traits didn't pop up in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.75,0:01:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were passed down\Nfrom different ancestors
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.53,0:01:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all their descendants, not just us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.62,0:01:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not really\Nhow we learn biology early on, is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.02,0:01:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We learn plants and bacteria\Nare primitive things,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.46,0:01:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fish give rise to amphibians\Nfollowed by reptiles and mammals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.64,0:01:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you get you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.44,0:01:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this perfectly evolved creature\Nat the end of the line.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.03,0:01:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But life doesn't evolve in a line,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.79,0:01:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't end with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.59,0:02:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're always shown evolution\Nportrayed something like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.08,0:02:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a monkey and a chimpanzee,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.49,0:02:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some extinct humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.75,0:02:06.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all on a forward and steady march\Nto becoming us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.62,0:02:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they don't become us\Nany more than we would become them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.24,0:02:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're also not the goal of evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.30,0:02:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why does it matter?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.82,0:02:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we need to understand\Nevolution the right way?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.56,0:02:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, misunderstanding evolution\Nhas led to many problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.13,0:02:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't ask that age-old question,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.47,0:02:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where are we from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.20,0:02:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without understanding\Nevolution the right way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.04,0:02:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Misunderstanding it has led\Nto many convoluted and corrupted views
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.92,0:02:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how we should treat\Nother life on earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.99,0:02:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we should treat each other
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.88,0:02:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of race and gender.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.25,0:02:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back four billion years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.93,0:02:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the single-celled organism\Nwe all came from.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.08,0:02:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, it gave rise\Nto other single-celled life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.42,0:02:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these are still evolving to this day,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.94,0:03:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some would say\Nthe Archaea and Bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.15,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make up most of this group
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.03,0:03:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the most successful on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.18,0:03:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are certainly going\Nto be here well after us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.50,0:03:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About three billion years ago,\Nmulticellularity evolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.20,0:03:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This includes your fungi\Nand your plants and your animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.02,0:03:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first animals to develop\Na backbone were fishes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So technically,\Nall vertebrates are fishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.33,0:03:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so technically, you and I are fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.72,0:03:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So don't say I didn't warn you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.53,0:03:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One fish lineage came onto land
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.63,0:03:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gave rise to, among other things,\Nthe mammals and reptiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.56,0:03:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some reptiles become birds,\Nsome mammals become primates,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.91,0:03:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some primates become monkeys with tails,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.69,0:03:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and others become the great apes,\Nincluding a variety of human species.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.51,0:03:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.91,0:03:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we do share\Na common ancestor with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.82,0:03:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the while, life\Naround us kept evolving:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.77,0:04:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more bacteria, more fungi,\Nlots of fish, fish, fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.73,0:04:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you couldn't tell --\Nyes, they're my favorite group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.34,0:04:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.37,0:04:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As life evolves, it also goes extinct.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.33,0:04:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most species just last\Nfor a few million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.64,0:04:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you see, most life on earth\Nthat we see around us today
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.42,0:04:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are about the same age as our species.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.96,0:04:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's hubris,\Nit's self-centered to think,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.28,0:04:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.88,0:04:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've been here\Nfor an evolutionary minute,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.14,0:04:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we're somehow special."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.17,0:04:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of life as being this book,\Nan unfinished book for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.08,0:04:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're just seeing the last\Nfew pages of each chapter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.39,0:04:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look out\Non the eight million species
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.67,0:04:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we share this planet with,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.32,0:04:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think of them all being\Nfour billion years of evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.86,0:04:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all the product of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.39,0:04:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of us all as young leaves\Non this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.24,0:04:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of us connected by invisible branches\Nnot just to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.57,0:04:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to our extinct relatives\Nand our evolutionary ancestors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.50,0:05:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a biologist, I'm still\Ntrying to learn, with others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.88,0:05:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how everyone's related to each other,\Nwho is related to whom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.83,0:05:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps it's better still
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.13,0:05:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think of us\Nas a little fish out of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.85,0:05:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, one that learned to walk and talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.80,0:05:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one that still has\Na lot of learning to do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.17,0:05:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about who we are and where we came from.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.35,0:05:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.52,0:05:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)