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rc3 preroll music
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Herald: And welcome back from our studio[br]live, as you could see in Halle! laugh The next
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talk will be Natalie Kilber. She will talk[br]about tales from the quantum industry.
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Natalie works since many, many years on[br]quantum computers to make them real and
0:00:25.040,0:00:29.160
useful.
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Natalie: Hi, I'm Natalie, and I've been[br]talking about the progress, the prospects
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and the poppycock, the nonsense of quantum[br]technology, or you could also say tales
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from the quantum industry. A little bit[br]about me. I'm a prehistoric creature that
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has been there since the field emerged.[br]I'm the masses of stories for you today
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and you might ask yourselves, but why are[br]you so gung ho about quantum computing,
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buddy? Well, if you look at the Moore's[br]laws trends, then you know, already that
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since 2000, the clock speeds have been[br]kind of stagnating and we're going smaller
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and smaller, and IBM is going to fabricate[br]a chip of about two nanometers in 2023.
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The problem here is the smaller you go, if[br]you go smaller than one nanometer towards
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sub nano meter scales, then you go into[br]the quantum regime. And if you have a
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single electron transistor, you already[br]have a quantum dot. That means that's a
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qubit, that's part of a quantum computer.[br]But it's not reliable for classical
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computing, for any classical computation.[br]So. Well, there we have it. We already are
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at a quantum regime if we want to go into[br]the future. So why do I want quantum
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computers? I'm gung-ho about speed. I'm[br]gung-ho about premium power. I want more
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juice. So first, look at your PC, now back[br]to me now back in your PC. Sadly, it isn't
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an eight Core i9, or maybe it is so yet.[br]Are you happy about your wiring? Well, I
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don't know why, but this fellow's also[br]happy as a muffin about his wiring. This
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is a quantum computer in Google's lab, and[br]you can see the wiring is not trivial for
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this. And this is just one little chip. So[br]a quantum computer is an accelerator, and
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you need a co-host CPU to to do any sort[br]of meaningful computation with it. And if
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you look at the wiring here, there's a[br]different type of quantum computer. You
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see an optical table with optical[br]components on it. I think this one is the
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QuEra startup, and this guy's not that[br]happy about his wiring. You can see why.
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There's lots of other examples that look a[br]bit difficult. And here specifically, you
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see a lot of controls that are sending[br]signals into the quantum computer. And
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this one again, is QuEra with a bit better[br]wiring. This is specifically a trapped ion
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quantum computer, so they use trapped ion.[br]Quantum computers don't come in one
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flavor. We have different flavors with[br]different bases of fundamental technology
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that we use with different types of[br]components. So in trapped ions that use
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photonic components, there are photonic[br]computers in itself. And for example, this
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one is a huge cryogenic fridge. So you go[br]up to mini sub Kelvin stages right at the
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bottom and the first picture you see in it[br]without his clothes, without the enclosing
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the enclave. And then again at the top, the[br]massive wiring for just one chip. Then you
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have other examples like, for example, AQT[br]Alpine quantum technologies over there
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in Austria, and they know how to stuff[br]their cables really well and well. You
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might wonder why am I not talking about[br]quantum inhalers? And well, if we define
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them, if we define quantum computers, so[br]legs then a solid is a quantum computer
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too, you know, why a solid any sort of[br]type of plant uses quantum phenomena as
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well. So because of photosynthesis, the[br]light tries to travel as fast as possible
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to the side, and they do it through[br]quantum tunneling and it solves it pretty
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fast. Yeah. So no quantum inhalers. Then[br]look back at your PC, can it stand five
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gigahertz? You think you're unhappy about[br]your clock speed? I think I won the
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Complaining game a quantum computer can do[br]no more than 100 kilohertz, and that's
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twice the speed of the ENIAC back in the[br]day. But then again, don't be so harsh in
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your setup or on the quantum computers. We[br]still tinker with them with the
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capabilities we have. You've seen in the[br]pictures before, there's a lot of wiring
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there, components that are quite big, that[br]haven't been invented yet. So. The
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bottleneck component of a quantum computer[br]of any set up, the slowest component is
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your bottleneck clock speed or a[br]bottleneck in your clock cycle. And that's
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why they're so slow in quantum computers,[br]they have digital signaling processes.
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That means you have to convert digital[br]signals to analog and analog signals to
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digital signals again. And we have that[br]everywhere in our phones and our cameras.
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Imagine just sound that is analog, that[br]has to be converted into digital signals
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or, you know, literally light photons. If[br]you take a photo in two digital signals,
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that's a analog to digital interface that[br]we have. And here, because we're like
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shooting microwave pulses and, for[br]example, superconducting computers and
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qubits, that's kind of difficult to do.[br]So, yeah, you might say, but they are
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parallel and they do everything a little[br]bit different. Yeah. For algorithms, when
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you have such slow clock speed rates, if[br]your time to solution outlives you, that's
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a problem. If you don't live to see your[br]solution, that's too slow and. You might
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want to listen to your computer, listen.[br]So 30 dezibels or 40 decibels? This is
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what economists. You can hear this.[br]Yeah, that's the
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Woman voices speaks "Welcome to sound of IBM.
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truth of that sound, but you needed it.[br]That's so annoying. One tempers at the.
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You get into this by this. Then you have[br]this wonderful. The nightmare is now. It's
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a quiet place. But one thing is always the[br]same. We always talk about size and with
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size, I mean, we talk about qubits. You[br]might read in Wired or Spiegel or wherever
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you want and hype articles or just[br]articles talking about the advancements in
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quantum computing, how many qubits they[br]they could instantiate on a chip. IBM
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released about 127 qubits in QuEra bit about 200
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years. The trapped ion one and IBM was the[br]superconducting one of these cylinders and
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the cryogenic fridges. But here you have[br]to discern a lot of physical qubits is
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good, but a logical qubit is what you need[br]for computation. We have a high error rate
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for just one physical qubit because of the[br]noise. Because of temperature. All types
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of noise. All types of environmental[br]factors that you can't eliminate yet,
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because this is this is quite fundamental[br]research how you can control these things
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and how you can adjust the parameters so[br]noise stays low. And then again, we have
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these types of signals and in our normal[br]classical devices where we need parody
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checks, where we need error correction and[br]so do quantum computers. Error correction
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was a huge field that needs to be[br]advanced, and we use things that are
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called surface codes and these are error[br]correcting to get one logical qubit. So we
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have reliable computation. We need a lot[br]of physical qubits. So you could say
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there's a lot of overhead for those error[br]correcting code and parody checks. So if
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you hear about those, many Qubits have[br]been have been accomplished by a company.
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It's usually physical qubits, but then[br]another factor of 20, that's just one
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logical qubit that you can use. Yeah,[br]that's difficult. And there's a famous
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physicist that said, Well, he's still[br]alive, so it's actually on Twitter. And he
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said, Well, Qubits are like children's[br]better to have a few high quality ones
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than a bunch of noisy ones. Yes, I agree.[br]And John John Prescott has been at
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Microsoft before, and now he's at 8WRS.[br]But at Microsoft, we witnessed
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Maironascandal. Well, we thought we can[br]have a topological qubit that has no
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noise. That means if we have one qubit, we[br]don't need these many physical qubits to
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have one logical one because it is a[br]topological one with no with entrenched
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error correction. One could say by the[br]physical nature. So you also run a blood
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cells. Fittingly, it was called the[br]elusive marihuana particle because yes,
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we've been waiting for 10 years for this[br]sort of maiorana qubit. But there was this
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scandal. The big maiorana qubits[br]wasn't the big one. After all, they had to
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retract the paper that said they found[br]one. So we're still looking for it. Yeah.
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But then again, it is better to have a few[br]noisy physical qubits than none at all.
0:10:03.280,0:10:08.080
So, yes, quantum computing is full of[br]challenges. You've seen the wiring.
0:10:08.800,0:10:15.440
Getting so many wires into one of those[br]cryogenic fridges is very difficult. So we
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have to find new ways to get see my those[br]those control those little controllers
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into that fridge. So we have to reduce the[br]wiring, for example. And that's not a
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trivial task because you get a lot of[br]resistance when you go colder for four
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cables, for example. We're advancing[br]microwave technologies with quantum
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computers. And one thing that kind of[br]worries me the most is that we don't have
0:10:46.560,0:10:52.000
quantum memory yet. So cue run from random[br]access memory because at the moment, a
0:10:52.000,0:10:56.880
quantum computer is just an accelerator.[br]So it's a read only memory. So everything
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that is on the chip or on the qubits, on[br]the setup that is read out like that you
0:11:02.640,0:11:07.680
can store them or you can do any more[br]meaningful computation. So that's a huge
0:11:07.680,0:11:12.880
bottleneck. Another thing is the ethical[br]dimension we have to use in
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superconducting quantum computers. A lot[br]of helium and helium has supply
0:11:18.240,0:11:22.480
bottlenecks, with just two companies Qatar[br]Gas and then one Northern Texas company
0:11:22.480,0:11:27.840
that supplies helium. That is not really[br]the problem, though, because we need even
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something else. We need three helium,[br]which is an isotope, and that you get by
0:11:34.640,0:11:41.040
as a nuclear byproduct for tritium. That's[br]not something I want to I'm going to count
0:11:41.040,0:11:45.760
on, especially because these are limited[br]resources. And sometimes the components in
0:11:45.760,0:11:50.240
quantum computers themselves. They're also[br]rare earth metal. Those are also limited
0:11:50.240,0:11:56.480
resources. And then people keep talking[br]about democratizing quantum computers. Yet
0:11:56.480,0:12:00.400
you have other problems there first. Not[br]everyone needs access to something that
0:12:00.400,0:12:05.920
doesn't, doesn't solve a lot of things[br]yet. And to be honest with the security
0:12:05.920,0:12:13.360
controls in place, it's kind of an open[br]system already. But yeah, when we look at
0:12:13.360,0:12:19.280
quantum, we have to think about the[br]references. Which specs do you have to
0:12:19.280,0:12:22.800
look for? And the magic here is common[br]sense. I've shown you compared to what,
0:12:22.800,0:12:29.440
you know, the components that you know.[br]And again, the magic is common sense. And
0:12:29.440,0:12:34.720
quantum computers are very specific that[br]quantum technologies, the component of a
0:12:34.720,0:12:40.480
quantum computer, the sensors, single[br]electron sensors that we did. We use an
0:12:40.480,0:12:46.320
MRI that we're using spectroscopy for[br]microscopes and yada yada, even more
0:12:46.320,0:12:51.920
things and quantum communication types. So[br]semiconductors or or something else,
0:12:51.920,0:12:58.160
semiconductor components or just our[br]infrastructure and communication. They can
0:12:58.160,0:13:04.240
be part of the quantum technologies as[br]well. But you have to be also careful.
0:13:04.240,0:13:11.120
Everything is quantum now. It's it's quite[br]the hype. So finance is doing somehow
0:13:11.120,0:13:18.000
quantum. I don't know what other companies[br]think. Well, the buzzwords cyber isn't
0:13:18.000,0:13:23.040
enough and used two buzzwords: quantum and[br]cyber. I'm very curious what they do. Then
0:13:23.040,0:13:28.640
there's quantum transportation. I'm lost[br]here. I don't know what they do. I don't
0:13:28.640,0:13:35.182
want to know. And here, I mean, I'm sure[br]that is pain free. Yeah. You can also have
0:13:35.182,0:13:43.182
to be in and actually I really wanted to[br]find this in April 20 20. Yeah, so quantum
0:13:43.182,0:13:49.355
computing is claimed to solve a lot of[br]today's problems. Some companies claim
0:13:49.355,0:13:54.081
they're battling climate change, that[br]transforming the pharma industry to
0:13:54.081,0:13:59.080
transform the finance industry into the[br]break all encryption in the future, as we
0:13:59.080,0:14:05.403
know. So quantum computers will break the[br]internet in the future. Yet again, looking
0:14:05.403,0:14:11.186
at the reasons estimations, not including[br]the clock speeds or the actual
0:14:11.186,0:14:17.043
performance, that's difficult to claim.[br]But then again, looking at the references
0:14:17.043,0:14:23.663
and the facts and the specs, not all claim[br]these weird things, but the reference
0:14:23.663,0:14:30.680
facts like see lobs from IBM. These are[br]advancements that are meaningful. But then
0:14:30.680,0:14:37.157
again, we have this flood of references of[br]qubids of we're advancing this and that
0:14:37.157,0:14:43.013
complexity theory claims. But how are you[br]going to test these complexity theory
0:14:43.013,0:14:48.252
claims? Well, because we don't have the[br]Quibits, are simulated on a fantasy
0:14:48.252,0:14:54.688
machine. And if anyone like this old chap[br]here had to deal with theoretical
0:14:54.688,0:15:03.061
complexity resource estimates a.k.a.[br]fantasy language. Well, welcome to
0:15:03.061,0:15:10.958
imagination land this town. This town is[br]not a nice place for little fillies all
0:15:10.958,0:15:15.042
alone. There are lots of twists and[br]corners that could lead to the unknown.
0:15:15.042,0:15:19.200
Let me guide your way, and I'll be sure to[br]help you through. You could really use a
0:15:19.200,0:15:25.297
friend of the , and luckily, I've picked[br]my three favorite corners for you. Well,
0:15:25.297,0:15:32.352
quantum applications were applicability is[br]optional. So come on, let's start with the
0:15:32.352,0:15:40.216
very well-known topic of optimization and[br]the beginning of talks. I want premium
0:15:40.216,0:15:47.546
power. I want maximum juice. So VSLI[br]design, what is a VSLI? It's very large
0:15:47.546,0:15:52.520
scale integration and it means you need to[br]partition these little chips that we have.
0:15:52.520,0:15:57.621
And the first chip that we had back in the[br]day was an integrated circuit to help
0:15:57.621,0:16:03.768
people hear better. So it was a hearing[br]aid that Jack Kilby in 1958 designed and
0:16:03.768,0:16:09.783
this thoughtful design thought were the[br]basis of it is the basis for our
0:16:09.783,0:16:14.626
technology everywhere, and it's not a[br]trivial task to design these chips. So you
0:16:14.626,0:16:19.792
don't have a lot of waste and we can pack[br]more and more components on these little
0:16:19.792,0:16:25.678
chips. So integrated circuits. If you[br]don't know anything, IoT is that. Another
0:16:25.678,0:16:31.249
problem? The mathematical basis for this[br]problem is the same for network design or
0:16:31.249,0:16:36.521
less waste and manufacturing like stenting[br]or lasering, even flight scheduling
0:16:36.521,0:16:41.232
between cities has this mathematical[br]problem. Some might know it as bean
0:16:41.232,0:16:47.000
packing, max card or multi card problems.[br]You either seek to minimize or to maximize
0:16:47.000,0:16:52.916
an objective. So those commentary problems[br]are really one of the hardest one to
0:16:52.916,0:16:58.782
solve. And I like to call them[br]combinatorial black magic. These levels of
0:16:58.782,0:17:05.659
hard to solve are classes in themselves,[br]and this is actually a real graph. This is
0:17:05.659,0:17:10.295
a Peterson graph, and you can tell it's[br]it's black magic you might think. This is
0:17:10.295,0:17:14.428
not that hard, but I'll show you a[br]benchmark of max card problems. This one's
0:17:14.428,0:17:19.303
NP hard NP complete. This is one of these[br]fantasy language classes. It just means
0:17:19.303,0:17:25.013
that no polynomial time algorithms for max[br]card in general graphs are known. That
0:17:25.013,0:17:29.164
means, again, your time to solution[br]outlives you, and it's a problem if you
0:17:29.164,0:17:33.742
need to wait until your solution comes and[br]you die before. Or maybe it needs be a
0:17:33.742,0:17:38.941
couple of hundred years. I don't know how[br]long you live, but some say it's almost as
0:17:38.941,0:17:45.080
hard as beating cut of meat and dark[br]souls. But yeah, you don't live to see it.
0:17:45.080,0:17:51.810
That's the that's the drawback of this. So[br]yeah, you might think optimization, it's
0:17:51.810,0:17:57.243
black magic, it sounds weird, but you have[br]heard these terms before. I will
0:17:57.243,0:18:02.848
specifically be gung ho and talk about[br]nature inspired once the physics inspired
0:18:02.848,0:18:07.860
algorithms. But, you know, neural networks[br]you probably know to boost surge linear
0:18:07.860,0:18:12.026
programing, mixed integer problem[br]programing with a branch and cut, you can
0:18:12.026,0:18:17.175
see the max cut promise that's in the in[br]the brown part. And then, of course, other
0:18:17.175,0:18:22.270
nature based methods like bad surge,[br]genetic algorithms of small methods where
0:18:22.270,0:18:27.217
it becomes quantum is. And that's that's[br]what I like about the nature inspired part
0:18:27.217,0:18:32.120
the nature inspired optimization[br]algorithms. For example, they minimize the
0:18:32.120,0:18:37.516
Hamiltonian of an icing model. So whatever[br]mathematical but mathematical basis you
0:18:37.516,0:18:43.350
have, you minimize and maximize your[br]objective. Hamiltonians are something you
0:18:43.350,0:18:48.722
use in quantum computing and the icing[br]model I can explain later free up a little
0:18:48.722,0:18:53.957
bit more time. So what we need here to[br]with classical and quantum computers is
0:18:53.957,0:18:59.830
benchmark, so we can compare apples to[br]apples because classical computer and
0:18:59.830,0:19:05.639
quantum computers is more like apples and[br]bananas. So we need a common ground. And
0:19:05.639,0:19:11.960
if you want standardized benchmarks for[br]such problems, you can Google Chuck SHOOK.
0:19:11.960,0:19:18.928
It's a it's an open source benchmark suit,[br]and you probably see it in the slide. Good
0:19:18.928,0:19:24.706
old Professor Katzgrabor. He has written[br]this benchmark suit and he's gung ho about
0:19:24.706,0:19:29.091
cats, so please spare him of cat content.[br]So, yeah, I told you we'll get into the
0:19:29.091,0:19:36.985
max cut benchmarks. This is from a paper[br]of Cambridge, I think Cambridge quantum
0:19:36.985,0:19:43.814
computing and these little circles, these[br]little dots, steel nodes. And you can see
0:19:43.814,0:19:49.682
they have done they've done it on a[br]quantum computer for ten nodes. And it's
0:19:49.682,0:19:55.392
very complicated. Yeah. And the problem[br]here is when they went to 13 or twenty
0:19:55.392,0:19:59.846
three qubits, logic of qubits, they had to[br]simulate it. They had to put it on a
0:19:59.846,0:20:04.710
fantasy machine and classical hardware.[br]And yeah, that's that's also one algorithm
0:20:04.710,0:20:11.132
they used. Vicki variational quantum ion[br]solver and Qrolla, both of these are
0:20:11.132,0:20:16.604
approximate algorithms you can think of[br]very noisy, annoying quantum computers
0:20:16.604,0:20:23.802
that don't spit out results. But if you[br]run it 100 times, the majority of it will
0:20:23.802,0:20:29.100
be towards the correct regime. And yeah,[br]that's that's how you go about it. And
0:20:29.100,0:20:33.880
this is a relatively new paper, and I have[br]to say these resource estimations, these
0:20:33.880,0:20:38.931
are amazing results, and I'm not worried[br]about the algorithmic advances in quantum
0:20:38.931,0:20:43.437
computing because we have smart people and[br]I want more smart people. So if you want
0:20:43.437,0:20:47.560
to, you should get into it. So, yeah,[br]that's that's not what I'm worried about
0:20:47.560,0:20:53.980
yet. I don't want to solve something for[br]ten qubits or sorry, ten nodes on a
0:20:53.980,0:21:01.184
quantum computer, yet we can solve[br]something bigger. So this is from another
0:21:01.184,0:21:06.623
paper from a nature inspired, physics[br]inspired algorithm. Some already call it
0:21:06.623,0:21:12.432
quantum inspired. These are 100 nodes, but[br]at the lowest, you can see the physics
0:21:12.432,0:21:19.421
inspired GNN and Pi G, and they managed to[br]do it with a ten thousand nodes. So on
0:21:19.421,0:21:24.722
classical hardware, the quantum the[br]quantum algorithm put on classical
0:21:24.722,0:21:29.836
hardware to overcome the cube hardware[br]limitations by treating these physics
0:21:29.836,0:21:34.731
algorithms as optimizes. So from a[br]business perspective, if I want to have
0:21:34.731,0:21:41.046
maximum power and maximum Dru's, I would[br]use classical computers and use heuristics
0:21:41.046,0:21:47.948
from quantum and classical until the[br]quantum computers are ready. So, yeah,
0:21:47.948,0:21:53.328
neuro, I'm sorry. Nature inspired[br]optimization with quantum algorithms.
0:21:53.328,0:21:58.990
That's like putting neural networks on[br]steroids. Quite like that. This is the
0:21:58.990,0:22:06.613
paper for it. But yes, we've been far deep[br]into one corner. So I'll drag you back
0:22:06.613,0:22:13.114
here and I'll show you another one. Some[br]companies claim we were solving climate
0:22:13.114,0:22:18.718
change with it. We're transforming pharma.[br]And yeah, this comes from from ideas of
0:22:18.718,0:22:26.047
physicists. What I said. Well, the nature[br]is quantum mechanical. We might as well
0:22:26.047,0:22:32.202
need quantum phenomena to simulate what is[br]right. But yes, it's not that easy. This
0:22:32.202,0:22:38.313
physicists played bongos and strip clubs.[br]He's a real hero. Many of the physicists
0:22:38.313,0:22:44.000
he's known for that are talking about[br]chemistry. Here's ammonia. You don't think
0:22:44.000,0:22:49.297
this is difficult, but ammonia is used for[br]a lot of things in the world who use it as
0:22:49.297,0:22:55.240
a base, if there's something acidic, you[br]use it as a fertilizer, you use it in a
0:22:55.240,0:23:02.687
lot of things in chemistry and even raw[br]latex is has been transported with it or
0:23:02.687,0:23:09.543
anything that has an acidic nature. You[br]get it by a very difficult process. Well,
0:23:09.543,0:23:14.765
it's not a difficult but energy[br]expenditure high one. So you need high
0:23:14.765,0:23:20.246
temperatures and high energies to put it[br]into the harbor Bosch process, and it
0:23:20.246,0:23:24.801
accounts for two percent of the global[br]energy expenditure. It's a very famous
0:23:24.801,0:23:30.269
problem that quantum physicists wanted to[br]solve because it's really useful stuff
0:23:30.269,0:23:36.631
ammonia. And if we can cut two percent of[br]the global energy expenditure, that's a
0:23:36.631,0:23:42.559
good thing. It's not trivial, though,[br]Richard said it. It's not an easy thing to
0:23:42.559,0:23:49.079
do here. You can see just the active side[br]of an enzyme where you can produce ammonia
0:23:49.079,0:23:54.608
without high temperature and high energy.[br]Bacteria can do it by room temperature,
0:23:54.608,0:24:01.003
ambient temperatures. There's algae.[br]That's all types of bacteria that can do
0:24:01.003,0:24:08.156
it, and the active side is called from[br]FeMoco. You can see the resource estimates
0:24:08.156,0:24:14.237
for half of the sides, for the for the[br]energy to simulate, to see how this works,
0:24:14.237,0:24:19.840
because bacteria can do it. We don't know[br]how they do it. That's why we use so much
0:24:19.840,0:24:25.440
energy in temperature. The enzyme and the[br]material looks like this. And then again,
0:24:25.440,0:24:31.766
look back at the computer for both parts.[br]We need over 2000 logical qubits. Now,
0:24:31.766,0:24:38.266
think back, physical qubits are by a[br]factor of 20 or 100 more. So we're not
0:24:38.266,0:24:44.038
here yet. Then again, classical computers[br]can simulate it either, and we will
0:24:44.038,0:24:49.006
probably simulated that on quantum, but[br]we're not there yet. And to put it into
0:24:49.006,0:24:55.800
perspective, to the far right the orange[br]little molecules to form local bits in the
0:24:55.800,0:25:02.014
whole enzyme. And you might wonder what is[br]the THC cost while that's tens or hyper
0:25:02.014,0:25:06.640
contraction, so you algorithmic[br]advancements, I'm not so worried about.
0:25:08.080,0:25:13.840
We're pushing, we're pushing the frontiers[br]there. So yeah, but but the imagination
0:25:13.840,0:25:17.760
land, the most powerful magic is common[br]sense, and you should read it. So what do
0:25:17.760,0:25:23.360
you think? Do you want to use a quantum[br]computer or intermediate steps to find out
0:25:23.360,0:25:30.000
what we need? Well, what people do these[br]days is they're bit smarter and they do
0:25:30.000,0:25:35.440
simulated. They do use some digital parts,[br]but it's mostly haptic. Haptic means they
0:25:35.440,0:25:40.320
simulate a little bit and they tested in a[br]lab and got it tested in the lab. They can
0:25:41.440,0:25:46.160
funnel down what they need to simulate.[br]The paper I'm talking about for the
0:25:46.160,0:25:51.200
smokable and theological cubits is a very[br]recent one, so it's just a couple of days
0:25:51.200,0:25:56.080
it's been published and I think this is a[br]preprint even. And if you want to know
0:25:56.080,0:26:00.080
anything about resource estimates and[br]quantum computing for chemistry,
0:26:00.080,0:26:07.040
specifically Nathan Vibha and Ryan[br]Burbuja, a good place to look for. Then we
0:26:07.040,0:26:11.360
are still a quantum applications for[br]applicability is optional and it has been
0:26:11.360,0:26:16.400
true so far, hasn't it? Let's move to a[br]corner that hits closer to home,
0:26:16.400,0:26:25.520
cybersecurity. We have to be specific[br]here. I know a lot of companies claim
0:26:25.520,0:26:30.080
there won't be any type of encryption as[br]we know of in the future, because quantum
0:26:30.080,0:26:37.197
computers will break it off for once a[br]year to fifty sixty five fifty six years.
0:26:37.197,0:26:47.200
As bad as 256 bit mode can be broken by[br]quantum computers and symmetric key size
0:26:47.200,0:26:52.880
symmetric encryption methods are known to[br]be quantum secure the specific key size.
0:26:52.880,0:26:59.440
So not really. What people usually think[br]of as asymmetric encryption. So, yeah,
0:27:00.800,0:27:07.120
these are some resource estimates to look[br]out for. This is a Microsoft paper not too
0:27:07.120,0:27:10.880
long ago, and they said through a punch[br]line, it is easier to break elliptic curve
0:27:10.880,0:27:17.360
encryption than RSA. Then Google, not too[br]long ago, came up with two million noisy
0:27:17.360,0:27:25.360
qubits or physical qubits to break RSA[br]2048 bit in eight hours. And then also the
0:27:25.360,0:27:31.902
news paper saying that factoring a 2048[br]bit RSA integer can be done in one hundred
0:27:31.902,0:27:36.240
and seventy seven days with about a little[br]bit more than 13000 qubits, but with a
0:27:36.240,0:27:41.360
multimodal memory that does not exist yet.[br]These are incredible results over the
0:27:41.360,0:27:47.280
years in resource estimation numbers. Yet[br]again, let's put it into perspective. So
0:27:47.280,0:27:55.520
2012 he said, it's a billion in this year.[br]2021 isn't over yet. This year, Google
0:27:55.520,0:28:01.040
came up with 20 million noisy qubits and[br]then Gaussian came up with a little bit of
0:28:01.040,0:28:05.440
thousand or more, but let alone any[br]workable implementation of curium as a
0:28:05.440,0:28:09.360
purely theoretical nature as of now. So[br]we're still in imagination land when it
0:28:09.360,0:28:15.920
comes to breaking the internet as we know[br]it. It's time to leave Fantasyland, or you
0:28:15.920,0:28:22.080
might say, hey, but we did factor[br]relatively high numbers back there in
0:28:22.080,0:28:27.360
2013. You've heard this in the news. Well,[br]yes, we did. But if you know the base
0:28:27.360,0:28:34.160
beforehand, so if you know that with[br]thirty five, the number thirty five, you
0:28:34.160,0:28:39.760
can divide by five or seven if you know[br]one base, that's a really easy thing to do
0:28:39.760,0:28:44.880
and you can do that classically as well.[br]So IBM had to counter published that they
0:28:44.880,0:28:49.680
were oversimplifying quantum factoring,[br]and the algorithm you use for it is
0:28:49.680,0:28:54.000
Schwar's algorithm. It's one of the[br]purebreds quantum algorithms out there.
0:28:54.720,0:28:57.920
And then again, another one pretending to[br]fact the large numbers and quantum
0:28:57.920,0:29:05.920
computers. So no, we haven't been able to[br]break it so far. Another one in 2019, and
0:29:05.920,0:29:10.080
this is in very, very interesting one[br]because IBM goes close to these problems
0:29:10.080,0:29:13.360
and says, yeah, well, I want to test it. I[br]want to simulate it. A sorry, not
0:29:13.360,0:29:18.400
simulated. I want to test it literally in[br]quantum hardware. And they did so, but
0:29:18.400,0:29:28.080
they failed to factor just the number 35.[br]So I think we're safe for some time. You
0:29:28.080,0:29:33.600
have to think of quantum computers not as[br]a quantum threat, but more as a quantum
0:29:33.600,0:29:39.120
advantage. If someone knows how to steer[br]encrypted data and store it about 20 years
0:29:39.120,0:29:44.720
to decrypt it, you know, get it now and[br]decrypted 20 years later and stored
0:29:44.720,0:29:48.832
somewhere, they probably know where to get[br]it unencrypted as well. They're more low
0:29:48.832,0:29:53.200
hanging fruit for them, and I don't think[br]they will wait until the quantum computer
0:29:53.760,0:29:58.640
comes into fruition to do these sort of[br]things. So let's put the quantum thread
0:29:58.640,0:30:04.720
into perspective. Quantum computers are[br]logical extensions of Moore's law strand,
0:30:05.360,0:30:10.560
and quantum computers are tailor made for[br]simulating the behavior of quantum systems
0:30:10.560,0:30:16.400
like molecules or materials, and whether[br]they lead to breakthroughs in cryptography
0:30:16.400,0:30:21.040
or optimization problems. That is less[br]clear yet, but we're we're pushing the
0:30:21.040,0:30:26.160
boundaries. If anything, components of[br]quantum computers are pushing the
0:30:26.160,0:30:31.280
boundaries for us literally now, if we[br]have better seeds like quantum random
0:30:31.280,0:30:38.400
number generators for short Q, R and GS,[br]that is very useful. We need seeds that
0:30:38.400,0:30:42.560
are truly random. For example, in places[br]where we can't use true random number
0:30:42.560,0:30:47.200
generators that use entropy to generate[br]the random numbers because in a data
0:30:47.200,0:30:52.160
center, you don't want a lot of entropy,[br]so you don't want temperature diversity,
0:30:52.160,0:30:59.680
you want it to be cold and stay cold, or[br]sometimes you don't have the possibility
0:30:59.680,0:31:09.760
of having this anywhere where it's just[br]not there. So we do make things smaller
0:31:09.760,0:31:13.600
with it as well. You've seen the wiring,[br]so we have to design microwave technology
0:31:13.600,0:31:18.720
or any type of cabling, any types of[br]chips, um, pre processes that can go into
0:31:19.760,0:31:27.040
smaller and smaller spaces. So yes, we do[br]need quantum computers and the research
0:31:27.040,0:31:32.400
around it. We don't need it in business[br]settings just yet because they're not
0:31:32.400,0:31:38.480
ready. This is still very much fundamental[br]research, and we should note that so
0:31:39.760,0:31:45.200
mathematical concepts are more useful to[br]find. Also new ciphers when we're talking
0:31:45.200,0:31:49.040
about cyber security. And I'm not talking[br]specifically about peak. You see, there
0:31:49.040,0:31:52.560
are other mathematical mathematical[br]concepts for asymmetric and symmetric
0:31:52.560,0:31:58.240
encryption that can be that can be used.[br]But for now, let's leave imagination land,
0:31:58.800,0:32:03.612
and let's think about how quantum[br]computers interface with the world. Well,
0:32:03.612,0:32:11.302
I've shown you before that quantum[br]computers sometimes have a crude and
0:32:11.302,0:32:15.525
fridge, so if you look at the cylinder,[br]you see the the enclosure of it. So this
0:32:15.525,0:32:21.472
specific example, I use a superconducting[br]computer for now, I've told I've told you
0:32:21.472,0:32:27.398
before we need a host CPU and then a[br]control system. Lots of peripherals and
0:32:27.398,0:32:33.108
wiring to get into the cryogenic stage and[br]the enclosure. And there we usually have
0:32:33.108,0:32:38.757
an analog to digital digital interface.[br]And at the bottom where it's the cold is
0:32:38.757,0:32:45.317
the qbu. So you can think of it as, yeah,[br]a huge system. So this is an example of
0:32:45.317,0:32:50.333
Google's setup. And I think the key[br]concept that needs to be highlighted here
0:32:50.333,0:32:55.053
is the quantum computers are merely core[br]processes. And as such, they depend on
0:32:55.053,0:32:59.608
traditional compute environments to host a[br]quantum processing unit, a cube you
0:32:59.608,0:33:04.108
require as an analog to digital interface[br]to to convert those signals back and forth
0:33:04.108,0:33:09.482
and in turn, the application logic in the[br]host CPU. You may connect to a network
0:33:09.482,0:33:14.921
may. Some people think if I have it in the[br]lab and it's not connected to anything,
0:33:14.921,0:33:20.160
there's must be air gapped. But then[br]again, you know how loud these devices
0:33:20.160,0:33:26.560
are. So you kind of want RTP so people[br]don't become death and we've corona, you
0:33:26.560,0:33:32.484
kind of want people to work from home as[br]well, so they won't be arrogant. For the
0:33:32.484,0:33:38.024
foreseeable future, I guess we're for the[br]next year at least. So the issue of cyber
0:33:38.024,0:33:43.063
security and mass and quantum computing[br]resources that is rarely discussed, these
0:33:43.063,0:33:47.898
systems are and they will be hybrid[br]systems for the foreseeable future with
0:33:47.898,0:33:53.781
those CPU hosts with cloud based or[br]managed APIs. And we need reliable
0:33:53.781,0:33:59.239
services and secure services and[br]architectures as this arises. So
0:33:59.239,0:34:05.209
subsequently, the critical applications[br]and data these systems will handle and
0:34:05.209,0:34:13.408
store if it's the knowledge and the[br]algorithms, how to how to simulate for
0:34:13.408,0:34:21.853
Mocko we can produce the ammonia with less[br]energy expenditure if we design new
0:34:21.853,0:34:27.320
batteries. These are probably patents, so[br]we want to secure the data behind it and
0:34:27.320,0:34:33.240
those algorithms. So this means that all[br]classical security best practices hold for
0:34:33.240,0:34:39.238
quantum computers. So this example, the QC[br]lab at Google, sees enterprise system
0:34:39.238,0:34:46.141
constituted of a mix of Windows, macOS,[br]Linux, maybe Azure, Adi, SAS network,
0:34:46.141,0:34:52.840
containers, whatever platforms. And[br]they're part of these industrial control
0:34:52.840,0:34:58.880
systems and programable logic controllers,[br]pulses or discrete process control
0:34:58.880,0:35:04.516
systems. You know, anything in ICS, Escada[br]that is rarely air gapped or physically
0:35:04.516,0:35:09.018
means physically separated from any[br]network. So we need API hardening. I see
0:35:09.018,0:35:14.219
our security is not a big topic in quantum[br]computing yet because it's still just a
0:35:14.219,0:35:21.280
system on the internet, and it's not quite[br]ripe yet. People sell it and companies put
0:35:21.280,0:35:29.557
sensible data on there. So if this is back[br]in the day got infected with the MIMO worm
0:35:29.557,0:35:35.673
that was considered air gapped. No, I CS[br]system is truly, really arrogant anymore.
0:35:35.673,0:35:41.141
So before we offer quantum computing as[br]breakthrough accelerators, we need to make
0:35:41.141,0:35:46.240
them safe to use. So if you want to join[br]me, let's protect quantum computers from
0:35:46.240,0:35:51.250
getting pond. Thank you for listening to[br]me. That's talk.
0:35:51.250,0:35:59.713
Herald: Thank you so much. Um, we have[br]some time for questions. So, uh. Audience,
0:35:59.713,0:36:06.109
dear audience, please ask some questions.[br]The hashtags are on Mastodon and Twitter
0:36:06.109,0:36:17.787
hashtag RC3Chaos Zone, and the I.R.C. room[br]is the Channel RC three Dash Chaos Zone.
0:36:17.787,0:36:30.125
All right, and I will watch the questions.[br]All right. We have some questions already.
0:36:30.125,0:36:41.760
Herald: What do you think about rolling[br]out so-called post-quantum cryptography
0:36:41.760,0:36:47.520
now?[br]Natalie: Oh yeah. Post quantum crypto, I
0:36:47.520,0:36:54.560
know it's been. It's been a useful concept[br]promised and they have a never specific
0:36:55.120,0:37:00.800
problem in mind. And this is for the[br]national security and probably the
0:37:00.800,0:37:06.560
government, for infrastructure and in the[br]U.S. specifically. But they're thinking
0:37:06.560,0:37:10.240
of, along lived systems, the pig. You see,[br]you have the problem. It's highly
0:37:10.240,0:37:15.280
computationally intensive. So a lot of[br]infrastructure can't, can't cope with it.
0:37:15.280,0:37:21.440
So we need to deploy other infrastructure.[br]And if you're worried about your data,
0:37:21.440,0:37:26.320
you're in the intelligence behind your[br]data being stolen and then, you know, say,
0:37:26.320,0:37:33.040
for 20 years. Not many companies have[br]secrets that you can store for that intel
0:37:33.040,0:37:39.600
isn't that specific data that data steal[br]and store that is useful. So if you have
0:37:39.600,0:37:44.000
data, doesn't intelligence lie for over 20[br]years yet? It's useful if it's a
0:37:44.000,0:37:48.880
government side of, you know, it's a[br]nuclear bomb placed side or something very
0:37:48.880,0:37:56.080
critical. Yes, you have to think about it[br]now, and we do need time to implement the
0:37:56.080,0:38:01.040
infrastructure. And I mean, the hits close[br]to home. We've heard about crypto agility
0:38:01.040,0:38:06.240
to think that we would like to have, but[br]it's it's not the reality. We just have
0:38:06.240,0:38:11.280
legacy systems. We have to keep them[br]running. And especially if it's critical
0:38:11.280,0:38:14.480
infrastructure, you can just turn it off,[br]build something new and turn it all and it
0:38:14.480,0:38:20.640
has to work throughout. So you see is[br]useful for some problems, but not for all.
0:38:20.640,0:38:26.960
It's not a one fits all glove.[br]Herald: All right. All right, thank you.
0:38:28.560,0:38:36.880
The next question is, you talked about the[br]current number of qubits and how no
0:38:36.880,0:38:43.440
practical problem, a lack of the difficult[br]problems that the people are hopeful for
0:38:43.440,0:38:50.080
quantum computers to solve. The technology[br]isn't there yet due to the low number of
0:38:50.080,0:38:56.640
qubits. Would it make sense to serialize[br]the problems and run them on low qubit
0:38:56.640,0:39:05.360
count quantum computers? Does that work?[br]Natalie: I think I might not understand
0:39:05.360,0:39:13.680
the question fully, but I assume you mean[br]you package these little programs and I've
0:39:13.680,0:39:19.520
shown you the algorithm, the THC, the[br]tensor hyper contraction algorithm that
0:39:19.520,0:39:26.720
the chemical guys have used where we do[br]these sort of things. But then again, one
0:39:26.720,0:39:33.440
qubit you can think of roughly as one[br]transistor and you just need a couple more
0:39:33.440,0:39:40.080
than five or 10 to do meaningful[br]computations, as you've seen. That is a
0:39:40.080,0:39:47.120
very good question that we do package[br]these problems into smaller bits. And if
0:39:47.120,0:39:53.200
you go back into the slides or look into[br]the the the paper of Nathan Vibha and
0:39:53.200,0:39:56.880
Rayen Babbush around because you see that[br]you need still about more than two
0:39:56.880,0:40:02.480
thousand logical qubits, so you're spot[br]on. This is the direction that they wanted
0:40:02.480,0:40:07.200
to go and we have to go and there to try[br]to. Unfortunately, we still need more than
0:40:07.200,0:40:10.924
a couple of hundred.[br]Herald: So are there any current quantum
0:40:10.924,0:40:14.568
computers that are programable to do[br]something useful?
0:40:14.568,0:40:20.324
Natalie: I mean, it depends really useful.[br]It's very educational to use them. If you
0:40:20.324,0:40:26.056
want to have a have a workforce in 10[br]years that knows how to use them, you need
0:40:26.056,0:40:30.600
to do. You need to have, you know,[br]postdocs or master students who know how
0:40:30.600,0:40:36.395
to program these things. We need to know[br]how to write better compilers. What are
0:40:36.395,0:40:42.731
the what are the bottlenecks, how we can[br]swap gates, quantum gates? Some of these
0:40:42.731,0:40:47.764
are operations on a quantum computers. So[br]how we can swap these things and there
0:40:47.764,0:40:52.875
that's a useful thing for them to do in[br]any stage are workable quantum computer.
0:40:52.875,0:40:57.166
Just a few qubits is still needed to[br]advance the field and to advance the
0:40:57.166,0:41:03.262
workforce. So for me, it is still useful.[br]Herald: All right. Yea, it makes sense.
0:41:03.262,0:41:10.195
What do you see as candidates for earliest[br]productive uses of quantum computers?
0:41:10.195,0:41:15.659
Natalie: Oh, so you mean the question of[br]the killer application for quantum
0:41:15.659,0:41:21.680
computers? That's a difficult one. So for[br]cryptography or for optimization of I've
0:41:21.680,0:41:29.560
said it before, it's less clear. But for[br]chemistry, once we hit those 20000 or more
0:41:29.560,0:41:37.114
logical qubits, we'll see advancements and[br]catalysts. You see it from local molecules
0:41:37.114,0:41:42.998
to active side for the nitrogenous to to[br]get ammonia at room temperature. And
0:41:42.998,0:41:49.437
that's where I see the advancements for[br]four small catalysts for get alloys and
0:41:49.437,0:41:54.633
metals to find better storage batteries.[br]There's there's still a field out there
0:41:54.633,0:41:59.619
that we have that we couldn't simulate on[br]classical because it's quite intractable.
0:41:59.619,0:42:04.053
But we're pushing the field and I think[br]chemistry could be one of the first ones
0:42:04.053,0:42:08.665
that's just not there yet.[br]Herald: All right. Do you also think
0:42:08.665,0:42:13.080
that'll be the earliest one's chemistry[br]applications?
0:42:13.080,0:42:18.189
Natalie: Small molecules for catalysts?[br]Yes, they could be. I mean, the smarter
0:42:18.189,0:42:23.929
people than me out there might have better[br]ideas. Maybe design a completely new
0:42:23.929,0:42:28.080
battery storage or I mean, ammonia is[br]being used in fuel cells as well for
0:42:28.080,0:42:34.600
storage. Maybe they'll simulate how to get[br]ammonia, cheaper energy expenditure wise
0:42:34.600,0:42:42.824
and then use it to store, have better[br]storage and fuel cells yet. I mean, there
0:42:42.824,0:42:49.649
are some quantum computing services out[br]there that are kind of interesting depends
0:42:49.649,0:42:53.720
what you're looking for. Yes. In[br]Cambridge, quantum computing offers a
0:42:53.720,0:42:58.261
three qubit encryption suite if you want[br]to do QCD. I mean, it's a fun toy game.
0:42:58.261,0:43:02.801
I'm not sure if it's very business[br]relevant, but if you want to look at your
0:43:02.801,0:43:07.424
current infrastructure could hold it.[br]That's an interesting one. Quantum
0:43:07.424,0:43:15.597
communication components, especially in[br]that part of the quantum tech world, is
0:43:15.597,0:43:22.220
more advanced and more ripe. So a lot of[br]devices in quantum communication you can
0:43:22.220,0:43:29.889
use now already. So it's just about your[br]risk appetite. Do you want to, well, spend
0:43:29.889,0:43:35.960
a lot of money on it? Do you want to[br]invest into it and try it out? There are
0:43:35.960,0:43:42.361
some test beds in Berlin and Paris where[br]they're trying out QKD networks yet.
0:43:42.361,0:43:47.061
You know, this is telecom. This is not[br]quantum computing, but it would be the
0:43:47.061,0:43:50.493
backbone if we want to have a quantum[br]internet where then again, quantum
0:43:50.493,0:43:56.240
computers are useful. So everything is[br]useful because it's it's an intermediate
0:43:56.240,0:44:01.932
step towards something you would like to[br]have. But most of the things in quantum
0:44:01.932,0:44:06.226
computers, they don't fit classical[br]solutions yet.
0:44:06.226,0:44:13.120
Question: All right. You talked about the[br]attack vectors on quantum computers and
0:44:14.400,0:44:18.800
dramatizing this a little bit. And what is[br]the worst case of the quantum computer
0:44:18.800,0:44:22.080
getting on?[br]Natalie: I mean, worst case is some
0:44:22.080,0:44:27.440
company has their sensible business data[br]on it, and they harvest that. I mean,
0:44:27.440,0:44:32.400
because they're not, you know, they're not[br]critical components as of yet. And there
0:44:32.400,0:44:36.960
are a lot of down times because they have[br]to recalibrate them, you know, get them
0:44:36.960,0:44:42.480
off the grid, see if the fridge works or[br]do some sort of maintenance. You don't
0:44:42.480,0:44:50.080
have to use usually SLS with them yet, but[br]think about all these companies that don't
0:44:50.080,0:44:56.560
know what they're doing, and they might[br]have, you know, the critical data up there
0:44:56.560,0:45:02.240
in the cloud pushing it there. And if the[br]API isn't, isn't hard and if it's, you
0:45:02.240,0:45:06.880
know, open access for everything, they may[br]just have low hanging fruit to pick out
0:45:06.880,0:45:12.880
their.[br]Herald: Thank you so much, Nacho. This was
0:45:12.880,0:45:20.640
tales from the quantum industry. Bye [br]Nacho. Thank you. Thank you. All right.
0:45:20.640,0:45:28.560
Our next talk will be at 17:30. What is[br]Algarve? It's about a community that live
0:45:28.560,0:45:34.660
codes music and celebrates the artifacts[br]and the algorithms that they use.
0:45:34.660,0:45:45.225
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