[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.81,0:00:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that you invented a device
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.90,0:00:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can record my memories,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.60,0:00:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my dreams, my ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.66,0:00:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transmit them to your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.76,0:00:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be a game-changing\Ntechnology, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.85,0:00:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, we already\Npossess this device,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.92,0:00:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's called human communication system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.58,0:00:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and effective storytelling.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.87,0:00:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand how this device works,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.36,0:00:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to look into our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.80,0:00:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have to formulate the question\Nin a slightly different manner.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.41,0:00:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have to ask
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.31,0:00:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how these neuron patterns in my brain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.95,0:00:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are associated\Nwith my memories and ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.18,0:00:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are transmitted into your brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.70,0:00:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we think there are two factors\Nthat enable us to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.09,0:00:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, your brain is now\Nphysically coupled to the sound wave
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.17,0:00:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm transmitting to your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.67,0:00:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, we developed\Na common neural protocol
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.07,0:00:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enabled us to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.46,0:00:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we know that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.29,0:00:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my lab in Princeton,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.21,0:01:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we bring people to the fMRI scanner\Nand we scan their brains
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.74,0:01:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they are either telling\Nor listening to real-life stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.66,0:01:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to give you a sense\Nof the stimulus we are using,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.31,0:01:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me play 20 seconds\Nfrom a story that we used,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.32,0:01:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told by a very talented storyteller,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.67,0:01:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim O'Grady.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.24,0:01:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) Jim O'Grady: So I'm banging out\Nmy story and I know it's good,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.60,0:01:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I start to make it better --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.92,0:01:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.42,0:01:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by adding an element of embellishment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.50,0:01:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reporters call this "making shit up."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.83,0:01:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.74,0:01:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they recommend\Nagainst crossing that line.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.21,0:01:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had just seen the line crossed\Nbetween a high-powered dean
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.84,0:01:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and assault with a pastry.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.29,0:01:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I kinda liked it."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.80,0:01:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uri Hasson: OK, so now\Nlet's look into your brain
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.20,0:01:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see what's happening\Nwhen you listen to these kinds of stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.45,0:01:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's start simple -- let's start\Nwith one listener and one brain area:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.52,0:02:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the auditory cortex that processes\Nthe sounds that come from the ear.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.03,0:02:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see,\Nin this particular brain area,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.50,0:02:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the responses are going up and down\Nas the story is unfolding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.02,0:02:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we can take these responses
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.63,0:02:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and compare them to the responses\Nin other listeners
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.46,0:02:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same brain area.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.96,0:02:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.15,0:02:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How similar are the responses\Nacross all listeners?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.02,0:02:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here you can see five listeners.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.98,0:02:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we start to scan their brains\Nbefore the story starts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.46,0:02:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're simply lying in the dark\Nand waiting for the story to begin.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.02,0:02:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.20,0:02:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain area is going up and down\Nin each one of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.98,0:02:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the responses are very different,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.78,0:02:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not in sync.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.47,0:02:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, immediately\Nas the story is starting,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.20,0:02:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something amazing is happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.86,0:02:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) JO: So I'm banging out my story\Nand I know it's good,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.81,0:02:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I start to make it --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.36,0:02:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,UH: Suddenly, you can see\Nthat the responses in all of the subjects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.68,0:02:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lock to the story,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.86,0:02:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now they are going up and down\Nin a very similar way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.31,0:02:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across all listeners.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.89,0:02:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, this is exactly\Nwhat is happening now in your brains
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.96,0:03:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you listen to my sound speaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.86,0:03:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this effect "neural entrainment."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.37,0:03:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to explain to you\Nwhat is neural entrainment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.71,0:03:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me first explain\Nwhat is physical entrainment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.08,0:03:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we'll look and see five metronomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.85,0:03:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of these five metronomes\Nas five brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.87,0:03:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And similar to the listeners\Nbefore the story starts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.64,0:03:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these metronomes are going to click,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.48,0:03:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're going to click out of phase.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.06,0:03:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Clicking)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.48,0:03:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now see what will happen\Nwhen I connect them together
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.50,0:03:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by placing them on these two cylinders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.88,0:03:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Clicking)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.12,0:03:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these two cylinders start to rotate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.76,0:03:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This rotation vibration\Nis going through the wood
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.91,0:03:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is going to couple\Nall the metronomes together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.94,0:03:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now listen to the click.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.58,0:03:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Synchronized clicking)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.83,0:04:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what you call\Nphysical entrainment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.48,0:04:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's go back to the brain and ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.75,0:04:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's driving this neural entrainment?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.92,0:04:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it simply the sounds\Nthat the speaker is producing?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.73,0:04:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe it's the words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.07,0:04:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe it's the meaning\Nthat the speaker is trying to convey.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.74,0:04:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to test it, we did\Nthe following experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.53,0:04:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we took the story\Nand played it backwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.75,0:04:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that preserved many\Nof the original auditory features,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.90,0:04:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but removed the meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.94,0:04:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it sounds something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.63,0:04:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) JO: (Unintelligible)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.30,0:04:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we flashed colors in the two brains
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.67,0:04:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to indicate brain areas that respond\Nvery similarly across people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.61,0:04:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.79,0:04:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this incoming sound induced entrainment\Nor alignment in all of the brains
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.58,0:04:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in auditory cortices\Nthat process the sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.33,0:04:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it didn't spread\Ndeeper into the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.05,0:04:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we can take these sounds\Nand build words out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.48,0:04:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we take Jim O'Grady\Nand scramble the words,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.16,0:04:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll get a list of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.42,0:04:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) JO: ... an animal ...\Nassorted facts ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.71,0:05:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right on ... pie man ...\Npotentially ... my stories
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.62,0:05:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,UH: And you can see that these words\Nstart to induce alignment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.59,0:05:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in early language areas,\Nbut not more than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.22,0:05:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we can take the words\Nand start to build sentences out of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.56,0:05:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) JO: And they recommend\Nagainst crossing that line.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.02,0:05:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says: "Dear Jim,\NGood story. Nice details.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.37,0:05:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Didn't she only know\Nabout him through me?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.54,0:05:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,UH: Now you can see that the responses\Nin all the language areas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.70,0:05:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that process the incoming language
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.42,0:05:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become aligned or similar\Nacross all listeners.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.22,0:05:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, only when we use\Nthe full, engaging, coherent story
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.92,0:05:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do the responses spread\Ndeeper into the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.17,0:05:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into higher-order areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.72,0:05:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which include the frontal cortex\Nand the parietal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.85,0:05:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make all of them\Nrespond very similarly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.46,0:05:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we believe that these responses\Nin higher-order areas are induced
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.75,0:05:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or become similar across listeners
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.90,0:05:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the meaning\Nconveyed by the speaker,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.67,0:05:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not by words or sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.64,0:05:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we are right,\Nthere's a strong prediction over here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.37,0:05:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I tell you the exact same ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.76,0:06:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using two very different sets of words,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.43,0:06:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain responses\Nwill still be similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.50,0:06:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to test it, we did\Nthe following experiment in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.14,0:06:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took the English story
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.97,0:06:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and translated it to Russian.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.13,0:06:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you have two different sounds\Nand linguistic systems
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.38,0:06:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that convey the exact same meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.70,0:06:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you play the English story\Nto the English listeners
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.37,0:06:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Russian story\Nto the Russian listeners,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.75,0:06:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can compare their responses\Nacross the groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.82,0:06:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we did that, we didn't see\Nresponses that are similar
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.41,0:06:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in auditory cortices in language,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.72,0:06:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the language\Nand sound are very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.12,0:06:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, you can see\Nthat the responses in high-order areas
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.92,0:06:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were still similar\Nacross these two groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.07,0:06:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe this is because they understood\Nthe story in a very similar way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.18,0:06:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we confirmed, using a test\Nafter the story ended.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.32,0:06:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we think that this alignment\Nis necessary for communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.03,0:06:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, as you can tell,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.68,0:07:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not a native English speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.73,0:07:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I grew up with another language,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.64,0:07:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the same might be for many\Nof you in the audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.32,0:07:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And still, we can communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.34,0:07:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How come?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.51,0:07:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think we can communicate\Nbecause we have this common code
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.62,0:07:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that presents meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.92,0:07:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, I've only talked about\Nwhat's happening in the listener's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.39,0:07:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your brain, when\Nyou're listening to talks.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.66,0:07:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's happening\Nin the speaker's brain, in my brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.38,0:07:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm speaking to you?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.22,0:07:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To look in the speaker's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.10,0:07:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we asked the speaker\Nto go into the scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.22,0:07:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we scan his brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.84,0:07:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then compare his brain responses\Nto the brain responses of the listeners
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.87,0:07:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening to the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.70,0:07:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to remember that producing speech\Nand comprehending speech
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.93,0:07:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very different processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.68,0:07:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we're asking: How similar are they?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.16,0:07:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To our surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.60,0:07:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw that all these complex\Npatterns within the listeners
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.49,0:07:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually came from the speaker brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.22,0:07:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So production and comprehension\Nrely on very similar processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.93,0:08:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also found
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.53,0:08:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stronger the similarity\Nbetween the listener's brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.26,0:08:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the speaker's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.78,0:08:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the better the communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.71,0:08:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I know that if you\Nare completely confused now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.70,0:08:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I do hope that this is not the case,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.74,0:08:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain responses\Nare very different than mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.16,0:08:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I also know that if you really\Nunderstand me now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.29,0:08:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then your brain ... and your brain\N... and your brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.20,0:08:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are really similar to mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.79,0:08:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's take all\Nthis information together and ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.91,0:08:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we use it to transmit\Na memory that I have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.27,0:08:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from my brain to your brains?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.04,0:08:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did the following experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.65,0:08:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We let people watch,\Nfor the first time in their life,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.24,0:08:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a TV episode from the BBC series\N"Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.40,0:08:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we asked them\Nto go back to the scanner
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.23,0:08:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell the story to another person\Nthat never watched the movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.15,0:08:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's be specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.84,0:08:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about this exact scene,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.91,0:08:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Sherlock is entering\Nthe cab in London
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.51,0:08:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driven by the murderer he is looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.40,0:09:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With me, as a viewer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.92,0:09:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a specific brain pattern\Nin my brain when I watch it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.18,0:09:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the exact same pattern,\NI can reactivate in my brain again
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.98,0:09:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by telling the word:\NSherlock, London, murderer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.37,0:09:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I'm transmitting\Nthese words to your brains now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.50,0:09:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to reconstruct it in your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.01,0:09:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we see that pattern\Nemerging now in your brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.58,0:09:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were really surprised to see
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.12,0:09:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the pattern you have\Nnow in your brains
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.40,0:09:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm describing to you these scenes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.34,0:09:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be very similar to the pattern\NI had when I watched this movie
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.18,0:09:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few months ago in the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.35,0:09:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This starts to tell you\Nabout the mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.48,0:09:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which we can tell stories\Nand transmit information.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.73,0:09:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.63,0:09:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now you're listening really hard\Nand trying to understand what I'm saying.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.17,0:09:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know that it's not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.74,0:09:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I hope that at one point\Nin the talk we clicked, and you got me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.80,0:09:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that in a few hours,\Na few days, a few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.72,0:10:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to meet someone at a party,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.89,0:10:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're going to tell him\Nabout this lecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.46,0:10:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly it will be as if\Nhe is standing now here with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.13,0:10:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can see\Nhow we can take this mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to transmit memories\Nand knowledge across people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.96,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is wonderful, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.03,0:10:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our ability to communicate\Nrelies on our ability
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.22,0:10:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have common ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.81,0:10:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.04,0:10:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I'm going to use the British synonym
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.83,0:10:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"hackney carriage" instead of "cab,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.23,0:10:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that I'm going to be misaligned\Nwith most of you in the audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.72,0:10:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This alignment depends\Nnot only on our ability
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.94,0:10:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand the basic concept;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.99,0:10:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it also depends on our ability to develop\Ncommon ground and understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.81,0:10:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shared belief systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.62,0:10:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we know that in many cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.48,0:10:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people understand the exact\Nsame story in very different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.46,0:10:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to test it in the lab,\Nwe did the following experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.09,0:10:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took a story by J.D. Salinger,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.04,0:11:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which a husband lost track\Nof his wife in the middle of a party,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.40,0:11:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's calling his best friend, asking,\N"Did you see my wife?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.84,0:11:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For half of the subjects,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.07,0:11:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we said that the wife was having\Nan affair with the best friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.23,0:11:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the other half,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.41,0:11:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we said that the wife is loyal\Nand the husband is very jealous.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.13,0:11:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one sentence before the story started
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.84,0:11:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was enough to make the brain responses
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.16,0:11:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all the people that believed\Nthe wife was having an affair
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.23,0:11:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be very similar in these high-order areas
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.69,0:11:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and different than the other group.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.94,0:11:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if one sentence is enough\Nto make your brain similar
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.64,0:11:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to people that think like you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.26,0:11:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very different than people\Nthat think differently than you,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.24,0:11:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think how this effect is going\Nto be amplified in real life,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.74,0:11:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we are all listening\Nto the exact same news item
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.66,0:11:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after being exposed\Nday after day after day
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.43,0:11:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to different media channels,\Nlike Fox News or The New York Times,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.26,0:11:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that give us very different\Nperspectives on reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.56,0:12:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me summarize.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.53,0:12:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If everything worked as planned tonight,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.64,0:12:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I used my ability to vocalize sound\Nto be coupled to your brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.96,0:12:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I used this coupling
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.49,0:12:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to transmit my brain patterns associated\Nwith my memories and ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.36,0:12:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into your brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.20,0:12:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this, I start to reveal\Nthe hidden neural mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.02,0:12:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which we communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.68,0:12:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know that in the future\Nit will enable us to improve
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.67,0:12:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and facilitate communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.11,0:12:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these studies also reveal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.54,0:12:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that communication relies\Non a common ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.84,0:12:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have to be\Nreally worried as a society
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.33,0:12:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we lose this common ground\Nand our ability to speak with people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.39,0:12:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are slightly different than us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.53,0:12:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we let a few very strong\Nmedia channels
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.94,0:12:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take control of the mic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.51,0:12:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and manipulate and control\Nthe way we all think.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.31,0:12:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not sure how to fix it\Nbecause I'm only a scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.23,0:12:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe one way to do it
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.72,0:12:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to go back to the more\Nnatural way of communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.39,0:12:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a dialogue,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.01,0:13:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which it's not only me\Nspeaking to you now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.99,0:13:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a more natural way of talking,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.23,0:13:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which I am speaking and I am listening,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.54,0:13:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and together we are trying to come\Nto a common ground and new ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.28,0:13:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.46,0:13:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people we are coupled to\Ndefine who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.15,0:13:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our desire to be coupled\Nto another brain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.56,0:13:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something very basic\Nthat starts at a very early age.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.10,0:13:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me finish with an example\Nfrom my own private life
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.04,0:13:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think is a good example\Nof how coupling to other people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.38,0:13:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really going to define who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.29,0:13:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This my son Jonathan at a very early age.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.39,0:13:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See how he developed\Na vocal game together with my wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.57,0:13:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only from the desire and pure joy\Nof being coupled to another human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.56,0:13:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Both vocalizing)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.92,0:14:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.27,0:14:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, think how the ability of my son
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.09,0:14:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be coupled to us\Nand other people in his life
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.87,0:14:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to shape the man\Nhe is going to become.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.76,0:14:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And think how you change on a daily basis
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.20,0:14:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the interaction and coupling\Nto other people in your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.56,0:14:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So keep being coupled to other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.16,0:14:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep spreading your ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.73,0:14:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the sum of all of us\Ntogether, coupled,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.100,0:14:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is greater than our parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.62,0:14:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.81,0:14:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)