[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day we face issues like climate change
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the safety of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have to answer questions whose answers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rely heavily on scientific information.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists tell us that the world is warming.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists tell us that vaccines are safe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we know if they are right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should be believe the science?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is, many of us actually don't believe the science.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public opinion polls consistently show
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that significant proportions of the American people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't believe the climate is warming due to human activities,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't think that there is evolution by natural selection,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aren't persuaded by the safety of vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why should we believe the science?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, scientists don't like talking about \Nscience as a matter of belief.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, they would contract science with faith
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would say belief is the domain, faith.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And faith is a separate thing apart and distinct from science.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed they would say religion is based on faith
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe the calculous of Pascal's wager.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blaise Pascal was a 17th century mathematician
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who tried to bring scientific reasoning to the question of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wether or not he should believe in God
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his wager went like this:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if God doesn't exist but I decide to believe in him
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing much is really lost.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe a few hours on Sunday.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if he does exist and I don't believe in him,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I'm in deep trouble.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Pascal said, we'd better believe in God.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or as one of my college professors said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"he clutched for the handmill of faith".
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made that leap of faith
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving science and rationalism behind.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the fact is though, for most of us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most scientific claims are a leap of faith.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't really judge scientific claims for ourselves in most cases.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed this is actually true for most scientists as well
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside of their own specialties.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you think about it, a geologist can't tell you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wether a vaccine is safe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most chemists are not experts in evolutionary theory.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A physicist cannot tell you, despite the claims of some of them,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wether or not tobacco causes cancer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if even scientists themselves have to make a leap of faith
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside their own fields,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then why do they accept the claims of other scientists?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do they believe each other's claims?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And should we believe those claims?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I'd like to argue is yes, we should.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not for the reason that most of us think.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us were taught in school that the reason we should
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe in science is because of the scientific method.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were taught that scientists follow a method
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that this method guarantees the truth of their claims.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The method that most of us were taught in school,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can call it the text book method,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the hypo-deductive method.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to the standard model, the textbook model,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists develop hypotheses, they deduce the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consequences for those hypotheses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they go out into the world and they say:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are those consequences true?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we observe them taking place in the natural world?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they are true, then the scientists say:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great, we know the hypothesis is correct.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are many famous examples in the history
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of science of scientists doing exactly this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most famous examples
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from the work of Albert Einstein.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Einstein developed the theory of general relativity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the consequences of his theory
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that space time wasn't just an empty void
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that it actually had a fabric.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that that fabric was bent
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the presence of massive objects like the sun.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if this theory were true then it meant that light
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it passed the sun
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should actually be bent around it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was a pretty startling prediction
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it took a few years before scientists
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were able to test it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they did test it in 1919
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and low and behold it turned out to be true.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Starlight actually does bend as it travels around the sun.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a huge confirmation of the theory.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was considered proof of the truth of this radical new idea
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was written up in many newspapers around the globe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now sometimes this theory or this model
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is referred to as the deductive-nomological model.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning those academics like to make things complicated. \N[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also because in the ideal case it's about laws.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So nomological means having to do with laws.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the ideal case, the hypothesis isn't just an idea,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideally it is a law of nature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does it matter that it is a law of nature?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if it is a law, it can't be broken.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it's a law then it will always be true
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all times and all places
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter what the circumstances are.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of you know at least one example of a famous law.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Einstein's famous equation, E=MC2,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which tells us what the relationship is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between energy and mass.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that relationship is true no matter what.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out though that there are \Nseveral problems with this model.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main problem is that it's wrong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just not true. [Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to talk about three reasons why it's wrong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first reason is a logical reason,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the problem of the fallacy of affirming the consequent.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's another fancy academic way of saying
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that false theories can make true predictions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just because the prediction comes true
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't actually logically prove that the theory is correct.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have a good example of that too, \Nagain from the history of science.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture of the Ptolemaic universe
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Earth at the center of the universe
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and The Sun and the planets going around it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ptolemaic model was believed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by many very smart people for many centuries.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well why?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well the answer is because it made \Nlots of predictions that came true.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ptolemaic system enabled astronomers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make accurate predictions of the motions of the planet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact more accurate predictions at first
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the Copernican theory which we now would say is true.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's one problem with the textbook model,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a second problem is a practical problem
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the problem of auxiliary hypotheses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Auxiliary hypotheses are assumptions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists are making,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they may or may not even be aware that they're making.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an important example of this comes from
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from the Copernican model
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ultimately replaced the Ptolemaic system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when Nicolaus Copernicus said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually the Earth is not the center of the universe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sun is the center of the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Earth moves around the sun.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists said, well okay, Nicolaus, if that's true
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we ought to be able to detect the motion
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Earth around the sun.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this slide here illustrates a concept
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as stellar parallax.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And astronomers said, if the Earth is moving
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we look at a prominent star, let's say, Sirius.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I know I'm in Manhattan so you guys can't see the stars,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but imagine you're out in the country, \Nimagine you chose that rural life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we look at a star in December, we see that star
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the backdrop of distant stars.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we now make the same observation six months later
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Earth has moved to this position in June,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we look at that same star and we see it against a different backdrop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That difference, that angular difference, is the stellar parallax.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the prediction that the Copernican model makes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,astronomers looked for the stellar parallax
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they found nothing, nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many people argued that this proved \Nthat the Copernican model was false.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happened?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well in hindsight we can say that astronomers were making
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two auxiliary hypotheses, both of which
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would now say were incorrect.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first was an assumption about the size of the Earth's orbit.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Astronomers were assuming that the Earth's orbit was large
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relative to the stars.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we would draw the picture more like this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this comes from NASA,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see the Earth's orbit is actually quite small.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's actually much smaller even than shown here.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stellar parallax therefore,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very small and actually very hard to detect.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that leads to the second reason
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why the prediction didn't work,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because scientists were also assuming
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the telescopes they had were sensitive enough
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect the parallax.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that turned out not to be true.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't until the 19th century that scientists were able to detect
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stellar parallax.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's a third problem as well.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third problem is simply a factual problem
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a lot of science doesn't fit the textbook model.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of science isn't deductive at all, it's actually inductive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by that we mean that scientists don't necessarily
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start with theories and hypotheses, often they just
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start with observations of stuff going on in the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the most famous example of that is one of the most
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famous scientists who ever lived, Charles Darwin.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Darwin went out as a young \Nman on the voyage of the Beagle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't have a hypothesis, he didn't have a theory.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He just knew that he wanted to have a career as a scientist
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he started to collect data.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mainly he knew that he hated medicine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the sight of blood made him sick so
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had to have an alternative career path.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he started collecting data.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he collected many things including his famous finches.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he collected these finches he through them in a bag
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he had no idea what they meant.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many years later back in London,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin looked at his data again and began to develop
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an explanation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that explanation was the theory of natural selection.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Besides inductive science,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists also often participate in modeling.