0:00:03.693,0:00:06.373
I am going to speak about the act of writing,

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which is something every[br]researcher has to do a lot

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and the good news is[br]that some pretty simple things

0:00:12.579,0:00:14.639
can make your[br]written output a lot better.

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So that's why I titled this:[br]Seven simple suggestions.

0:00:16.930,0:00:19.380
So here we go.[br]Seven simple suggestions.

0:00:19.631,0:00:22.271
Here's the first one:[br]Don't wait: WRITE.

0:00:22.271,0:00:23.211
This is what mistake,

0:00:23.536,0:00:24.606
what a lot of people make.

0:00:24.606,0:00:26.756
Here is a typical plan for doing research

0:00:27.153,0:00:27.783
Number one:

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Have a brilliant idea.

0:00:29.260,0:00:29.860
Number two:

0:00:29.881,0:00:32.571
Spend months doing good research to back it up

0:00:32.571,0:00:33.121
Number three:

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Write the paper.

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In last two weeks before the deadline for the conference.

0:00:37.151,0:00:38.401
This is a bad plan, right.

0:00:38.931,0:00:41.021
Here is a good plan for doing research:

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First: have an idea.

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Second: start writing the paper.

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Third: use the paper as a forcing function

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to make you do the research that articulates the paper.

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Ok?

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See how diferent it is?

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Right?

0:00:53.973,0:00:55.833
It means you start writing very early.

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Why is this good? Well.

0:01:00.471,0:01:02.421
hacking around and writing a code and thinking

0:01:02.723,0:01:04.223
and I start to write the paper,

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than I relise that some of my previous work

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was misdirected, right?

0:01:07.844,0:01:09.644
It wasn't able to do useful goal,

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certainly not for this paper

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and I also discover

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some key parts of the paper that need more work,

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right.

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So you wanna use the paper as a forcing function to learn that early.

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It also gives you a good way to communicate with another people

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Research is all about communication. Right?

0:01:26.061,0:01:29.621
If you...Maybe you are kind of person who likes work just on their own

0:01:29.640,0:01:31.920
in a windowless room with no lights.

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But I like to work with other people

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I spent a lot of time at the white board

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If you have something written you have a new mechanism for communicating with them

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Right?

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Is very important is a mechanism for communicating

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That's all along way saying

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that really writing is not the way in which we just report research

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for me is a way which I do research

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and I think you should think about writing in that way.

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It's not just the output, it's a computation

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It's the stuff that makes research happen

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And it's because somehow we think more clearly when we write, than when we just think.

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At least I do.

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So.

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Ehm. One problem with this plan here is that it starts with this idea bit.

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Right?

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Where this idea come from?

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And so..ehm...it's tempting when you looking at another peoples' work

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to think "oh my" everybody else has very clever ideas and I am a mere worm

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and I have such a trivial boring ideas that nobody would be interested in them

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And do you know that feeling? Yeh?

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You sit there and you don't feel very creative

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Let me tell you that this is what every researcher feels most of the time

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There are days when you have miraculous breakthrough

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and you really know your God is in heaven and you know that all is right with the World.

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But most of days you thing I am worm this is the natural state of the researcher.

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Right?

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So what you have to release is that even you know [Tarjan], and so forth, thinks that he's a worm most of the time

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and what what the researcher do? Good researchers

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is they simply start writing anyway, right?

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They write a paper about any idea no matter how trivial or insignificant it may be.

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My experiences that the clever the research student then more they prone to this failure mode

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either they don't understand something which case they are depressed

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well stay do undestand something which they do believe, in which case they think it is trivial and nobody would want to know about it, all right?

0:03:22.882,0:03:25.422
So in both cases depressed.

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This is not a good situation, right?

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So just write an idea no matter how insignificant it seems to be

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because my experience consistently is that when you write the paper

0:03:36.243,0:03:42.013
your idea develops and ramifies computer science is like a snowflake or flower

0:03:42.100,0:03:46.100
you start with a little seed and its ramifies ahead of you in an interesting things

0:03:46.507,0:03:50.507
something looked boring turns out to be actually rather interesting

0:03:50.656,0:03:55.956
not always sometimes you start writing the paper and it turns out indeed to be weedy and insignificant

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and maybe when you published it and it will be done quickly and you put it on your homepage, all right?

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So, write early!

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And, and and I really do believe that the second thing is much the most a common case.

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It almost invariably turns out to be more interesting than you thought.

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All right, number two if you gonna have this idea and wrote about it you need to be clear what it is.

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The business of writing a paper is to convey from your brain into the minds of your readers your idea.

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So think of your papers like, like a virus, right?

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You trying to, you try to infect your readers' minds with your idea.

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And then you will infect them and then they talk to another people and they will infect them

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So it's like a kind of contagious play which is going to sweep the world

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And everybody is been thinking about your idea because it is so well infectious.

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Right?

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So...ehhmm....my, my, my knowledge here with, with Mozart

0:04:52.880,0:04:58.190
It's just houndred of years after the Mozart died we are listening the people read his papers.

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Or more precisely play his music.

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Where you go to concert hall to hear his papers because

0:05:02.827,0:05:04.667
their ideas were so infectious

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Don't you think that's amazing?

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Won't it be remarkable that in four hundred years time people will still reading you papers.

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That's not all likely

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But I think that's the..,that's a kind of idea like to get

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your your..the papers is not mechanism for getting promotion

0:05:18.429,0:05:22.429
It's mechanism for convey ideas from your head to somebody elses head

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If you don't convey them, right, if don't bother to tell anybody about your ideas,

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then your minds don't have them

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Right?

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Even if Einstein had sat in the window this box not tell anybody about relativity.

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Then we wouldn't know relativity, right?

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That means you need to know what your idea is. Right? So when you write a paper in the end at least by the time you finished.

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You must know what is the idea that your paper conveys.

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It's surprising how hard that could be to determine from people's papers

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As a viewer if you read somebody's paper when you finish you can say:

0:05:52.680,0:05:54.510
"What idea did that paper convey?"

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If you find that hard to articulate as a reader, then you know, in your view, you can say I really couldn't figure out what this what the idea this paper was about.

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And so than you apply to your own papers, right?

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It's actually sometimes quite hard to know exactly what your idea is to begin with.

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But you must now by the time you finish.

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Eeehrrr...if you find that yourself thinking, ohh..I have actually three ideas in this paper.

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Than what you do? Just write three papers.

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Right?

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It's wrong to try to merge them all in. In which case each one becomes cryptic and incomprehensible. Which you try to squidge into ten pages.

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Just write three papers, that's cool, right?

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That's not salami slicing, that is taking ideas and expressing them.

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A good idea in your paper is to say explicitly when you get to main idea

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It's suprising how seldom is this happens.

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So I often try to write phrases in my paper that say the beginning of section three somewhere the main idea of this paper is this..

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Because I have to explain some context and set up and background.

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And I wanted to be absolutly clear when I move from describing the context saying: here is the payload.

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Right?

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The viruses is about to arriving in your brain. Prepare!

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Does it make sence? All right?

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If you don't say that, if you leave you reader to be a detective.

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So, subsequently they have to reverse engineer what they think you meant was the key idea. That's not good, right?

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Why not said it explicitly, be completely up front about this.[br]

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Third thing: Tell a story!

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So if you know write a paper this applies I am focusing mainly on papers.

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But I do also mean dissertations and so forth. Everything applies everything you like really.

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Is tell some kind of a story

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I always try to imagine when I'm writing a paper, that I am standing a front of the white board and explain it to a colleague.

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It's amazing how differently people present things at a white board and they will in a paper.

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Right?

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Without white board they start away ..??..with examples and explaining quite diffrently than if they..if they will not be out there..you you you get the idea..

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They often explain in much more accessible and engaging way at the white board than in the paper.

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So if you want to by accessible and engaging ......... do the same in the papers you do at the white board. Nearly.

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You need a little have a bit more substance.

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So here is a narrative flow that I usually try to follow with my papres. Right?

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You want to say here what a problem is, you want to motive your readers to say way it is an interesting problem

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You want to say at least briefly why it is unsolved problem, so be aware of solving, it is unsolved.

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And then you want to present your idea, that's the payload, right now

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Right?

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And then you give quite a bit of detail

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about exactly how what your idea is and how it works

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Ehm... Then you want to say something about

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how your idea compares with other people.

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See, you are kind of trying to lead people in

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You know, no everybody will read

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right the way through your paper.

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Your ideal is

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That whereever anybody stops reading

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they take away something valuable with them.

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And moreover every bit they read

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makes them want to read more, right?

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This is back to make it accesible, right?

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So, you know they say:

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Ah, here is an interesting problem

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I wish I could solve that one!

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I wonder if he can solve it!

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So, you know - they got a hook!

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They incline to read some more.

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Ehm, here is my - so, the typical outline

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for most papers that I write

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and indeed it works for dissertations as well.

0:09:02.542,0:09:03.543
A short abstract.

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An introduction.

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Then something about the...

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stating what the problem is.

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Then a quite a bit of

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a short piece explaining what the idea is

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kind of intuitively

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and then a longer piece explaining the details

0:09:16.236,0:09:17.156
behind the idea

0:09:17.156,0:09:18.746
that sort of fills out the evidence.

0:09:18.746,0:09:20.056
Then something about relaive work.

0:09:20.056,0:09:21.016
And I am going to say a bit more about

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each of these sections

0:09:22.485,0:09:23.405
in the following piece

0:09:23.405,0:09:24.725
but this is my picture of

0:09:24.725,0:09:26.945
how the structure of a paper might go.

0:09:26.945,0:09:28.385
And look at the numbers of readers, right?

0:09:28.385,0:09:30.505
More people read your abstract and title

0:09:30.505,0:09:31.795
that will read all the rest of the paper

0:09:31.795,0:09:33.795
so each time you want to give them a hook

0:09:33.795,0:09:34.369
to continue.

0:09:34.369,0:09:34.939
Here is what I think

0:09:34.939,0:09:35.949
your introduction should do.

0:09:35.949,0:09:36.726
One page!

0:09:36.726,0:09:38.656
Describe the problem briefly

0:09:38.656,0:09:41.099
and articulate what your contributions are.

0:09:41.415,0:09:43.255
So, here is some by way of example

0:09:43.255,0:09:44.853
Ehm, describing the problem

0:09:44.853,0:09:46.933
I would suggest you introduce your problem

0:09:46.933,0:09:47.873
with an example.

0:09:48.183,0:09:49.993
So, my good way of doing to say:

0:09:49.993,0:09:52.593
is there any typewriter fonts on the first page?

0:09:52.593,0:09:53.994
I am a programming languages guy

0:09:53.994,0:09:55.894
and programming languages people tend to

0:09:55.894,0:09:58.347
put example programs in a typewriter font.

0:09:58.347,0:10:00.447
So, I know if there is a typewriter font on the paper

0:10:00.447,0:10:01.279
it's probably an example.

0:10:01.279,0:10:02.289
That's good, right?

0:10:02.289,0:10:03.959
But in your fields it may differ

0:10:03.959,0:10:05.687
but anyway, start with an example

0:10:05.687,0:10:06.597
that'll ilustrate your problem.

0:10:06.597,0:10:07.947
So, here is an example of

0:10:07.947,0:10:09.347
a paper that I wrote some time ago

0:10:09.347,0:10:11.247
and the very first thing I did was to give

0:10:11.247,0:10:13.257
a little program and explain a problem with it

0:10:13.257,0:10:14.797
and explain that somehow

0:10:14.797,0:10:16.417
my paper is gonna fix this problem.

0:10:16.417,0:10:17.321
OK?

0:10:17.321,0:10:18.791
So, that's an initial hook.

0:10:18.791,0:10:20.721
Not a general description of a problem

0:00:57.631,0:01:00.351
I often find, if I spend invested months of effort