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Imagine that you invented a device

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that can record my memories,

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my dreams, my ideas,

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and transmit them to your brain.

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That would be a game-changing
technology, right?

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But in fact, we already
possess this device,

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and it's called human communication system

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and effective storytelling.

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To understand how this device works,

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we have to look into our brains.

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And we have to formulate the question
in a slightly different manner.

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Now we have to ask

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how these neuron patterns in my brain

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that are associated
with my memories and ideas

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are transmitted into your brains.

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And we think there are two factors
that enable us to communicate.

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First, your brain is now
physically coupled to the sound wave

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that I'm transmitting to your brain.

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And second, we developed
a common neural protocol

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that enabled us to communicate.

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So how do we know that?

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In my lab in Princeton,

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we bring people to the fMRI scanner
and we scan their brains

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while they are either telling
or listening to real-life stories.

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And to give you a sense
of the stimulus we are using,

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let me play 20 seconds
from a story that we used,

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told by a very talented storyteller,

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Jim O'Grady.

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(Audio) Jim O'Grady: So I'm banging out
my story and I know it's good,

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and then I start to make it better --

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(Laughter)

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by adding an element of embellishment.

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Reporters call this "making shit up."

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(Laughter)

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And they recommend
against crossing that line.

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But I had just seen the line crossed
between a high-powered dean

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and assault with a pastry.

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And I kinda liked it."

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Uri Hasson: OK, so now
let's look into your brain

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and see what's happening
when you listen to these kinds of stories.

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And let's start simple -- let's start
with one listener and one brain area:

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the auditory cortex that processes
the sounds that come from the ear.

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And as you can see,
in this particular brain area,

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the responses are going up and down
as the story is unfolding.

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Now we can take these responses

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and compare them to the responses
in other listeners

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in the same brain area.

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And we can ask:

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How similar are the responses
across all listeners?

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So here you can see five listeners.

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And we start to scan their brains
before the story starts,

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when they're simply lying in the dark
and waiting for the story to begin.

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As you can see,

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the brain area is going up and down
in each one of them,

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but the responses are very different,

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and not in sync.

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However, immediately
as the story is starting,

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something amazing is happening.

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(Audio) JO: So I'm banging out my story
and I know it's good,

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and then I start to make it --

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UH: Suddenly, you can see
that the responses in all of the subjects

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lock to the story,

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and now they are going up and down
in a very similar way

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across all listeners.

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And in fact, this is exactly
what is happening now in your brains

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when you listen to my sound speaking.

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We call this effect "neural entrainment."

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And to explain to you
what is neural entrainment,

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let me first explain
what is physical entrainment.

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So, we'll look and see five metronomes.

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Think of these five metronomes
as five brains.

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And similar to the listeners
before the story starts,

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these metronomes are going to click,

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but they're going to click out of phase.

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(Clicking)

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Now see what will happen
when I connect them together

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by pressing them on these two cylinders.

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(Clicking)

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Now these two cylinders start to rotate.

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This rotation vibration
is going through the wood

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and is going to couple
all the metronomes together.

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And now listen to the click.

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(Synchronized clicking)

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This is what you call
physical entrainment.

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Now let's go back to the brain and ask:

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What's driving this neural entrainment?

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Is it simply the sounds
that the speaker is producing?

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Or maybe it's the words.

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Or maybe it's the meaning
that the speaker is trying to convey.

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So to test it, we did
the following experiment.

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First, we took the story
and played it backwards.

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And that preserved many
of the original auditory features,

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but removed the meaning.

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And it sounds something like that.

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(Audio) JO: (unintelligible)

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And we flashed colors in the two brains

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to indicate brain areas that respond
very similarly across people.

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And as you can see,

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this incoming sound induced entrainment
or alignment in all of the brains

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in auditory cortices
that process the sounds,

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but it didn't spread
deeper into the brain.

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Now we can take these sounds
and build words out of it.

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So if we take Jim O'Grady
and scramble the words,

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we'll get a list of words.

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(Audio) JO: ... an animal ...
assorted facts ...

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and right on ... pie man ...
potentially ... my stories

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UH: And you can see that these words
start to induce alignment

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in early language areas,
but not more than that.

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Now we can take the words
and start to build sentences out of them.

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(Audio) JO: And they recommend
against crossing that line.

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He says: "Dear Jim,
Good story. Nice details.

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Didn't she only know
about him through me?"

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UH: Now you can see that the responses
in all the language areas

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that process the incoming language

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become aligned or similar
across all listeners.

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However, only when we use
the full, engaging, coherent story

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do the responses spread
deeper into the brain

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into higher-order areas,

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which include the frontal cortex
and the parietal cortex,

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and make all of them
respond very similarly.

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And we believe that these responses
in higher-order areas are induced

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or become similar across listeners

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because of the meaning
conveyed by the speaker,

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and not by words or sound.

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And if we are right,
there's a strong prediction of???

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if I tell you the exact same ideas

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using two very different sets of words,

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your brain responses
will still be similar.

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And to test it, we did
the following experiment in my lab.

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We took the English story

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and translated it to Russian.

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Now you have two different sounds
and linguistic systems

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that convey the exact same meaning.

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And you play the English story
to the English listeners

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and the Russian story
to the Russian listeners,

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and we can compare their responses
across the groups.

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And when we did that, we didn't see
responses that are similar

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in auditory cortices in language,

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because the language
and sound are very different.

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However, you can see
that the responses in other areas

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were still similar
across these two groups.

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We believe this is because they understood
the story in a very similar way,

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as we confirmed, using a test
after the story ended.

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And we think that this alignment
is necessary for communication.

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For example, as you can tell,

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I am not a native English speaker.

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I grew up with another language,

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and the same might be for many
of you in the audience.

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And still, we can communicate.

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How come?

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We think we can communicate
because we have this common code

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that presents meaning.

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So far, I've only talked about
what's happening in the listener's brain,

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in your brain, when
you're listening to talks.

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But what's happening
in the speaker's brain, in my brain,

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when I'm speaking to you?

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To look in the speaker's brain,

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we asked the speaker
to go into the scanner,

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we scan his brain,

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and then compare his brain responses
to the brain responses of the listeners

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listening to the story.

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You have to remember that producing speech
and comprehending speech

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are very different processes.

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Here we're asking: How similar are they?

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To our surprise,

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we saw that all these complex
patterns within the listeners

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actually came from the speaker brain.

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So production and comprehension
rely on very similar processes.

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And we also found

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the stronger the similarity
between the listener's brain

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and the speaker's brain,

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the better the communication.

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So I know that if you
are completely confused now,

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and I do hope that this is not the case,

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your brain responses
are very different than mine.

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But I also know that if you really
understand me now,

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then your brain ...and your brain
... and your brain

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are really similar to mine.

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Now, let's take all
this information together and ask:

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How can we use it to transmit
a memory that I have

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from my brain to your brains?

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So we did the following experiment.

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We let people watch,
for the first time in their life,

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a TV episode from the BBC series
"Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.

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And then we asked them
to go back to the scanner

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and tell the story to another person
that never watched the movie.

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So let's be specific.

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Think about this exact scene,

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when Sherlock is entering
the cab in London

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driven by the murderer he is looking for.

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With me, as a viewer,

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there is a specific brain pattern
in my brain when I watch it.

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Now, the exact same pattern,
I can reactivate in my brain again

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by telling the world:
Sherlock, London, murderer.

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And when I'm transmitting
these words to your brains now,

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you have to reconstruct it in your mind.

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In fact, we see that pattern
emerging now in your brains.

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And we were really surprised to see

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that the pattern you have
now in your brains

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when I'm describing to you these scenes

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would be very similar to the pattern
I had when I watched this movie

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a few months ago in the scanner.

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This starts to tell you
about the mechanism

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by which we can tell stories
and transmit information.

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Because, for example,

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now you're listening really hard
and trying to understand what I'm saying.

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And I know that it's not easy.

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But I hope that at one point
in the talk we clicked, and you got me.

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And I think that in a few hours,
a few days, a few months,

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you're going to meet someone at a party,

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and you're going to tell him
about this lecture,

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and suddenly it will be as if
he is standing now here with us.

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Now you can see
how we can take this mechanism

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and try to transmit memories
and knowledge across people,

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which is wonderful, right?

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But our ability to communicate
relies on our ability

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to have common ground.

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Because, for example,

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if I'm going to use the British synonym

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"hackney carriage" instead of "cab,"

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I know that I'm going to be misaligned
with most of you in the audience.

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This alignment depends
not only on our ability

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to understand the basic concept;

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it also depends on our ability to develop
common ground and understanding

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and shared belief systems.

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Because we know that in many cases,

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people understand the exact
same story in very different ways.

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So to test it in the lab,
we did the following experiment.

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We took a story by J.D. Salinger,

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in which a husband lost track
of his wife in the middle of a party,

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and he's calling his best friend, asking,
"Did you see my wife?"

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For half of the subjects,

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we said that the wife was having
an affair with the best friend.

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For the other half,

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we said that the wife is loyal
and the husband is very jealous.

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This one sentence before the story started

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was enough to make the brain responses

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of all the people that believed
the wife was having an affair

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be very similar in these high-order areas,

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and different than the other group.

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And if one sentence is enough
to make your brain similar

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to people that think like you

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and very different than people
that think differently than you,

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think how this effect is going
to be amplified in real life,

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when we are all listening
to the exact same news item

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after being exposed
days after day after day

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to different media channels,
like Fox News or The New York Times,

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that give us very different
perspectives on reality.

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So let me summarize.

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If everything worked as planned tonight,

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I used my ability to vocalize sound
to be coupled to your brains.

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And I used this coupling

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to transmit my brain patterns associated
with my memories and ideas

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into your brains.

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In this, I start to reveal
the hidden neural mechanism

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by which we communicate.

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And we know that in the future
it will enable us to improve

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and facilitate communication.

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But these studies also reveal

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that communication relies
on a common ground.

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And we have to be
really worried as a society

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if we lose this common ground
and our ability to speak with people

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that are slightly different than us

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because we let a few very strong
media channels

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take control of the mike,

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and manipulate and control
the way we all think.

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And I'm not sure how to fix it,
because I'm only a scientist.

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But maybe one way to do it

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is to go back to the more
natural way of communication,

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which is a dialogue,

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in which it's not only me
speaking to you now,

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but a more natural way of talking,

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in which I am speaking and I am listening,

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and together we are trying to come
to a common ground and new ideas.

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Because after all,

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the people we are coupled to
define who we are.

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And our desire to be coupled
to another brain

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is something very basic
that starts at a very early age.

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So let me finish with an example
from my own private life

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that I think is a good example
of how coupling to other people

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is really going to define who we are.

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This my son Jonathan at a very early age.

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See how he developed
a vocal game together with my wife,

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only from the desire and pure joy
of being coupled to another human being.

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(Both vocalizing)

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(Laughter)

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Now, think how the ability of my son

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to be coupled to us
and other people in his life

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is going to shape the man
he is going to become.

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And think how you change on a daily basis

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from the interaction and coupling
to other people in your life.

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So keep being coupled to other people.

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Keep spreading your ideas,

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because the sum of all of us
together, coupled,

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is greater than our parts.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)