[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was born in Den Bosch,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the painter Hieronymus Bosch named himself after.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I've always been very fond of this painter
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lived and worked in the 15th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is interesting about him in relation to morality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he lived at a time where religion's influence was waning,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was sort of wondering, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would happen with society
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there was no religion or if there was less religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he painted this famous painting, "The Garden of Earthly Delights,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which some have interpreted
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being humanity before the Fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or being humanity without any Fall at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it makes you wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would happen if we hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what kind of morality would we have?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much later, as a student,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to a very different garden,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a zoological garden in Arnhem
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we keep chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is me at an early age with a baby chimpanzee.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I discovered there
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the chimpanzees are very power hungry and wrote a book about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at that time the focus in a lot of animal research
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was on aggression and competition.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I painted a whole picture of the animal kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and humanity included,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that deep down we are competitors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're all out for our own profit basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the launch of my book.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure how well the chimpanzees read it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they surely seemed interested in the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in the process
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of doing all this work on power and dominance
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aggression and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after fights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what you see here is two males who have had a fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They ended up in a tree, and one of them holds out a hand to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And about a second after I took the picture, they came together in the fork of the tree
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they kissed and embraced each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is very interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at the time everything was about competition and aggression,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it wouldn't make any sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing that matters is that you win or that you lose.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why would you reconcile after a fight?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That doesn't make any sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the way bonobos do it. Bonobos do everything with sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they also reconcile with sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the principle is exactly the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The principle is that you have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a valuable relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is damaged by conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you need to do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my whole picture of the animal kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and including humans also,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to change at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have this image
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in political science, economics, the humanities,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosophy for that matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that man is a wolf to man.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so deep down our nature's actually nasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a very unfair image for the wolf.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wolf is, after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very cooperative animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why many of you have a dog at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has all these characteristics also.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's really unfair to humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because humanity is actually much more cooperative and empathic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than given credit for.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started getting interested in those issues
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and studying that in other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are the pillars of morality.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you ask anyone, "What is morality based on?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the two factors that always come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is reciprocity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and associated with it is a sense of justice and a sense of fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other one is empathy and compassion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And human morality is more than this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you would remove these two pillars,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be not much remaining I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they're absolutely essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me give you a few examples here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very old video \Nfrom the Yerkes Primate Center
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they train chimpanzees to cooperate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,["1937"] So this is already\Nabout a hundred years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were doing experiments on cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you have here is two young chimpanzees who have a box,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the box is too heavy for one chimp to pull in.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, there's food on the box.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise they wouldn't be pulling so hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they're bringing in the box.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that they're synchronized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that they work together, they pull at the same moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's already a big advance over many other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wouldn't be able to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you're going to get a more interesting picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now one of the two chimps has been fed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the two is not really interested
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the task anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.38,0:04:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[" -- and sometimes appears to convey\Nits wishes and meanings by gestures."]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.76,0:04:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at what happens \Nat the very end of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He takes basically everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.84,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are two interesting\Nparts about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is that the chimp on the right
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a full understanding he needs the partner --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a full understanding of the need for cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second one is that the partner is willing to work
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though he's not interested in the food.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would that be? Well that probably has to do with reciprocity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's actually a lot of evidence in primates and other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they return favors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he will get a return favor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's how this all operates.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do the same task with elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now with elephants, it's very dangerous to work with elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another problem with elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you cannot make an apparatus
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is too heavy for a single elephant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.00,0:05:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can probably make it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.00,0:05:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's going to be a pretty flimsy apparatus I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.00,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did in that case --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.00,0:05:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do these studies in Thailand for Josh Plotnik --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.00,0:05:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we have an apparatus around which there is a rope, a single rope.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you pull on this side of the rope,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rope disappears on the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two elephants need to pick it up at exactly the same time and pull.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise nothing is going to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rope disappears.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the first tape you're going to see
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is two elephants who are released together
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arrive at the apparatus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The apparatus is on the left with food on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they come together, they arrive together,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they pick it up together and they pull together.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's actually fairly simple for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's how they bring it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we're going to make it more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the whole purpose of this experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to see how well they understand cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they understand that as well as the chimps, for example?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we do in the next step
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we release one elephant before the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that elephant needs to be smart enough
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay there and wait and not pull at the rope --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if he pulls at the rope, it disappears and the whole test is over.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this elephant does something illegal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we did not teach it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it shows the understanding that he has,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he puts his big foot on the rope,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stands on the rope and waits there for the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:07:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the other is going to do all the work for him.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's what we call freeloading.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it shows the intelligence that the elephants have.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They develop several of these alternative techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.00,0:07:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we did not approve of necessarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the other elephant is now coming
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is going to pull it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at the other. The other doesn't forget to eat, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the cooperation, reciprocity part.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now something on empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empathy is my main topic at the moment of research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And empathy has sort of two qualities.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the understanding part of it. This is just a regular definition:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the emotional part.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so empathy has basically two channels.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is the body channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you talk with a sad person,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to adopt a sad expression and a sad posture,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and before you know it you feel sad.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's sort of the body channel of emotional empathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.00,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which many animals have.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.00,0:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your average dog has that also.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's actually why people keep mammals in the home
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not turtles or snakes or something like that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who don't have that kind of empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's a cognitive channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is more that you can take the perspective of somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's more limited.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's few animals -- I think elephants and apes can do that kind of thing --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are very few animals who can do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So synchronization,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is part of that whole empathy mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very old one in the animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in humans, of course, we can study that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with yawn contagion.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans yawn when others yawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's related to empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It activates the same areas in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, we know that people who have a lot of yawn contagion
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are highly empathic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who have problems with empathy, such as autistic children,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have yawn contagion.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is connected.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we study that in our chimpanzees by presenting them with an animated head.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what you see on the upper-left,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an animated head that yawns.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a chimpanzee watching,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an actual real chimpanzee watching a computer screen
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which we play these animations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.00,0:09:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So yawn contagion
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're probably all familiar with --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe you're going to start yawning soon now --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that we share with other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's related to that whole body channel of synchronization
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that underlies empathy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is universal in the mammals basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we also study more complex expressions. This is consolation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a male chimpanzee who has lost a fight and he's screaming,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a juvenile comes over and puts an arm around him
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and calms him down.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's consolation. It's very similar to human consolation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And consolation behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.00,0:09:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's empathy driven.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually the way to study empathy in human children
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to instruct a family member to act distressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.00,0:10:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they see what young children do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.00,0:10:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it is related to empathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the kind of expressions we look at.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also recently published an experiment you may have heard about.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's on altruism and chimpanzees
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the question is, do chimpanzees care
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the welfare of somebody else?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for decades it had been assumed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only humans can do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only humans worry about the welfare of somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we did a very simple experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do that on chimpanzees that live in Lawrenceville,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the field station of Yerkes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's how they live.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we call them into a room and do experiments with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, we put two chimpanzees side-by-side.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one has a bucket full of tokens, and the tokens have different meanings.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One kind of token feeds only the partner who chooses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other one feeds both of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a study we did with Vicky Horner.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.00,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you have the two color tokens.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they have a whole bucket full of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have to pick one of the two colors.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will see how that goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if this chimp makes the selfish choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the red token in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he needs to give it to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.00,0:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we pick it up, we put it on a table where there's two food rewards,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in this case only the one on the right gets food.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the left walks away because she knows already.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is not a good test for her.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the next one is the pro-social token.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the one who makes the choices -- that's the interesting part here --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the one who makes the choices,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't really matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she gives us now a pro-social token and both chimps get fed.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the one who makes the choices always gets a reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it doesn't matter whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she should actually be choosing blindly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we find
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they prefer the pro-social token.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the 50 percent line that's the random expectation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And especially if the partner draws attention to itself, they choose more.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.00,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the partner puts pressure on them --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.00,0:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if the partner starts spitting water and intimidating them --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the choices go down.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if they're saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you're not behaving, I'm not going to be pro-social today."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:12:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what happens without a partner,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:12:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there's no partner sitting there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we found that the chimpanzees do care
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the well-being of somebody else --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.00,0:12:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially, these are other members of their own group.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the final experiment that I want to mention to you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our fairness study.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.00,0:12:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this became a very famous study.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's now many more,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because after we did this about 10 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became very well known.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did that originally with capuchin monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to show you the first experiment that we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has now been done with dogs and with birds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with Sarah Brosnan we started out with capuchin monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we put two capuchin monkeys side-by-side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, these animals, they live in a group, they know each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take them out of the group, put them in a test chamber.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a very simple task
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they need to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.00,0:12:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you give both of them cucumber for the task,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.00,0:13:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two monkeys side-by-side,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.00,0:13:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're perfectly willing to do this 25 times in a row.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.00,0:13:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So cucumber, even though it's only really water in my opinion,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but cucumber is perfectly fine for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you give the partner grapes --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the food preferences of my capuchin monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,correspond exactly with the prices in the supermarket --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so if you give them grapes -- it's a far better food --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you create inequity between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the experiment we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently we videotaped it with new monkeys who'd never done the task,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking that maybe they would have a stronger reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that turned out to be right.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the left is the monkey who gets cucumber.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the right is the one who gets grapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one who gets cucumber,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,note that the first piece of cucumber is perfectly fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.00,0:13:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first piece she eats.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then she sees the other one getting grape, and you will see what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she gives a rock to us. That's the task.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we give her a piece of cucumber and she eats it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.00,0:13:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one needs to give a rock to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.00,0:14:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what she does.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she gets a grape and she eats it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one sees that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.00,0:14:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She gives a rock to us now,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets, again, cucumber.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She tests a rock now against the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She needs to give it to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she gets cucumber again.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.00,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is basically the Wall Street protest that you see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me tell you --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.00,0:14:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still have two minutes left, let me tell you a funny story about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:14:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This study became very famous
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.00,0:15:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we got a lot of comments,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.00,0:15:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially anthropologists, economists,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.00,0:15:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't like this at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.00,0:15:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they had decided in their minds, I believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.00,0:15:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fairness is a very complex issue
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.00,0:15:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that animals cannot have it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.00,0:15:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so one philosopher even wrote us
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.00,0:15:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was impossible that monkeys had a sense of fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.00,0:15:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because fairness was invented during the French Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.00,0:15:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.00,0:15:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now another one wrote a whole chapter
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.00,0:15:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying that he would believe it had something to do with fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.00,0:15:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the one who got grapes would refuse the grapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.00,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the funny thing is that Sarah Brosnan,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's been doing this with chimpanzees,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.00,0:15:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a couple of combinations of chimpanzees
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.00,0:15:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, indeed, the one who would get the grape would refuse the grape
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.00,0:15:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the other guy also got a grape.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.00,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're getting very close to the human sense of fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think philosophers need to rethink their philosophy for awhile.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.00,0:15:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me summarize.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.00,0:15:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe there's an evolved morality.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.00,0:15:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think morality is much more than what I've been talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it would be impossible without these ingredients
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we find in other primates,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are empathy and consolation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pro-social tendencies and reciprocity and a sense of fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.00,0:16:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we work on these particular issues
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.00,0:16:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if we can create a morality from the bottom up, so to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.00,0:16:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without necessarily God and religion involved,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.00,0:16:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to see how we can get to an evolved morality.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.00,0:16:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thank you for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.00,0:16:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)