[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.28,0:00:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At various points over the past 20 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.97,0:00:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've studied two fundamental\Nhuman experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.77,0:00:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have taught me\Nan awful lot about emotion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.06,0:00:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that may hold the keys\Nto a revolution in psychiatry.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.98,0:00:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is how we experience music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.34,0:00:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is how we experience\Npsychedelic drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.28,0:00:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as LSD and magic mushrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.01,0:00:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or psilocybin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.26,0:00:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the active component\Nin magic mushrooms.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.09,0:00:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may be wondering what these two things\Nhave in common outside of Woodstock.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.86,0:00:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, music is not\Na physical substance.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.71,0:00:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be described as a limited set\Nof vibrations in the air
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.20,0:00:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be detected by your ear.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.32,0:00:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And music may seem to have more to do\Nwith aesthetics than with biology
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.70,0:00:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.40,0:00:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychedelic drugs, on the other hand,\Nare physical substances.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.34,0:00:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are chemical compounds\Nthat you can ingest
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.69,0:00:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that directly interact\Nwith brain chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.22,0:00:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and change your experience of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.75,0:00:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This change is temporary,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.94,0:01:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the effects of this change\Ncan alter the course of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.56,0:01:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's face it:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.74,0:01:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychedelics have the potential
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.28,0:01:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to trigger unexpected\Nand potentially dangerous effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.32,0:01:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could these two very different\Nthings possibly have in common?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.40,0:01:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've found that music and psychedelics\Ncan impact our well-being
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.58,0:01:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in powerful and complementary ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.71,0:01:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music can have a direct\Nimpact on our emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.20,0:01:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with measurable impacts in the brain;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.15,0:01:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychedelic drugs,\Nunder the right circumstances,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.08,0:01:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have therapeutic effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.07,0:01:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These effects can be manifest in patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.46,0:01:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can study\Nand document with brain scans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.77,0:01:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And together, and leveraged\Nin a purposeful fashion,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.75,0:01:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music and psychedelics may have\Nan even greater healing impact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.71,0:01:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.97,0:01:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more, these effects can be manifest\Nin healthier and happier lives
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.39,0:01:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more integrated personalities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.99,0:01:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began my journey into the mental\Nhealth benefits of music
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.78,0:01:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long before I ever intended\Nto make such a journey.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.80,0:01:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For roughly half of my life,\NI've been a musician,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.22,0:01:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having played in community orchestras,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.09,0:01:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community theaters,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.70,0:02:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wedding bands, a salsa-merengue band.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.56,0:02:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a member of a string band\Nin Philadelphia for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.99,0:02:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the better part\Nof my formative years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.38,0:02:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was the drummer\Nin a Weezer-Nirvana cover band
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.63,0:02:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that morphed into a hardcore punk band.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.76,0:02:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.100,0:02:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.17,0:02:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drummer in a punk band.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.54,0:02:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't until I really began\Nmy career in psychology and neuroscience
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.12,0:02:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I began to also appreciate\Nhow widely and how deeply we as a species,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.52,0:02:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both implicitly and explicitly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.93,0:02:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use music as a tool to try\Nto regulate our emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.85,0:02:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to heal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.34,0:02:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for some of us, music keeps us going.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.88,0:02:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For others, music isn't quite enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.84,0:02:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, this led to some\Nfascinating questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.13,0:02:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began to use music as a tool\Nto study emotion and memory in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.94,0:02:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My first scientific study was focused\Non music-evoked nostalgia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.54,0:02:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nostalgia's a rich and bittersweet emotion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.46,0:02:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is intimately tied up\Nwith our autobiographical memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.97,0:02:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can often encounter nostalgia\Nin unexpected places.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.54,0:03:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have had the experience\Nof driving down the highway,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.76,0:03:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turning on the radio
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.95,0:03:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or firing up your favorite music\Nrecommendation service,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.70,0:03:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you hear a song\Nyou haven't heard in ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.06,0:03:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you get immediately\Ntransported back in time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.33,0:03:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dumped into this immersive memory --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.83,0:03:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something you haven't\Nthought about in ages
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.86,0:03:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but was very meaningful to you --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.50,0:03:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe wedding day or senior prom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.28,0:03:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the birth of your first child
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.83,0:03:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the death of a loved one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.68,0:03:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music can serve as a powerful context cue
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.62,0:03:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for deeply meaningful and intensely vivid\Nnostalgic memories such as these.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.19,0:03:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nostalgia, in a sense,\Nis deeply woven into our sense of self.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.15,0:03:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who are we at our most authentic selves?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.30,0:03:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By connecting us\Nwith our emotional histories,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.47,0:03:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nostalgia can help us\Nto stave off sadness, loneliness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.55,0:03:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existential threat
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.97,0:03:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even the imminence of death
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.47,0:03:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the approaching horizon\Nof our lives as we age.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.09,0:03:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To try to get a better understanding\Nof how music may tap into nostalgia
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.98,0:03:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what that may be doing in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.36,0:04:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began to work with computational\Nmodels of music cognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.87,0:04:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I applied these models\Nto interrogate brain activity
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.07,0:04:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was recorded\Nwhile people were listening
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.04,0:04:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to nostalgia-evoking\Nand nonnostalgia-evoking music.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.78,0:04:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And importantly,\Nat least to a brain geek like me,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.84,0:04:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found that nostalgia was able\Nto recruit a wide network of brain regions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.54,0:04:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved in multiple levels\Nof different cognitive processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.73,0:04:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas nonnostalgic music\Ncould recruit brain regions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.14,0:04:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Heschl's gyrus,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.44,0:04:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved in basic auditory processing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.66,0:04:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Broca's area,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is involved in processing\Ngrammar and syntax
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.41,0:04:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only in language but also in music,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.79,0:04:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nostalgia was able to recruit\Nthese brain regions and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.69,0:04:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brain regions such as the substantia nigra\Ninvolved in reward processing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.24,0:04:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the anterior insula involved\Nin the visceral experience of emotion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.63,0:04:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or brain regions\Nin the inferior frontal gyrus
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.63,0:04:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are involved\Nin autobiographical memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.97,0:04:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nostalgia was also able to recruit\Na wide network of brain regions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.09,0:04:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in prefrontal, frontal, cingulate,\Ninsular, parietal, occipital
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.52,0:04:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subcortical brain regions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.05,0:04:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that span nearly all\Nof our cognitive faculties.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.53,0:05:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This may explain why nostalgia\Ncan have such an outsized impact on us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.52,0:05:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as powerful as it is in the moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.41,0:05:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the salve of music-evoked\Nnostalgia eventually fades.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.20,0:05:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nostalgia may be more of a Band-Aid,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.68,0:05:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less of an antibiotic
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.22,0:05:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and typically far from a surgical\Nintervention for our emotional health.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.73,0:05:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music can draw out nostalgia
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.67,0:05:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and music and nostalgia\Ncan move our feelings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.83,0:05:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how do we make these feelings stick?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.61,0:05:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After studying the nostalgic brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.36,0:05:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I joined a team\Nat Johns Hopkins University
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.48,0:05:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was studying the effects\Nof psychedelic drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.97,0:05:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I quickly began to learn how deeply\Na piece of music could impact a person
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.73,0:05:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during a psychedelic experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.30,0:05:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was previously vexed by the difficulty\Nin predicting precisely
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.41,0:05:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what musical stimulus would evoke\Nprecisely what response
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.40,0:05:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a given individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.81,0:05:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A song that evokes nostalgia in one person\Ncould just as easily evoke disinterest
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.64,0:05:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or disgust in another person.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.08,0:05:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began to learn how deeply most music\Nseemed to impact most people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.24,0:05:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during psychedelic experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.55,0:05:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since at least the late '50s,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.39,0:06:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the value of using music to help people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.52,0:06:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to navigate psychedelic\Nexperiences was clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.31,0:06:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We continue this tradition\Nin our modern research,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.91,0:06:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asking volunteers to listen to music
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.13,0:06:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the course\Nof a psychedelic therapy session,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.65,0:06:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and despite most people being\Nmostly naive to the music that we play
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.63,0:06:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they get into the sessions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.72,0:06:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after these sessions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.91,0:06:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our volunteers practically\Nbeg us for the playlists.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.57,0:06:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of them report\Nreturning to the songs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.75,0:06:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were most impactful to them\Nduring their psychedelic experience
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.96,0:06:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weeks, months and even many years\Nafter the experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.65,0:06:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow, these songs\Ncan turn into touchstones
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.40,0:06:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can rekindle the most powerful\Nand impactful and insightful experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.80,0:06:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people encountered\Nduring their psychedelic sessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.64,0:06:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, I had to know\Nwhat was going on here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.97,0:06:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began to deploy\Nmy batteries of questionnaires
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.23,0:06:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my carefully crafted experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.97,0:06:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my big, fancy MRI machines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.47,0:06:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to determine\Njust what could be happening
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.25,0:06:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during these experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.57,0:07:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could explain the depth\Nof impact that people were encountering.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.21,0:07:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At a basic psychological level,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.74,0:07:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my colleagues and I determined that,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.49,0:07:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance, LSD can increase\Npositive emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.20,0:07:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are uniquely encountered\Nduring music listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.70,0:07:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This may have relevance just by itself\Nfor healthy individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.55,0:07:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as people suffering from mood\Nand substance-use disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.78,0:07:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was happening in the brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.04,0:07:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier we learned that the entire brain\Nlistens to nostalgic music.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.86,0:07:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When applying computational models\Nof music cognition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.98,0:07:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to interrogate brain activity\Nthat was recorded during music listening
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.87,0:07:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the effects of LSD,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.74,0:07:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that the entire brain\Nwas listening to music
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.29,0:07:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and psychedelics were turning up the gain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.54,0:07:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where nostalgia could recruit\Nbrain regions involved in language,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.97,0:07:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,memory and emotion,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.15,0:07:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychedelics were recruiting\Nthese brain regions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.47,0:07:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least twice as strongly.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.78,0:07:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brain regions such as the thalamus,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.95,0:07:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's involved in basic\Nsensory processing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.97,0:07:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the medial prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.51,0:07:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the posterior singular cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.15,0:08:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can be involved in memory\Nand emotion and mental imagery.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.15,0:08:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These brain regions were recruited\Nup to four times as strongly
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.34,0:08:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the effects of LSD\Nthan without LSD.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.27,0:08:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychedelics turn the knob up to 11.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.85,0:08:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sensory information\Nis more richly experienced in the brain;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.88,0:08:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emotions, memories\Nand mental imagery are supercharged,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.24,0:08:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it may be the wholesale\Nand strong recruitment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.92,0:08:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a wide range of brain regions\Nduring these experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.16,0:08:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is the necessary key\Nto unlocking change
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.38,0:08:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sets these drugs\Nand these experiences apart from others.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.67,0:08:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the effects can be long-lasting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.48,0:08:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a study of healthy individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.12,0:08:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I demonstrated that a single\Nhigh dose of psilocybin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.58,0:08:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could reduce negative affect in volunteers\Nfor at least a week after psilocybin,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.54,0:08:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increase positive affect
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.09,0:08:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for at least a month\Nafter a single high dose of psilocybin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.74,0:08:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reduction in negative affect
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.32,0:08:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we observed after\Npsilocybin administration
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.82,0:08:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was accompanied by a reduction,\None week after psilocybin,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.23,0:08:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the response of a primitive\Nbrain region called the amygdala
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.21,0:08:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to emotional stimuli.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.80,0:09:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a separate study in patients\Nwith major depressive disorder,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.12,0:09:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only did we observe a substantial\Ndecrease in depression severity
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.45,0:09:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in most of our patients\Nafter two doses of psilocybin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.78,0:09:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we also observed a reduction\Nin the amygdala response
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.92,0:09:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to negative affective\Nstimuli, specifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.33,0:09:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one week after psilocybin.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.21,0:09:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This reduction in amygdala response
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.04,0:09:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was associated with an enduring\Nreduction in depression severity
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.44,0:09:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for at least three months\Nafter psilocybin administration,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.18,0:09:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but frankly, we're still counting.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.07,0:09:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does this all mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.56,0:09:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that music\Nand psychedelics may be able
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.08,0:09:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to alter the entire brain\Nfor a period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.72,0:09:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that may lead to a change\Nin neural circuitry
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.93,0:09:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may be stuck in patterns\Nof negative emotional bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.51,0:09:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This may be able to give people\Na period of relief
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.97,0:09:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the grip and the claws\Nof negative emotion.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.68,0:10:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that may be just enough to give\Nsomeone access to new perspectives
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.44,0:10:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their selves and their lives
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.94,0:10:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and begin on the road to healing\Nfrom years of depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.43,0:10:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These drugs are early\Nin stages of research,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.09,0:10:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're now being researched\Nfor a wide range of medical indications.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.64,0:10:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's evidence growing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.81,0:10:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that psychedelics may be effective\Nin helping to treat mood disorders
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.16,0:10:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as major depressive disorder,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.87,0:10:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treatment-resistant depression
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.32,0:10:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the depression and anxiety
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.78,0:10:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that accompany a late-stage\Ncancer diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.93,0:10:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also evidence accumulating\Nthat psychedelics may be effective
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.32,0:10:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in helping to treat a wide range\Nof substance-use disorders,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.29,0:10:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including smoking, drinking\Nand cocaine use.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.40,0:10:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Additional studies\Nare either being planned
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.49,0:10:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are already underway
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.30,0:10:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine whether psychedelics\Nmay be effective in treating
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.22,0:10:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an even wider range\Nof intractable disorders
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.39,0:10:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as OCD, PTSD,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.06,0:10:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opioid-use disorder and anorexia.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.37,0:10:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point it might be reasonable\Nto take a step back
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.01,0:10:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Are psychedelics\Nbeing sold as a panacea?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.07,0:10:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if so, we should\Nbe rightfully skeptical.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.49,0:11:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should we expect such a small family\Nof compounds to be so effective
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.44,0:11:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in treating such a wide range\Nof disparate disorders?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.31,0:11:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a perspective we might consider.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.71,0:11:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of these disorders\Nshare a common thread.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.46,0:11:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At some level,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.63,0:11:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mood disorders and substance-use disorders\Ninvolve negative affect
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.91,0:11:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a disconnection\Nfrom our most authentic selves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.65,0:11:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychedelics may break that mold.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.92,0:11:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychedelics and music\Nmay represent a one-two punch
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.17,0:11:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can operate on psychological\Nneural processes such as negative affect
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.56,0:11:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cut across and contribute\Nto multiple disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.34,0:11:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be that targeting\Nsuch transdiagnostic processes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.56,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what's necessary to really help people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.02,0:11:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop the resources\Nthat they need to begin to recover
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.71,0:11:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from years of depression\Nand substance use.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.39,0:11:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say you never get a second chance\Nto make a first impression,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.52,0:11:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that may be true\Nfor psychedelic drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.54,0:11:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, no matter\Nhow much data come out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.40,0:12:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the potential of therapeutic\Neffects of these drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.73,0:12:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are still some who are stuck\Non the stigma from the '60s and '70s:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.46,0:12:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,myths of the wildly addictive\Nproperties of these drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.05,0:12:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or myths of genetic abnormalities
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.81,0:12:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or birth defects after\Nbeing exposed to these drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.31,0:12:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fears that people\Nare going to lose their minds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.79,0:12:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go insane --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.96,0:12:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe even most pervasive
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.34,0:12:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the sense that these effects\Nare necessarily real
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.04,0:12:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they're a necessary outcome\Nof having been exposed to these compounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.50,0:12:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be time to change\Nour thinking on that point.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.55,0:12:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one should expect psychedelic\Ndrugs to work for everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.60,0:12:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one should expect psychedelic\Ndrugs to work for everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.63,0:12:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're powerful compounds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.05,0:12:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that need to be administered\Nunder carefully controlled circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.32,0:12:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are almost certainly\Npeople in this world
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.73,0:12:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whom psychedelics\Nare incredibly dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.01,0:12:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.72,0:12:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibiotics administered to the wrong\Nperson under the wrong conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.74,0:12:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be incredibly dangerous, if not worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.76,0:12:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But administered to the right person\Nunder the right conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.79,0:13:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibiotics save lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.35,0:13:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Administered to the right people\Nunder the right conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.68,0:13:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychedelic drugs may save lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.07,0:13:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can often feel like it's impossible\Nto heal our hearts and our minds
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.09,0:13:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.27,0:13:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I truly believe that we all have\Nthe resources within ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.62,0:13:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.80,0:13:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge is often identifying\Nand connecting with those resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.40,0:13:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it may be that psychedelics\Nand music can help people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.40,0:13:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.03,0:13:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together, psychedelics and music\Nmay be able to open our minds to change
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.71,0:13:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and direct that change,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.40,0:13:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reconnect us with our most\Nauthentic selves
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.86,0:13:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow us access to the things
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.43,0:13:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really allow us to make\Nmeaning in this world
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.19,0:13:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reconnect
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.76,0:13:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our most authentic selves.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.17,0:13:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.34,0:13:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)