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Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}rc3 preroll music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.93,0:00:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: And welcome back from our studio\Nlive, as you could see in Halle! {\i1}laugh{\i0} The next
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.72,0:00:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk will be Natalie Kilber. She will talk\Nabout tales from the quantum industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.92,0:00:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalie works since many, many years on\Nquantum computers to make them real and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.04,0:00:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.16,0:00:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalie: Hi, I'm Natalie, and I've been\Ntalking about the progress, the prospects
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.44,0:00:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the poppycock, the nonsense of quantum\Ntechnology, or you could also say tales
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.20,0:00:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the quantum industry. A little bit\Nabout me. I'm a prehistoric creature that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.56,0:00:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been there since the field emerged.\NI'm the masses of stories for you today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.24,0:00:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you might ask yourselves, but why are\Nyou so gung ho about quantum computing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.88,0:01:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buddy? Well, if you look at the Moore's\Nlaws trends, then you know, already that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.28,0:01:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since 2000, the clock speeds have been\Nkind of stagnating and we're going smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.72,0:01:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smaller, and IBM is going to fabricate\Na chip of about two nanometers in 2023.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.48,0:01:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem here is the smaller you go, if\Nyou go smaller than one nanometer towards
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.20,0:01:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sub nano meter scales, then you go into\Nthe quantum regime. And if you have a
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.32,0:01:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,single electron transistor, you already\Nhave a quantum dot. That means that's a
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.56,0:01:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubit, that's part of a quantum computer.\NBut it's not reliable for classical
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.28,0:01:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computing, for any classical computation.\NSo. Well, there we have it. We already are
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.32,0:01:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a quantum regime if we want to go into\Nthe future. So why do I want quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.44,0:01:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers? I'm gung-ho about speed. I'm\Ngung-ho about premium power. I want more
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.72,0:02:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,juice. So first, look at your PC, now back\Nto me now back in your PC. Sadly, it isn't
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.04,0:02:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an eight Core i9, or maybe it is so yet.\NAre you happy about your wiring? Well, I
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.36,0:02:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know why, but this fellow's also\Nhappy as a muffin about his wiring. This
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.84,0:02:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a quantum computer in Google's lab, and\Nyou can see the wiring is not trivial for
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.28,0:02:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. And this is just one little chip. So\Na quantum computer is an accelerator, and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.92,0:02:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need a co-host CPU to to do any sort\Nof meaningful computation with it. And if
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.72,0:02:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you look at the wiring here, there's a\Ndifferent type of quantum computer. You
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.40,0:02:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see an optical table with optical\Ncomponents on it. I think this one is the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.80,0:02:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,QuEra startup, and this guy's not that\Nhappy about his wiring. You can see why.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.52,0:02:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's lots of other examples that look a\Nbit difficult. And here specifically, you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.40,0:02:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see a lot of controls that are sending\Nsignals into the quantum computer. And
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.20,0:03:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one again, is QuEra with a bit better\Nwiring. This is specifically a trapped ion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.84,0:03:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer, so they use trapped ion.\NQuantum computers don't come in one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.88,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flavor. We have different flavors with\Ndifferent bases of fundamental technology
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use with different types of\Ncomponents. So in trapped ions that use
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.24,0:03:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,photonic components, there are photonic\Ncomputers in itself. And for example, this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.20,0:03:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one is a huge cryogenic fridge. So you go\Nup to mini sub Kelvin stages right at the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.52,0:03:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bottom and the first picture you see in it\Nwithout his clothes, without the enclosing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.96,0:03:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the enclave. And then again at the top, the\Nmassive wiring for just one chip. Then you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.20,0:03:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have other examples like, for example, AQT\NAlpine quantum technologies over there
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.24,0:03:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Austria, and they know how to stuff\Ntheir cables really well and well. You
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.56,0:03:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might wonder why am I not talking about\Nquantum inhalers? And well, if we define
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.92,0:04:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them, if we define quantum computers, so\Nlegs then a solid is a quantum computer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.96,0:04:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too, you know, why a solid any sort of\Ntype of plant uses quantum phenomena as
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.64,0:04:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well. So because of photosynthesis, the\Nlight tries to travel as fast as possible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.12,0:04:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the side, and they do it through\Nquantum tunneling and it solves it pretty
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.20,0:04:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fast. Yeah. So no quantum inhalers. Then\Nlook back at your PC, can it stand five
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.64,0:04:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gigahertz? You think you're unhappy about\Nyour clock speed? I think I won the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.56,0:04:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Complaining game a quantum computer can do\Nno more than 100 kilohertz, and that's
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.68,0:04:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twice the speed of the ENIAC back in the\Nday. But then again, don't be so harsh in
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.04,0:04:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your setup or on the quantum computers. We\Nstill tinker with them with the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.04,0:04:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capabilities we have. You've seen in the\Npictures before, there's a lot of wiring
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.72,0:05:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, components that are quite big, that\Nhaven't been invented yet. So. The
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.84,0:05:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bottleneck component of a quantum computer\Nof any set up, the slowest component is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.28,0:05:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your bottleneck clock speed or a\Nbottleneck in your clock cycle. And that's
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.68,0:05:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why they're so slow in quantum computers,\Nthey have digital signaling processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.84,0:05:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means you have to convert digital\Nsignals to analog and analog signals to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.96,0:05:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digital signals again. And we have that\Neverywhere in our phones and our cameras.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.48,0:05:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine just sound that is analog, that\Nhas to be converted into digital signals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.76,0:05:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, you know, literally light photons. If\Nyou take a photo in two digital signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.12,0:05:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a analog to digital interface that\Nwe have. And here, because we're like
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.60,0:05:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shooting microwave pulses and, for\Nexample, superconducting computers and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.08,0:05:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubits, that's kind of difficult to do.\NSo, yeah, you might say, but they are
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.96,0:06:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parallel and they do everything a little\Nbit different. Yeah. For algorithms, when
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.20,0:06:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have such slow clock speed rates, if\Nyour time to solution outlives you, that's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.80,0:06:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a problem. If you don't live to see your\Nsolution, that's too slow and. You might
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.92,0:06:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to listen to your computer, listen.\NSo 30 dezibels or 40 decibels? This is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.18,0:06:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what economists. You can hear this.\NYeah, that's the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.91,0:06:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Woman voices speaks{\i0} "Welcome to sound of IBM.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.91,0:06:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,truth of that sound, but you needed it.\NThat's so annoying. One tempers at the.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.58,0:06:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get into this by this. Then you have\Nthis wonderful. The nightmare is now. It's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.80,0:06:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a quiet place. But one thing is always the\Nsame. We always talk about size and with
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.24,0:07:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,size, I mean, we talk about qubits. You\Nmight read in Wired or Spiegel or wherever
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.74,0:07:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want and hype articles or just\Narticles talking about the advancements in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.52,0:07:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computing, how many qubits they\Nthey could instantiate on a chip. IBM
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.96,0:07:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,released about 127 qubits in QuEra bit about 200
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years. The trapped ion one and IBM was the\Nsuperconducting one of these cylinders and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.96,0:07:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cryogenic fridges. But here you have\Nto discern a lot of physical qubits is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.60,0:07:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good, but a logical qubit is what you need\Nfor computation. We have a high error rate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.88,0:07:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for just one physical qubit because of the\Nnoise. Because of temperature. All types
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.24,0:07:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of noise. All types of environmental\Nfactors that you can't eliminate yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.08,0:07:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this is this is quite fundamental\Nresearch how you can control these things
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.16,0:07:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how you can adjust the parameters so\Nnoise stays low. And then again, we have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.12,0:08:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these types of signals and in our normal\Nclassical devices where we need parody
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.40,0:08:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,checks, where we need error correction and\Nso do quantum computers. Error correction
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.48,0:08:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a huge field that needs to be\Nadvanced, and we use things that are
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.20,0:08:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called surface codes and these are error\Ncorrecting to get one logical qubit. So we
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.40,0:08:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have reliable computation. We need a lot\Nof physical qubits. So you could say
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.36,0:08:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a lot of overhead for those error\Ncorrecting code and parody checks. So if
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.40,0:08:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you hear about those, many Qubits have\Nbeen have been accomplished by a company.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.36,0:08:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's usually physical qubits, but then\Nanother factor of 20, that's just one
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.12,0:08:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,logical qubit that you can use. Yeah,\Nthat's difficult. And there's a famous
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.68,0:08:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicist that said, Well, he's still\Nalive, so it's actually on Twitter. And he
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.16,0:08:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said, Well, Qubits are like children's\Nbetter to have a few high quality ones
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.48,0:09:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a bunch of noisy ones. Yes, I agree.\NAnd John John Prescott has been at
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.68,0:09:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microsoft before, and now he's at 8WRS.\NBut at Microsoft, we witnessed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.32,0:09:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maironascandal. Well, we thought we can\Nhave a topological qubit that has no
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.16,0:09:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,noise. That means if we have one qubit, we\Ndon't need these many physical qubits to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.92,0:09:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have one logical one because it is a\Ntopological one with no with entrenched
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.48,0:09:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,error correction. One could say by the\Nphysical nature. So you also run a blood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.72,0:09:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells. Fittingly, it was called the\Nelusive marihuana particle because yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.08,0:09:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been waiting for 10 years for this\Nsort of maiorana qubit. But there was this
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.40,0:09:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scandal. The big maiorana qubits\Nwasn't the big one. After all, they had to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.44,0:09:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,retract the paper that said they found\None. So we're still looking for it. Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.56,0:10:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then again, it is better to have a few\Nnoisy physical qubits than none at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.28,0:10:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, yes, quantum computing is full of\Nchallenges. You've seen the wiring.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.80,0:10:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Getting so many wires into one of those\Ncryogenic fridges is very difficult. So we
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.44,0:10:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to find new ways to get see my those\Nthose control those little controllers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.76,0:10:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into that fridge. So we have to reduce the\Nwiring, for example. And that's not a
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.72,0:10:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trivial task because you get a lot of\Nresistance when you go colder for four
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.32,0:10:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cables, for example. We're advancing\Nmicrowave technologies with quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.60,0:10:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers. And one thing that kind of\Nworries me the most is that we don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.56,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum memory yet. So cue run from random\Naccess memory because at the moment, a
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer is just an accelerator.\NSo it's a read only memory. So everything
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.88,0:11:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is on the chip or on the qubits, on\Nthe setup that is read out like that you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.64,0:11:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can store them or you can do any more\Nmeaningful computation. So that's a huge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.68,0:11:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bottleneck. Another thing is the ethical\Ndimension we have to use in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.88,0:11:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,superconducting quantum computers. A lot\Nof helium and helium has supply
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.24,0:11:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bottlenecks, with just two companies Qatar\NGas and then one Northern Texas company
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.48,0:11:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that supplies helium. That is not really\Nthe problem, though, because we need even
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.44,0:11:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something else. We need three helium,\Nwhich is an isotope, and that you get by
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.64,0:11:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a nuclear byproduct for tritium. That's\Nnot something I want to I'm going to count
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.04,0:11:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on, especially because these are limited\Nresources. And sometimes the components in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.76,0:11:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computers themselves. They're also\Nrare earth metal. Those are also limited
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.24,0:11:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resources. And then people keep talking\Nabout democratizing quantum computers. Yet
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.48,0:12:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have other problems there first. Not\Neveryone needs access to something that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.40,0:12:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't, doesn't solve a lot of things\Nyet. And to be honest with the security
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.92,0:12:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,controls in place, it's kind of an open\Nsystem already. But yeah, when we look at
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.36,0:12:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum, we have to think about the\Nreferences. Which specs do you have to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.28,0:12:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look for? And the magic here is common\Nsense. I've shown you compared to what,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.80,0:12:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, the components that you know.\NAnd again, the magic is common sense. And
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.44,0:12:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computers are very specific that\Nquantum technologies, the component of a
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.72,0:12:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer, the sensors, single\Nelectron sensors that we did. We use an
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.48,0:12:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MRI that we're using spectroscopy for\Nmicroscopes and yada yada, even more
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.32,0:12:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things and quantum communication types. So\Nsemiconductors or or something else,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.92,0:12:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,semiconductor components or just our\Ninfrastructure and communication. They can
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.16,0:13:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be part of the quantum technologies as\Nwell. But you have to be also careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.24,0:13:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is quantum now. It's it's quite\Nthe hype. So finance is doing somehow
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.12,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum. I don't know what other companies\Nthink. Well, the buzzwords cyber isn't
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough and used two buzzwords: quantum and\Ncyber. I'm very curious what they do. Then
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.04,0:13:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's quantum transportation. I'm lost\Nhere. I don't know what they do. I don't
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.64,0:13:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to know. And here, I mean, I'm sure\Nthat is pain free. Yeah. You can also have
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.18,0:13:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be in and actually I really wanted to\Nfind this in April 20 20. Yeah, so quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.18,0:13:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computing is claimed to solve a lot of\Ntoday's problems. Some companies claim
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.36,0:13:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're battling climate change, that\Ntransforming the pharma industry to
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.08,0:13:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transform the finance industry into the\Nbreak all encryption in the future, as we
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.08,0:14:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know. So quantum computers will break the\Ninternet in the future. Yet again, looking
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.40,0:14:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the reasons estimations, not including\Nthe clock speeds or the actual
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.19,0:14:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,performance, that's difficult to claim.\NBut then again, looking at the references
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.04,0:14:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the facts and the specs, not all claim\Nthese weird things, but the reference
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.66,0:14:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facts like see lobs from IBM. These are\Nadvancements that are meaningful. But then
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.68,0:14:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, we have this flood of references of\Nqubids of we're advancing this and that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.16,0:14:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complexity theory claims. But how are you\Ngoing to test these complexity theory
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.01,0:14:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,claims? Well, because we don't have the\NQuibits, are simulated on a fantasy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.25,0:14:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,machine. And if anyone like this old chap\Nhere had to deal with theoretical
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.69,0:15:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complexity resource estimates a.k.a.\Nfantasy language. Well, welcome to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.06,0:15:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagination land this town. This town is\Nnot a nice place for little fillies all
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.96,0:15:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alone. There are lots of twists and\Ncorners that could lead to the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.04,0:15:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me guide your way, and I'll be sure to\Nhelp you through. You could really use a
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.20,0:15:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,friend of the , and luckily, I've picked\Nmy three favorite corners for you. Well,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.30,0:15:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum applications were applicability is\Noptional. So come on, let's start with the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.35,0:15:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very well-known topic of optimization and\Nthe beginning of talks. I want premium
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.22,0:15:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power. I want maximum juice. So VSLI\Ndesign, what is a VSLI? It's very large
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.55,0:15:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scale integration and it means you need to\Npartition these little chips that we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.52,0:15:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the first chip that we had back in the\Nday was an integrated circuit to help
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.62,0:16:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people hear better. So it was a hearing\Naid that Jack Kilby in 1958 designed and
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.77,0:16:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this thoughtful design thought were the\Nbasis of it is the basis for our
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.78,0:16:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology everywhere, and it's not a\Ntrivial task to design these chips. So you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.63,0:16:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't have a lot of waste and we can pack\Nmore and more components on these little
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.79,0:16:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chips. So integrated circuits. If you\Ndon't know anything, IoT is that. Another
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.68,0:16:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem? The mathematical basis for this\Nproblem is the same for network design or
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.25,0:16:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less waste and manufacturing like stenting\Nor lasering, even flight scheduling
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.52,0:16:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between cities has this mathematical\Nproblem. Some might know it as bean
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.23,0:16:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,packing, max card or multi card problems.\NYou either seek to minimize or to maximize
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.00,0:16:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an objective. So those commentary problems\Nare really one of the hardest one to
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.92,0:16:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solve. And I like to call them\Ncombinatorial black magic. These levels of
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.78,0:17:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard to solve are classes in themselves,\Nand this is actually a real graph. This is
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.66,0:17:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Peterson graph, and you can tell it's\Nit's black magic you might think. This is
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.30,0:17:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not that hard, but I'll show you a\Nbenchmark of max card problems. This one's
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.43,0:17:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NP hard NP complete. This is one of these\Nfantasy language classes. It just means
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.30,0:17:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that no polynomial time algorithms for max\Ncard in general graphs are known. That
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.01,0:17:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means, again, your time to solution\Noutlives you, and it's a problem if you
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.16,0:17:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to wait until your solution comes and\Nyou die before. Or maybe it needs be a
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.74,0:17:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couple of hundred years. I don't know how\Nlong you live, but some say it's almost as
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.94,0:17:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard as beating cut of meat and dark\Nsouls. But yeah, you don't live to see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.08,0:17:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the that's the drawback of this. So\Nyeah, you might think optimization, it's
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.81,0:17:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black magic, it sounds weird, but you have\Nheard these terms before. I will
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.24,0:18:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically be gung ho and talk about\Nnature inspired once the physics inspired
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.85,0:18:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,algorithms. But, you know, neural networks\Nyou probably know to boost surge linear
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.86,0:18:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programing, mixed integer problem\Nprograming with a branch and cut, you can
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.03,0:18:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see the max cut promise that's in the in\Nthe brown part. And then, of course, other
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.18,0:18:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nature based methods like bad surge,\Ngenetic algorithms of small methods where
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.27,0:18:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes quantum is. And that's that's\Nwhat I like about the nature inspired part
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.22,0:18:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nature inspired optimization\Nalgorithms. For example, they minimize the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.12,0:18:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hamiltonian of an icing model. So whatever\Nmathematical but mathematical basis you
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.52,0:18:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have, you minimize and maximize your\Nobjective. Hamiltonians are something you
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.35,0:18:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use in quantum computing and the icing\Nmodel I can explain later free up a little
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.72,0:18:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bit more time. So what we need here to\Nwith classical and quantum computers is
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.96,0:18:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,benchmark, so we can compare apples to\Napples because classical computer and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.83,0:19:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computers is more like apples and\Nbananas. So we need a common ground. And
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.64,0:19:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want standardized benchmarks for\Nsuch problems, you can Google Chuck SHOOK.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.96,0:19:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a it's an open source benchmark suit,\Nand you probably see it in the slide. Good
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.93,0:19:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,old Professor Katzgrabor. He has written\Nthis benchmark suit and he's gung ho about
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.71,0:19:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cats, so please spare him of cat content.\NSo, yeah, I told you we'll get into the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.09,0:19:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,max cut benchmarks. This is from a paper\Nof Cambridge, I think Cambridge quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.98,0:19:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computing and these little circles, these\Nlittle dots, steel nodes. And you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.81,0:19:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have done they've done it on a\Nquantum computer for ten nodes. And it's
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.68,0:19:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very complicated. Yeah. And the problem\Nhere is when they went to 13 or twenty
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.39,0:19:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three qubits, logic of qubits, they had to\Nsimulate it. They had to put it on a
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.85,0:20:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fantasy machine and classical hardware.\NAnd yeah, that's that's also one algorithm
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.71,0:20:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they used. Vicki variational quantum ion\Nsolver and Qrolla, both of these are
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.13,0:20:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approximate algorithms you can think of\Nvery noisy, annoying quantum computers
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.60,0:20:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that don't spit out results. But if you\Nrun it 100 times, the majority of it will
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.80,0:20:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be towards the correct regime. And yeah,\Nthat's that's how you go about it. And
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.10,0:20:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a relatively new paper, and I have\Nto say these resource estimations, these
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.88,0:20:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are amazing results, and I'm not worried\Nabout the algorithmic advances in quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.93,0:20:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computing because we have smart people and\NI want more smart people. So if you want
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.44,0:20:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, you should get into it. So, yeah,\Nthat's that's not what I'm worried about
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.56,0:20:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet. I don't want to solve something for\Nten qubits or sorry, ten nodes on a
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.98,0:21:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computer, yet we can solve\Nsomething bigger. So this is from another
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.18,0:21:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paper from a nature inspired, physics\Ninspired algorithm. Some already call it
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.62,0:21:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum inspired. These are 100 nodes, but\Nat the lowest, you can see the physics
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.43,0:21:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspired GNN and Pi G, and they managed to\Ndo it with a ten thousand nodes. So on
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.42,0:21:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,classical hardware, the quantum the\Nquantum algorithm put on classical
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.72,0:21:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardware to overcome the cube hardware\Nlimitations by treating these physics
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.84,0:21:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,algorithms as optimizes. So from a\Nbusiness perspective, if I want to have
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.73,0:21:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maximum power and maximum Dru's, I would\Nuse classical computers and use heuristics
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.05,0:21:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from quantum and classical until the\Nquantum computers are ready. So, yeah,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.95,0:21:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neuro, I'm sorry. Nature inspired\Noptimization with quantum algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.33,0:21:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's like putting neural networks on\Nsteroids. Quite like that. This is the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.99,0:22:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paper for it. But yes, we've been far deep\Ninto one corner. So I'll drag you back
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.61,0:22:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here and I'll show you another one. Some\Ncompanies claim we were solving climate
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.11,0:22:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change with it. We're transforming pharma.\NAnd yeah, this comes from from ideas of
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.72,0:22:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicists. What I said. Well, the nature\Nis quantum mechanical. We might as well
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.05,0:22:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need quantum phenomena to simulate what is\Nright. But yes, it's not that easy. This
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.20,0:22:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicists played bongos and strip clubs.\NHe's a real hero. Many of the physicists
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.31,0:22:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's known for that are talking about\Nchemistry. Here's ammonia. You don't think
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.00,0:22:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is difficult, but ammonia is used for\Na lot of things in the world who use it as
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.30,0:22:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a base, if there's something acidic, you\Nuse it as a fertilizer, you use it in a
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.24,0:23:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lot of things in chemistry and even raw\Nlatex is has been transported with it or
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.69,0:23:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything that has an acidic nature. You\Nget it by a very difficult process. Well,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.54,0:23:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a difficult but energy\Nexpenditure high one. So you need high
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.76,0:23:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temperatures and high energies to put it\Ninto the harbor Bosch process, and it
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.25,0:23:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accounts for two percent of the global\Nenergy expenditure. It's a very famous
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.80,0:23:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem that quantum physicists wanted to\Nsolve because it's really useful stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.27,0:23:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ammonia. And if we can cut two percent of\Nthe global energy expenditure, that's a
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.63,0:23:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good thing. It's not trivial, though,\NRichard said it. It's not an easy thing to
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.56,0:23:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do here. You can see just the active side\Nof an enzyme where you can produce ammonia
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.08,0:23:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without high temperature and high energy.\NBacteria can do it by room temperature,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.61,0:24:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ambient temperatures. There's algae.\NThat's all types of bacteria that can do
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.00,0:24:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it, and the active side is called from\NFeMoco. You can see the resource estimates
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.16,0:24:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for half of the sides, for the for the\Nenergy to simulate, to see how this works,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.24,0:24:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because bacteria can do it. We don't know\Nhow they do it. That's why we use so much
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.84,0:24:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy in temperature. The enzyme and the\Nmaterial looks like this. And then again,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.44,0:24:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look back at the computer for both parts.\NWe need over 2000 logical qubits. Now,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.77,0:24:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think back, physical qubits are by a\Nfactor of 20 or 100 more. So we're not
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.27,0:24:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here yet. Then again, classical computers\Ncan simulate it either, and we will
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.04,0:24:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably simulated that on quantum, but\Nwe're not there yet. And to put it into
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.01,0:24:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perspective, to the far right the orange\Nlittle molecules to form local bits in the
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.80,0:25:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whole enzyme. And you might wonder what is\Nthe THC cost while that's tens or hyper
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.01,0:25:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contraction, so you algorithmic\Nadvancements, I'm not so worried about.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.08,0:25:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're pushing, we're pushing the frontiers\Nthere. So yeah, but but the imagination
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.84,0:25:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,land, the most powerful magic is common\Nsense, and you should read it. So what do
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.76,0:25:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you think? Do you want to use a quantum\Ncomputer or intermediate steps to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.36,0:25:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we need? Well, what people do these\Ndays is they're bit smarter and they do
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.00,0:25:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simulated. They do use some digital parts,\Nbut it's mostly haptic. Haptic means they
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.44,0:25:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simulate a little bit and they tested in a\Nlab and got it tested in the lab. They can
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.44,0:25:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funnel down what they need to simulate.\NThe paper I'm talking about for the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.16,0:25:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smokable and theological cubits is a very\Nrecent one, so it's just a couple of days
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.20,0:25:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's been published and I think this is a\Npreprint even. And if you want to know
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.08,0:26:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything about resource estimates and\Nquantum computing for chemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.08,0:26:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically Nathan Vibha and Ryan\NBurbuja, a good place to look for. Then we
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.04,0:26:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are still a quantum applications for\Napplicability is optional and it has been
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.36,0:26:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,true so far, hasn't it? Let's move to a\Ncorner that hits closer to home,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.40,0:26:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cybersecurity. We have to be specific\Nhere. I know a lot of companies claim
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.52,0:26:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there won't be any type of encryption as\Nwe know of in the future, because quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.08,0:26:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers will break it off for once a\Nyear to fifty sixty five fifty six years.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.20,0:26:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As bad as 256 bit mode can be broken by\Nquantum computers and symmetric key size
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.20,0:26:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,symmetric encryption methods are known to\Nbe quantum secure the specific key size.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.88,0:26:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not really. What people usually think\Nof as asymmetric encryption. So, yeah,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.80,0:27:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are some resource estimates to look\Nout for. This is a Microsoft paper not too
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.12,0:27:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long ago, and they said through a punch\Nline, it is easier to break elliptic curve
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.88,0:27:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encryption than RSA. Then Google, not too\Nlong ago, came up with two million noisy
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.36,0:27:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubits or physical qubits to break RSA\N2048 bit in eight hours. And then also the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.36,0:27:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,news paper saying that factoring a 2048\Nbit RSA integer can be done in one hundred
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.90,0:27:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seventy seven days with about a little\Nbit more than 13000 qubits, but with a
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.24,0:27:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multimodal memory that does not exist yet.\NThese are incredible results over the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.36,0:27:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years in resource estimation numbers. Yet\Nagain, let's put it into perspective. So
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.28,0:27:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2012 he said, it's a billion in this year.\N2021 isn't over yet. This year, Google
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.52,0:28:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came up with 20 million noisy qubits and\Nthen Gaussian came up with a little bit of
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.04,0:28:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousand or more, but let alone any\Nworkable implementation of curium as a
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.44,0:28:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purely theoretical nature as of now. So\Nwe're still in imagination land when it
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.36,0:28:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes to breaking the internet as we know\Nit. It's time to leave Fantasyland, or you
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.92,0:28:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might say, hey, but we did factor\Nrelatively high numbers back there in
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.08,0:28:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2013. You've heard this in the news. Well,\Nyes, we did. But if you know the base
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.36,0:28:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beforehand, so if you know that with\Nthirty five, the number thirty five, you
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.16,0:28:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can divide by five or seven if you know\None base, that's a really easy thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.76,0:28:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can do that classically as well.\NSo IBM had to counter published that they
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.88,0:28:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were oversimplifying quantum factoring,\Nand the algorithm you use for it is
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.68,0:28:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schwar's algorithm. It's one of the\Npurebreds quantum algorithms out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.72,0:28:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then again, another one pretending to\Nfact the large numbers and quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.92,0:29:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers. So no, we haven't been able to\Nbreak it so far. Another one in 2019, and
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.92,0:29:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is in very, very interesting one\Nbecause IBM goes close to these problems
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.08,0:29:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and says, yeah, well, I want to test it. I\Nwant to simulate it. A sorry, not
Dialogue: 0,0:29:13.36,0:29:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simulated. I want to test it literally in\Nquantum hardware. And they did so, but
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.40,0:29:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they failed to factor just the number 35.\NSo I think we're safe for some time. You
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.08,0:29:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to think of quantum computers not as\Na quantum threat, but more as a quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.60,0:29:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,advantage. If someone knows how to steer\Nencrypted data and store it about 20 years
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.12,0:29:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to decrypt it, you know, get it now and\Ndecrypted 20 years later and stored
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.72,0:29:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere, they probably know where to get\Nit unencrypted as well. They're more low
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.83,0:29:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hanging fruit for them, and I don't think\Nthey will wait until the quantum computer
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.76,0:29:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes into fruition to do these sort of\Nthings. So let's put the quantum thread
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.64,0:30:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into perspective. Quantum computers are\Nlogical extensions of Moore's law strand,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.36,0:30:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quantum computers are tailor made for\Nsimulating the behavior of quantum systems
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.56,0:30:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like molecules or materials, and whether\Nthey lead to breakthroughs in cryptography
Dialogue: 0,0:30:16.40,0:30:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or optimization problems. That is less\Nclear yet, but we're we're pushing the
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.04,0:30:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boundaries. If anything, components of\Nquantum computers are pushing the
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.16,0:30:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boundaries for us literally now, if we\Nhave better seeds like quantum random
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.28,0:30:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number generators for short Q, R and GS,\Nthat is very useful. We need seeds that
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.40,0:30:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are truly random. For example, in places\Nwhere we can't use true random number
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.56,0:30:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generators that use entropy to generate\Nthe random numbers because in a data
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.20,0:30:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,center, you don't want a lot of entropy,\Nso you don't want temperature diversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.16,0:30:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want it to be cold and stay cold, or\Nsometimes you don't have the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.68,0:31:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of having this anywhere where it's just\Nnot there. So we do make things smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.76,0:31:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with it as well. You've seen the wiring,\Nso we have to design microwave technology
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.60,0:31:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any type of cabling, any types of\Nchips, um, pre processes that can go into
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.76,0:31:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smaller and smaller spaces. So yes, we do\Nneed quantum computers and the research
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.04,0:31:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around it. We don't need it in business\Nsettings just yet because they're not
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.40,0:31:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ready. This is still very much fundamental\Nresearch, and we should note that so
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.76,0:31:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mathematical concepts are more useful to\Nfind. Also new ciphers when we're talking
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.20,0:31:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about cyber security. And I'm not talking\Nspecifically about peak. You see, there
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.04,0:31:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are other mathematical mathematical\Nconcepts for asymmetric and symmetric
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.56,0:31:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encryption that can be that can be used.\NBut for now, let's leave imagination land,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.80,0:32:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's think about how quantum\Ncomputers interface with the world. Well,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.61,0:32:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've shown you before that quantum\Ncomputers sometimes have a crude and
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.30,0:32:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fridge, so if you look at the cylinder,\Nyou see the the enclosure of it. So this
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.52,0:32:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specific example, I use a superconducting\Ncomputer for now, I've told I've told you
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.47,0:32:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we need a host CPU and then a\Ncontrol system. Lots of peripherals and
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.40,0:32:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wiring to get into the cryogenic stage and\Nthe enclosure. And there we usually have
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.11,0:32:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an analog to digital digital interface.\NAnd at the bottom where it's the cold is
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.76,0:32:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the qbu. So you can think of it as, yeah,\Na huge system. So this is an example of
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.32,0:32:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google's setup. And I think the key\Nconcept that needs to be highlighted here
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.33,0:32:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the quantum computers are merely core\Nprocesses. And as such, they depend on
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.05,0:32:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,traditional compute environments to host a\Nquantum processing unit, a cube you
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.61,0:33:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,require as an analog to digital interface\Nto to convert those signals back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.11,0:33:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in turn, the application logic in the\Nhost CPU. You may connect to a network
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.48,0:33:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may. Some people think if I have it in the\Nlab and it's not connected to anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.92,0:33:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's must be air gapped. But then\Nagain, you know how loud these devices
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.16,0:33:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are. So you kind of want RTP so people\Ndon't become death and we've corona, you
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.56,0:33:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of want people to work from home as\Nwell, so they won't be arrogant. For the
Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.48,0:33:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,foreseeable future, I guess we're for the\Nnext year at least. So the issue of cyber
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.02,0:33:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,security and mass and quantum computing\Nresources that is rarely discussed, these
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.06,0:33:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,systems are and they will be hybrid\Nsystems for the foreseeable future with
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.90,0:33:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those CPU hosts with cloud based or\Nmanaged APIs. And we need reliable
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.78,0:33:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,services and secure services and\Narchitectures as this arises. So
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.24,0:34:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subsequently, the critical applications\Nand data these systems will handle and
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.21,0:34:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,store if it's the knowledge and the\Nalgorithms, how to how to simulate for
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.41,0:34:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mocko we can produce the ammonia with less\Nenergy expenditure if we design new
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.85,0:34:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,batteries. These are probably patents, so\Nwe want to secure the data behind it and
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.32,0:34:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those algorithms. So this means that all\Nclassical security best practices hold for
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.24,0:34:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computers. So this example, the QC\Nlab at Google, sees enterprise system
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.24,0:34:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constituted of a mix of Windows, macOS,\NLinux, maybe Azure, Adi, SAS network,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.14,0:34:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,containers, whatever platforms. And\Nthey're part of these industrial control
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.84,0:34:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,systems and programable logic controllers,\Npulses or discrete process control
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.88,0:35:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,systems. You know, anything in ICS, Escada\Nthat is rarely air gapped or physically
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.52,0:35:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means physically separated from any\Nnetwork. So we need API hardening. I see
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.02,0:35:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our security is not a big topic in quantum\Ncomputing yet because it's still just a
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.22,0:35:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system on the internet, and it's not quite\Nripe yet. People sell it and companies put
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.28,0:35:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sensible data on there. So if this is back\Nin the day got infected with the MIMO worm
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.56,0:35:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was considered air gapped. No, I CS\Nsystem is truly, really arrogant anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.67,0:35:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So before we offer quantum computing as\Nbreakthrough accelerators, we need to make
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.14,0:35:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them safe to use. So if you want to join\Nme, let's protect quantum computers from
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.24,0:35:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting pond. Thank you for listening to\Nme. That's talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.25,0:35:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: Thank you so much. Um, we have\Nsome time for questions. So, uh. Audience,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.71,0:36:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dear audience, please ask some questions.\NThe hashtags are on Mastodon and Twitter
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.11,0:36:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hashtag RC3Chaos Zone, and the I.R.C. room\Nis the Channel RC three Dash Chaos Zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.79,0:36:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, and I will watch the questions.\NAll right. We have some questions already.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.12,0:36:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: What do you think about rolling\Nout so-called post-quantum cryptography
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.76,0:36:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now?\NNatalie: Oh yeah. Post quantum crypto, I
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.52,0:36:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know it's been. It's been a useful concept\Npromised and they have a never specific
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.12,0:37:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem in mind. And this is for the\Nnational security and probably the
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.80,0:37:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government, for infrastructure and in the\NU.S. specifically. But they're thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.56,0:37:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, along lived systems, the pig. You see,\Nyou have the problem. It's highly
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.24,0:37:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computationally intensive. So a lot of\Ninfrastructure can't, can't cope with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.28,0:37:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to deploy other infrastructure.\NAnd if you're worried about your data,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.44,0:37:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're in the intelligence behind your\Ndata being stolen and then, you know, say,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:26.32,0:37:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 20 years. Not many companies have\Nsecrets that you can store for that intel
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.04,0:37:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't that specific data that data steal\Nand store that is useful. So if you have
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.60,0:37:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,data, doesn't intelligence lie for over 20\Nyears yet? It's useful if it's a
Dialogue: 0,0:37:44.00,0:37:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government side of, you know, it's a\Nnuclear bomb placed side or something very
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.88,0:37:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,critical. Yes, you have to think about it\Nnow, and we do need time to implement the
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.08,0:38:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infrastructure. And I mean, the hits close\Nto home. We've heard about crypto agility
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.04,0:38:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think that we would like to have, but\Nit's it's not the reality. We just have
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.24,0:38:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legacy systems. We have to keep them\Nrunning. And especially if it's critical
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.28,0:38:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infrastructure, you can just turn it off,\Nbuild something new and turn it all and it
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.48,0:38:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to work throughout. So you see is\Nuseful for some problems, but not for all.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.64,0:38:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a one fits all glove.\NHerald: All right. All right, thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.56,0:38:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next question is, you talked about the\Ncurrent number of qubits and how no
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.88,0:38:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practical problem, a lack of the difficult\Nproblems that the people are hopeful for
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.44,0:38:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computers to solve. The technology\Nisn't there yet due to the low number of
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.08,0:38:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubits. Would it make sense to serialize\Nthe problems and run them on low qubit
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.64,0:39:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,count quantum computers? Does that work?\NNatalie: I think I might not understand
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.36,0:39:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question fully, but I assume you mean\Nyou package these little programs and I've
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.68,0:39:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shown you the algorithm, the THC, the\Ntensor hyper contraction algorithm that
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.52,0:39:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chemical guys have used where we do\Nthese sort of things. But then again, one
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.72,0:39:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qubit you can think of roughly as one\Ntransistor and you just need a couple more
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.44,0:39:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than five or 10 to do meaningful\Ncomputations, as you've seen. That is a
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.08,0:39:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very good question that we do package\Nthese problems into smaller bits. And if
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.12,0:39:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you go back into the slides or look into\Nthe the the paper of Nathan Vibha and
Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.20,0:39:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rayen Babbush around because you see that\Nyou need still about more than two
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.88,0:40:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousand logical qubits, so you're spot\Non. This is the direction that they wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.48,0:40:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go and we have to go and there to try\Nto. Unfortunately, we still need more than
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.20,0:40:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a couple of hundred.\NHerald: So are there any current quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.92,0:40:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers that are programable to do\Nsomething useful?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.57,0:40:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalie: I mean, it depends really useful.\NIt's very educational to use them. If you
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.32,0:40:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to have a have a workforce in 10\Nyears that knows how to use them, you need
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.06,0:40:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do. You need to have, you know,\Npostdocs or master students who know how
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.60,0:40:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to program these things. We need to know\Nhow to write better compilers. What are
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.40,0:40:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the what are the bottlenecks, how we can\Nswap gates, quantum gates? Some of these
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.73,0:40:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are operations on a quantum computers. So\Nhow we can swap these things and there
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.76,0:40:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a useful thing for them to do in\Nany stage are workable quantum computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.88,0:40:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a few qubits is still needed to\Nadvance the field and to advance the
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.17,0:41:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,workforce. So for me, it is still useful.\NHerald: All right. Yea, it makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.26,0:41:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you see as candidates for earliest\Nproductive uses of quantum computers?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.20,0:41:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalie: Oh, so you mean the question of\Nthe killer application for quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.66,0:41:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers? That's a difficult one. So for\Ncryptography or for optimization of I've
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.68,0:41:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said it before, it's less clear. But for\Nchemistry, once we hit those 20000 or more
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.56,0:41:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,logical qubits, we'll see advancements and\Ncatalysts. You see it from local molecules
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.11,0:41:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to active side for the nitrogenous to to\Nget ammonia at room temperature. And
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.100,0:41:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's where I see the advancements for\Nfour small catalysts for get alloys and
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.44,0:41:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,metals to find better storage batteries.\NThere's there's still a field out there
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.63,0:41:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have that we couldn't simulate on\Nclassical because it's quite intractable.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.62,0:42:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're pushing the field and I think\Nchemistry could be one of the first ones
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.05,0:42:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's just not there yet.\NHerald: All right. Do you also think
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.66,0:42:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that'll be the earliest one's chemistry\Napplications?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.08,0:42:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalie: Small molecules for catalysts?\NYes, they could be. I mean, the smarter
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.19,0:42:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people than me out there might have better\Nideas. Maybe design a completely new
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.93,0:42:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,battery storage or I mean, ammonia is\Nbeing used in fuel cells as well for
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.08,0:42:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,storage. Maybe they'll simulate how to get\Nammonia, cheaper energy expenditure wise
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.60,0:42:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then use it to store, have better\Nstorage and fuel cells yet. I mean, there
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.82,0:42:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are some quantum computing services out\Nthere that are kind of interesting depends
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.65,0:42:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you're looking for. Yes. In\NCambridge, quantum computing offers a
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.72,0:42:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three qubit encryption suite if you want\Nto do QCD. I mean, it's a fun toy game.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.26,0:43:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure if it's very business\Nrelevant, but if you want to look at your
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.80,0:43:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,current infrastructure could hold it.\NThat's an interesting one. Quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.42,0:43:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communication components, especially in\Nthat part of the quantum tech world, is
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.60,0:43:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more advanced and more ripe. So a lot of\Ndevices in quantum communication you can
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.22,0:43:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use now already. So it's just about your\Nrisk appetite. Do you want to, well, spend
Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.89,0:43:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of money on it? Do you want to\Ninvest into it and try it out? There are
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.96,0:43:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some test beds in Berlin and Paris where\Nthey're trying out QKD networks yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.36,0:43:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, this is telecom. This is not\Nquantum computing, but it would be the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.06,0:43:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,backbone if we want to have a quantum\Ninternet where then again, quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.49,0:43:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers are useful. So everything is\Nuseful because it's it's an intermediate
Dialogue: 0,0:43:56.24,0:44:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,step towards something you would like to\Nhave. But most of the things in quantum
Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.93,0:44:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers, they don't fit classical\Nsolutions yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.23,0:44:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question: All right. You talked about the\Nattack vectors on quantum computers and
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.40,0:44:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatizing this a little bit. And what is\Nthe worst case of the quantum computer
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.80,0:44:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting on?\NNatalie: I mean, worst case is some
Dialogue: 0,0:44:22.08,0:44:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,company has their sensible business data\Non it, and they harvest that. I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:27.44,0:44:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're not, you know, they're not\Ncritical components as of yet. And there
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.40,0:44:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a lot of down times because they have\Nto recalibrate them, you know, get them
Dialogue: 0,0:44:36.96,0:44:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the grid, see if the fridge works or\Ndo some sort of maintenance. You don't
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.48,0:44:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to use usually SLS with them yet, but\Nthink about all these companies that don't
Dialogue: 0,0:44:50.08,0:44:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know what they're doing, and they might\Nhave, you know, the critical data up there
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.56,0:45:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the cloud pushing it there. And if the\NAPI isn't, isn't hard and if it's, you
Dialogue: 0,0:45:02.24,0:45:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, open access for everything, they may\Njust have low hanging fruit to pick out
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.88,0:45:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their.\NHerald: Thank you so much, Nacho. This was
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.88,0:45:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tales from the quantum industry. Bye \NNacho. Thank you. Thank you. All right.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.64,0:45:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our next talk will be at 17:30. What is\NAlgarve? It's about a community that live
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.56,0:45:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,codes music and celebrates the artifacts\Nand the algorithms that they use.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.66,0:45:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}RC3 postroll music{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:45:45.22,0:45:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subtitles created by c3subtitles.de\Nin the year 2022. Join, and help us!