0:00:28.084,0:00:31.018
(male narrator)[br]The conflict officially began in 1986,

0:00:31.018,0:00:33.378
when the first northern rebel movement

0:00:33.378,0:00:37.653
took up arms against [br]the southern-based Museveni.

0:00:37.653,0:00:43.285
But the deeper roots of this north/south [br]divide can be traced back to the late 1800s

0:00:43.285,0:00:49.404
during what was called by the imperial [br]European powers, The Scramble for Africa.

0:00:51.404,0:00:57.328
Colonization was motivated by the European [br]hunger for African resources.

0:00:57.328,0:00:59.903
The subsequent exploitation[br]of the African people,

0:00:59.903,0:01:03.803
and the uprooting of their spiritual values[br]by Christian missionaries,

0:01:03.803,0:01:09.098
would leave a permanent European [br]stamp on the continent.

0:01:10.908,0:01:14.730
(different male voice)[br]The mindset is the barbarians are backward

0:01:14.730,0:01:16.880
and inferior, and for their own benefit

0:01:16.880,0:01:22.735
we have to uplift them and civilize them, [br]and educate them, and so on.

0:01:23.533,0:01:28.607
The psychology behind it is kind of transparent.

0:01:28.607,0:01:33.194
I mean when you've got your boot on someone's[br]neck, and you're crushing them,

0:01:33.194,0:01:39.544
you can't say to yourself, "I am a son of a[br]bitch and I am doing it for my own benefit."

0:01:39.544,0:01:44.350
So, what you have to do is figure out some way [br]of saying, "I'm doing it for their benefit."

0:01:44.350,0:01:51.048
And that's a very natural position to take when you're beating somebody with a club.

0:01:51.972,0:01:54.942
(narrator)[br]Britain cut the largest piece of African cake[br]

0:01:54.942,0:02:01.086
-- from Cairo to Capetown, in addition to [br]Nigeria and a few West African regions.

0:02:01.086,0:02:07.278
It was also the British empire that in 1894, [br]imposed an arbitrary boundary around the many

0:02:07.278,0:02:12.671
diverse ethnic groups and kingdoms that would make up Uganda.

0:02:14.058,0:02:20.364
The southern Bantu-speaking people were given economic, political, and educational advantage.

0:02:20.364,0:02:25.473
The northern ethnic groups, two in particular, [br]the Acholi and the Langi,

0:02:25.473,0:02:29.432
were the main recruits [br]for military and police positions.

0:02:30.064,0:02:34.978
By exploiting linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences between the peoples

0:02:34.978,0:02:39.866
of the north and south, Britain's divide-and-rule[br]policies created a tension

0:02:39.866,0:02:43.993
between them that helped maintain British rule.

0:02:46.023,0:02:51.591
The French took an east-west slice of the continent as well as Madagascar.

0:02:51.591,0:02:57.183
The Belgians took Rwanda, Burundi, and the Congo in what Joseph Conrad called,

0:02:57.183,0:03:03.019
"The vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience."

0:03:03.688,0:03:07.636
Slave labor took over five million lives.

0:03:08.368,0:03:13.933
In Rwanda, Belgium entrenched the idea of the Hutu as a workforce

0:03:13.933,0:03:17.272
and the Tutsi as extenders of Belgian rule.

0:03:17.272,0:03:24.466
The politicization of these two cultures would profoundly contribute to the genocide of 1994.

0:03:26.027,0:03:33.340
In Sudan, the British ruled the Arabs in the north and the blacks in the south as separate colonies

0:03:33.340,0:03:38.379
only to combine the areas before independence in 1956.

0:03:40.056,0:03:43.216
The result has been relentless civil war,

0:03:43.216,0:03:47.291
the Darfur massacres being the latest tragedy.

0:03:47.291,0:03:53.660
The Portuguese decimated Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea Bissau well into the 1970s.

0:03:53.660,0:03:57.295
The Italians took Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia.

0:03:57.295,0:04:00.823
The Germans added Cameroon and Tanzania

0:04:00.823,0:04:06.582
and committed the first genocide of the 20th century against the Herero people.

0:04:11.320,0:04:14.860
(male voice)[br]No colonial power is going to succeed

0:04:14.860,0:04:20.890
unless it's going to play on [br]existing divisions

0:04:20.890,0:04:24.229
and sharpen them, increase them,[br]exacerbate them.

0:04:24.229,0:04:30.811
So one of the first questions after the end of colonialism is, who belongs and who doesn't?

0:04:30.811,0:04:35.174
Who was part of the colonial struggle?

0:04:35.174,0:04:36.950
And who betrayed?

0:04:36.950,0:04:39.403
And is it time to settle scores?

0:04:41.480,0:04:44.116
(narrator)[br]It was this colonial legacy that Uganda

0:04:44.116,0:04:49.816
carried forth into its independence in 1962.

0:04:49.816,0:04:55.647
Milton Obote, a northerner, was named Uganda's first prime minister.

0:04:56.662,0:05:03.882
In 1971, with the help of Israel and Britain, Obote was overthrown by his top military commander,

0:05:03.882,0:05:06.873
the notorious Idi Amin.

0:05:08.245,0:05:14.540
With the entire world looking on, Amin's regime descended Uganda into chaos.

0:05:15.706,0:05:18.703
For their assumed allegiance to Milton Obote,

0:05:18.703,0:05:24.113
Idi Amin had thousands of Acholi and Langi[br]soldiers slaughtered.

0:05:24.113,0:05:25.905
(male voice)[br]Right from independence,

0:05:25.905,0:05:30.715
the leaders did not do enough[br]to unite the people in this country.

0:05:30.715,0:05:37.570
Instead, exploited these differences [br]for their own personal gains.

0:05:39.126,0:05:44.547
Wanting to rid Uganda of Amin's tyranny, [br]Yoweri Museveni spent the 1970s

0:05:44.547,0:05:49.990
building resistance militias [br]both inside and outside Uganda.

0:05:51.575,0:06:00.447
The African decline does not begin until the '70s, well over a decade after independence.

0:06:00.447,0:06:05.244
It coincides with a particular twist[br]in the Cold War.

0:06:05.244,0:06:09.842
Increasing external pressure, the coming in of the international monetary fund,

0:06:09.842,0:06:13.279
The World Bank, structural adjustment programs.

0:06:14.839,0:06:21.597
The World Bank gets countries to borrow up to their necks, you know, usually third world dictators.

0:06:21.597,0:06:28.618
Then when they can't pay, then the IMF comes in and says, okay now you've got to pay for it with

0:06:28.618,0:06:33.091
structural adjustment programs and the poor people who suffer from structural adjustment,

0:06:33.091,0:06:36.858
they didn't borrow the money, they didn't get anything out of it and what happened

0:06:36.858,0:06:39.397
in Africa was happening all over the world.

0:06:41.614,0:06:47.185
Amin was overthrown in 1979, but it was[br]Milton Obote who returned to power

0:06:47.185,0:06:50.646
in what Museveni called a rigged election.

0:06:52.117,0:06:55.020
In opposition, Museveni disappeared [br]into the bush

0:06:55.020,0:07:00.810
and formed the rebel National[br]Resistance Army, or NRA.

0:07:01.851,0:07:07.416
The National Resistance Movement was fighting for the aims of the whole country and not for aims

0:07:07.416,0:07:10.028
of a section of the country.

0:07:10.028,0:07:15.043
Secondly, the National Resistance Movement is a democratic movement.

0:07:17.682,0:07:21.313
(narrator)[br]Museveni rebels took power in 1986.

0:07:21.313,0:07:24.964
Thousands of defeated Acholi [br]and Langi soldiers,

0:07:24.964,0:07:30.521
fearing retribution for atrocities[br]committed during the civil war, fled north.

0:07:31.890,0:07:37.848
The president did not like the Acholi people. War had dominated the army and the military.

0:08:05.287,0:08:07.482
(narrator)[br]Although several northern rebel groups

0:08:07.482,0:08:13.819
formed in opposition to Museveni,[br]only one had a spiritual component.

0:08:13.819,0:08:17.398
Before there was Joseph Kony and [br]the Lord's Resistance Army,

0:08:17.398,0:08:21.342
there was Alice Lakwena and [br]the Holy Spirit Movement.

0:08:23.223,0:08:31.732
Alice Lakwena's thing was that the Acholi people were very sinful and she came to correct that.

0:08:31.732,0:08:34.414
Again, it goes to spiritual.

0:08:34.414,0:08:41.221
Alice Lakwena will tell you exactly what time they are coming, to which area they're going to attack

0:08:41.221,0:08:46.651
and true to their word, you'll see them coming with branches of trees,

0:08:46.651,0:08:50.650
carrying AK-47s and singing hymns.

0:08:50.727,0:08:54.268
And Kony did exactly the same.

0:08:54.268,0:08:57.652
And this just terrified government troops.

0:08:59.324,0:09:02.176
(narrator)[br]In October of 1987, after a number of

0:09:02.176,0:09:06.266
surprising military successes,[br]Alice Lakwena's forces were demolished

0:09:06.266,0:09:10.139
by Museveni's National Resistance Army,[br]just north of Kampala.

0:09:14.397,0:09:18.968
Once shunned by Alice Lakwena, Joseph Kony's and the Lord's Resistance Army

0:09:18.968,0:09:24.260
soon became the main rebel force in northern Uganda with Kony recruiting some of Lakwena's

0:09:24.260,0:09:27.887
forces and even channeling her main spirit.

0:09:29.718,0:09:33.318
But Kony did not prove to be as popular [br]with the people as Lakwena,

0:09:33.318,0:09:39.161
and resorted to coercion, abduction, and terror to build his army.