[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.32,0:00:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[whoosh]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.86,0:00:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ding]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.38,0:00:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[musique]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.44,0:00:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the coolest things I've discovered about circuits is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.78,0:00:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circuitry can be an art form like if I have a creative idea, I can get that creative idea out using circuits.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.44,0:00:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[musique]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.30,0:00:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you have ideas, you can use technology to make those ideas come to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.70,0:00:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[electric guitar music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.92,0:00:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every input or output of a computer is effectively a type of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.34,0:00:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can be represented by on or off electrical signals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.24,0:00:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.24,0:00:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to process the information that comes in as input, and to make the information that is output,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.36,0:00:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a computer needs to modify and combine the input signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.56,0:00:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do this, a computer uses millions of teeny electronic components, which come together to form circuits.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.52,0:01:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[musique]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.12,0:01:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a closer look at how circuits can modify and process information that's represented in ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.52,0:01:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an incredibly simple circuit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.28,0:01:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes an electrical signal, on or off, and it flips it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.82,0:01:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if the signal you give it is a 1, the circuit gives you a 0,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.58,0:01:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you give the circuit a 0, it gives you a 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.62,0:01:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The signal that goes in is not the same as the signal that comes out, and so we call this circuit not.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.10,0:01:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More complicated circuits can take multiple signals and combine them, and give you a different result.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.58,0:01:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this example, a circuit will take two electrical signals, now each one might be a 1 or a 0.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.86,0:01:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If either of the signals coming in is a 0, then the result is also a 0.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.58,0:01:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This circuit will only give you a 1,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.78,0:02:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the first signal and the second signal are both a 1, and so we call the circuit and.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.22,0:02:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many small circuits like this that perform simple logical calculations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.60,0:02:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By connecting these circuits together, we can make more complex circuits that perform more complex calculations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.76,0:02:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, you can make a circuit that adds 2 bits together called an adder.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.90,0:02:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This circuit takes in 2 individual bits, each one a 1 or a 0, and adds them together to calculate the sum.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.42,0:02:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sum can be 0 plus 0 equals 0,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.38,0:02:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,0 plus 1 equals 1, or 1 plus 1 equals 2.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.36,0:02:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need two wires coming out because it can take up to two binary digits to represent the sum.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.08,0:02:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you have a single adder for adding two bits of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.50,0:02:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can put together multiples of these adder circuits side-by-side to add together much larger numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.20,0:02:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, here's how an 8-bit adder adds the numbers 25 and 50.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.18,0:03:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each number is represented using 8 bits, resulting in 16 different electrical signals that go into the circuit.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.74,0:03:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[clicking sounds]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.92,0:03:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The circuit for an 8-bit adder has lots of little adders inside of it, which together, calculate the sum.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.76,0:03:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[musique]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.50,0:03:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different electrical circuits can perform other simple calculations like subtraction or multiplication.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.34,0:03:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, all the information processing your computer does is just lots and lots of small simple operations put together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.72,0:03:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each individual operation done by a computer is so, so simple it could be done by a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.52,0:03:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these circuits inside computers are way way faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.10,0:03:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[whoosh]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.82,0:03:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in the day, these circuits were big and clunky,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.66,0:03:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an 8-bit adder could be as big as a fridge, and it would take minutes for them to perform a simple calculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.10,0:03:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, computer circuits are microscopic in size, and way way faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.58,0:03:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are smaller computers also faster?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.20,0:03:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because the smaller the circuit is, the less distance the electrical signal has to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.16,0:04:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electricity moves at just about the speed of light, which is why modern circuits can perform billions of calculations per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.46,0:04:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[musique]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.32,0:04:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whether you're playing a game, recording a video, or exploring the cosmos,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.72,0:04:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[musique]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.86,0:04:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything you could possibly do with technology requires lots of information to be processed extremely quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.66,0:04:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Underneath all this complexity is just lots of teeny little circuits that turn binary signals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.90,0:04:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into websites, videos, music, and games.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.72,0:04:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These circuits can even help us decode DNA to diagnose and cure disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.96,0:04:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what would you like to do with all these circuits?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.92,0:04:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[musique]