[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.99,0:00:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We start with a simple question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.41,0:00:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Does my pet really love me,\Nor does she just want a treat?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.59,0:00:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.36,0:00:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, she really loves us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.56,0:00:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.41,0:00:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.75,0:00:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we know what's really going on\Nin those furry little heads?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.98,0:00:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something is going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.80,0:00:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is the question always \N"Do they love me?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.54,0:00:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it always about us?\NWhy are we such narcissists?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.72,0:00:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.72,0:00:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a different question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.83,0:00:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who are you?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.11,0:01:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a better question\Nfor animals, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.42,0:01:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have things going on in our minds\Nthat we tend to assume
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.50,0:01:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the exclusive abilities of humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.65,0:01:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are other brains out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.11,0:01:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are very big.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.90,0:01:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are they doing with those big brains?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.83,0:01:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can they think? Can they feel?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.89,0:01:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we possibly find a way\Ninto that question?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.82,0:01:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there are ways in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.74,0:01:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can look at the brain,\Nwe can look at evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.59,0:01:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can look at behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.10,0:01:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First thing we have to realize\Nis that our mind is inherited.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.89,0:01:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brain comes from somewhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.57,0:01:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jellyfish had the first nerves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.59,0:01:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first nerves gave us\Nthe first spinal cords.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.13,0:01:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first spinal cords\Nbecame the first vertebrates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.98,0:01:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vertebrates came out of the ocean\Nand started creating all kinds of trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.02,0:02:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's still true that nerves of a fish, \Nor a dog, or a person,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.48,0:02:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all are basically the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.10,0:02:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's their organization that matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.88,0:02:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the nerves are the same,\Nwhat does it have to say
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.51,0:02:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the possibility\Nof mental experiences?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.91,0:02:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something like a crayfish, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.62,0:02:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that you can give\Na crayfish anxiety disorder
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.68,0:02:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving it little electric shocks
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.63,0:02:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every time it tries\Nto come out of its burrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.22,0:02:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you give it the same drug that is\Nused to treat anxiety disorder in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.07,0:02:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crayfish relaxes, mellows out,\Nand comes out, and starts exploring.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.31,0:02:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same thing with dogs\Nwith obsessive compulsive disorder:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.22,0:02:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you give them the same drugs\Nused to treat OCD in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.19,0:02:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it works for them too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.86,0:02:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does it have to say about\Nthe parallel functionings of our brains?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.61,0:02:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we celebrate the anxiety of crayfish?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.81,0:02:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, mostly we just boil them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.68,0:02:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.45,0:03:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Octopuses use tools,\Nas well as do most apes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.40,0:03:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They recognize human faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.38,0:03:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we celebrate\Nthe ape-like minds of octopi?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.08,0:03:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mostly we boil them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.72,0:03:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When grouper fish chase a prey fish\Ninto a crevice in the coral,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.64,0:03:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will go to where they know\Na moray eel is sleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.50,0:03:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will signal\Nto the moray, "Follow me!"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.75,0:03:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The moray goes. The moray\Nwill slither into the crevice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.16,0:03:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes the moray will get the fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.37,0:03:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes the fish bolts,\Nand the grouper gets it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.18,0:03:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a partnership.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.64,0:03:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we celebrate the partnership\Nbetween groupers and moray eels?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.20,0:03:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mostly fried.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.43,0:03:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.65,0:03:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sea otters use stone tools,\Nand sea otters take time away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.27,0:03:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their own doings\Nto teach baby sea otters what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.76,0:04:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chimpanzees use tools,\Nbut chimpanzees don't take time to teach.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.94,0:04:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Killer whales teach, and they share food.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.89,0:04:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we look at human brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.13,0:04:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see that the human brain\Nis an elaboration on earlier brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.05,0:04:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an elaboration that comes\Nthrough the long sweep of evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.75,0:04:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the human brain\Nand a chimpanzee brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.76,0:04:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see that the human brain\Nis basically a very big chimpanzee brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.08,0:04:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's big at least, so we can retain\Na certain insecure sense
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.18,0:04:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our own superiority,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.95,0:04:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the main thing \Nthat matters to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.46,0:04:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, uh-oh, there is a dolphin brain -\Nbigger, more convolutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.80,0:04:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it doing with that brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.48,0:04:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can see brains, but cannot see minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.89,0:04:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, we can see the workings of minds\Nin the logic of behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.74,0:05:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These elephants \Nin this family of elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.25,0:05:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have found a shady patch under the palms.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.18,0:05:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a good place \Nto let the babies go to sleep.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.58,0:05:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The adults are resting too,\Nbut they are just dozing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.12,0:05:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are staying\Na little bit vigilant all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.45,0:05:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We make sense of that, because they \Nmake sense of the world in similar ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.15,0:05:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look relaxed \Nbecause they are relaxed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.62,0:05:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've chosen the shade
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.86,0:05:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the same reason\Nwe would choose the shade.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.28,0:05:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These elephants don't look relaxed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.25,0:05:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one would make that mistake\Nlooking at them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.54,0:05:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They seem alarmed. They are alarmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.75,0:05:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are dangers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.84,0:05:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are people who hurt them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.10,0:05:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that, if you record\Nthe conversations of tourists
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.16,0:05:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you record\Nthe conversations of herders,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.71,0:05:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who sometimes hurt elephants,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.99,0:05:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you play it\Nthrough a hidden speaker,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.32,0:05:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the elephants ignore the tourists,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.93,0:05:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they bunch up and flee in fear\Nfrom the conversations of herders.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.96,0:06:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put different kinds of humans\Nin different categories.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.75,0:06:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know what's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.73,0:06:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know who their friends are;\Nthey know who their enemies are;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.18,0:06:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they know who their family members are;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.30,0:06:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have the same\Nimperatives that we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.37,0:06:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether on land or in the sea,\Nit's the same: stay alive,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.81,0:06:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep your babies alive, let life continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.20,0:06:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see and understand helping.\NWe see curiosity in the young.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.76,0:06:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see the bonds of family members.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.94,0:06:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We recognize affection for what it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.22,0:06:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Courtship is courtship.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.50,0:06:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People sometimes still ask:\N"But are they conscious?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.64,0:06:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when you get general anesthesia,\Nyou become unconscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.66,0:06:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that all of your\Nsensory input is stopped.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.18,0:07:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have no sensation\Nof the world around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.19,0:07:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's unconscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.28,0:07:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have sensation\Nof the world around you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.55,0:07:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are conscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.66,0:07:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consciousness is very widespread.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.76,0:07:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people think\Nthat empathy is a very special thing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.13,0:07:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only humans have.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.21,0:07:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But empathy is simply the mind's ability\Nto match the mood of your companions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.16,0:07:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very useful, and it's very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.52,0:07:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to know\Nwhat's going on around you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.65,0:07:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what everybody is doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.29,0:07:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oldest kind of empathy\Nis called contagious fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.17,0:07:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are with a bunch of companions,\Nand they suddenly all startle and leave,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.78,0:07:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not very good for you\Nto be staying there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.99,0:07:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying, "Hey, I wonder\Nwhy everybody has just left?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.57,0:07:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.20,0:07:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through evolution, empathy has been\Nembellished as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.10,0:07:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there are sort of\Nthree stages of empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.63,0:07:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is feeling with another:\NI see you happy, it makes me happy;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.78,0:07:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see you sad, it makes me sad.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.96,0:07:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there is sympathy:\NI'm sorry your grandmother died.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.61,0:08:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't feel the same way\Nthat you do, but I sympathize.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.89,0:08:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, there is what I call compassion,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.96,0:08:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning "acting on your\Nfeeling for another."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.05,0:08:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Human Empathy: Far From Perfect]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.95,0:08:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Far from being a special thing\Nthat only humans have,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.96,0:08:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human empathy is far from perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.11,0:08:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We round up empathic animals;\Nwe kill them, and we eat them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.24,0:08:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you might say,\N"Well, that's just predation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.53,0:08:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a different species."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.21,0:08:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans are predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.76,0:08:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're not so great to our own\Nspecies either a lot of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.52,0:08:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've noticed that people who know only one\Nthing about animal behavior know this word
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.85,0:08:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that "you must never project human\Nfeelings and emotions on other animals."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.19,0:08:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Anthropomorphism]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.18,0:08:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm here to tell you\Nthat I think projecting human emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.07,0:08:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and human thoughts on other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.11,0:08:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the best first guess\Nabout what they are doing and why.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.84,0:09:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, it's not terribly scientific
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.81,0:09:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say they are hungry,\Nwhen they are eating,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.01,0:09:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are tired,\Nwhen their tongues are hanging out,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.04,0:09:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, when they are playing\Nand seem joyful,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.40,0:09:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say, "We have no way of knowing\Nwhat's going on in their minds."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.04,0:09:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.35,0:09:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sort of had a conversation\Nwith a reporter, and the reporter said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.54,0:09:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"OK, that's kind of convincing, \Nbut, really, how do you really know
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.53,0:09:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that other animals think and feel?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.72,0:09:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought of the hundreds\Nof scientific references that I read
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.07,0:09:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was writing my book.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.73,0:09:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then I realized that the answer\Nwas right in the room with me:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.75,0:09:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when my pup comes off the rug\Nand comes over to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.97,0:09:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rolls over on her back\Nand exposes her belly,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.50,0:09:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's had the thought,\N"I would like my belly rubbed."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.97,0:09:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she knows that she\Ncan come to me, not the sofa,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.26,0:09:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I will understand her request, \Nand that I can get the job done,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.50,0:10:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she anticipates the pleasure\Nof having her belly rubbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.75,0:10:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She can think, and she can feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.42,0:10:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is not much more\Ncomplicated than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.10,0:10:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually, when we see animals, we say,\N"Oh, look! There are elephants,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.52,0:10:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "There are killer whales!"\Nor whatever it is we see.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.13,0:10:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to them, they know\Nexactly who they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.84,0:10:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not just killer whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.32,0:10:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That one with the tall fin,\Nthat male there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.20,0:10:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is 36-year-old L41.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.20,0:10:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right to his left is his sister.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.90,0:10:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is 42-year-old L44.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.52,0:10:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have been together for decades.\NThey know exactly who they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.47,0:10:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Philo the elephant.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.56,0:10:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Philo the elephant\Nfour days later.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.91,0:10:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans not only feel grief,\Nhumans create grief.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.45,0:10:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to carve their teeth.\NWhy don't we wait for them to die?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.54,0:10:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elephants used to live from the shores\Nof the Mediterranean
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.39,0:11:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Cape of Good Hope in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.67,0:11:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1980 they still had vast strongholds\Nin Central and East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.08,0:11:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their ranges are being fractured\Nand fragmented.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.85,0:11:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the geography\Nof a magnificent creature
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.28,0:11:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are driving to extinction.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.89,0:11:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do much better in our own\Nnational parks here in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.82,0:11:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We simply killed \Nevery single wolf in Yellowstone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.56,0:11:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, sixty years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.99,0:11:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we brought them back\Nbecause the elk had gotten out of control.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.49,0:11:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many thousands of people\Nspent many million of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.13,0:11:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming to the park to watch\Nthe world's most famous wolves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.95,0:11:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the alpha trio\Nof a very stable pack.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.73,0:11:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That one on the right there\Nis the breeding male.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.20,0:11:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the left is his mate.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.41,0:11:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one is his brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.37,0:11:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, suddenly, wolves came off \Nthe Endangered Species Act.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.87,0:11:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Congress took wolves off.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.93,0:12:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wolves went to the edge of the park.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.05,0:12:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those two were shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.65,0:12:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The entire pack, which had been so stable,\Ndisintegrated into fighting and division.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.72,0:12:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The alpha male of the most famous,\Nmost stable pack in Yellowstone
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.92,0:12:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lost his companions, his hunting territory\Nand his whole family.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.12,0:12:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We bring them a lot of harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.46,0:12:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the mysteries is:\Nwhy don't they harm us very much at all?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.54,0:12:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No free-living killer whale\Nhas ever hurt a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.02,0:12:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one had just finished eating\Npart of a gray whale
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.86,0:12:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he and his family had killed,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.51,0:12:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those people in the boat\Nhad absolutely nothing to fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.44,0:12:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one had just eaten a seal that weight\Nas much as those people in the boat,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.08,0:12:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they had absolutely nothing to fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.48,0:12:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They eat seals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.82,0:12:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why don't they ever eat us?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.79,0:12:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is it we can trust them\Naround our toddlers?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.02,0:12:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that, on more than one occasion,\Nkiller whales have returned to researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.71,0:13:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who got lost in the fog\Nand guided them miles to home?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.58,0:13:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Bahamas,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.04,0:13:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dolphins who were very familiar\Nwith Denise Herzing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.81,0:13:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a researcher there,\Nand very interactive with her,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.72,0:13:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suddenly got entirely skittish.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.01,0:13:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What in the world was going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.50,0:13:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly somebody on the boat realized\Nthat a person in the boat had died
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.52,0:13:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during a nap in their bunk.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.43,0:13:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could the dolphins have detected\Nthat one of the human hearts had stopped?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.88,0:13:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why would it spook them?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.04,0:13:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the mysteries of other minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.49,0:13:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In an aquarium in South Africa,\Nthere was a baby bottlenose dolphin.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.88,0:13:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her name was Dolly.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.33,0:13:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the keepers\Nwas on a break having a smoke
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.50,0:13:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside the window to the tank.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.07,0:13:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolly was watching him smoke.\NShe went over to her mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.37,0:13:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She nursed for a couple of moments,\Nshe came back to the window,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.83,0:13:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she released a cloud of milk\Nthat enveloped her head
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.87,0:13:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a cloud of smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.84,0:14:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.73,0:14:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow, she had the idea\Nof using milk to represent smoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.71,0:14:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we use one thing\Nto represent another, we call it art.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.64,0:14:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.17,0:14:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The things that make us human\Nare not what we think.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.74,0:14:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes us human\Nis that we are the most extreme.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.94,0:14:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the most compassionate;\Nwe are the most violent.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.77,0:14:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the most creative,\Nand we are the most destructive animals
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.16,0:14:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever to appear on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.72,0:14:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are not the only animals\Nthat love one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.23,0:14:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are not the only ones who care\Nfor our mates or for our children.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.35,0:14:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Albatrosses routinely fly\Nsix to ten thousand miles
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.40,0:14:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring back one meal for their chick.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.24,0:14:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They live on the most\Nremote islands in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.68,0:14:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those islands are covered\Nwith plastic trash.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.46,0:15:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Into the sacred chain of being that gives\Nlife from one generation to the next
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.47,0:15:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our garbage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.60,0:15:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is an albatross chick,\Nwho was about six months old.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.81,0:15:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was about to start flying. It died.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.72,0:15:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was packed with red cigarette lighters.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.97,0:15:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the relationship we are\Nsupposed to have with the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.16,0:15:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we, with our big,\Ncelebrated brains, don't use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.62,0:15:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, when we welcome\Nnew life into the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.67,0:15:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we welcome them with pictures of animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.27,0:15:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't paint cell phones\Nand work cubicles on nursery walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.68,0:15:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.01,0:15:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to say,\N"Look who is here with us!"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.70,0:15:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, every one of those,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.81,0:15:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every one deemed worthy\Nof being saved on Noah's Arc,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.36,0:15:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in mortal danger now,\Nand the flood is us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.20,0:16:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started with a question:\N"Do they love us?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.68,0:16:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to get outside ourselves\Na little bit and ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.28,0:16:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Do we have what it takes\N
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.73,0:16:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to simply let life on Earth continue?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.07,0:16:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.21,0:16:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)