[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.84,0:00:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I promise you that I will not sing.\NI will spare you that, at least.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.79,0:00:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I am a historian
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.66,0:00:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a background in philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.04,0:00:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my main area of research is basically\Nthe history of Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.89,0:00:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a focus on 19th-century\Ncolonial Southeast Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.08,0:00:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the last few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.44,0:00:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I've been doing is really\Ntracing the history of certain ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.43,0:00:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shape our viewpoint,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.53,0:00:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we in Asia, in Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.86,0:00:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at ourselves\Nand understand ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.81,0:00:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's one thing\Nthat I cannot explain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.92,0:00:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a historian,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.10,0:00:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has been puzzling me\Nfor a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.69,0:00:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is how and why\Ncertain ideas, certain viewpoints
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.71,0:00:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not seem to ever go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.71,0:00:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't know why.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.97,0:01:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.14,0:01:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm interested to understand why\Nsome people -- not all, by no means --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.08,0:01:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but some people\Nin postcolonial Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.82,0:01:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still hold on to a somewhat romanticized\Nview of the colonial past,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.49,0:01:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see it through kind of rose-tinted lenses
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.17,0:01:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as perhaps a time that was\Nbenevolent or nice or pleasant,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.27,0:01:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though historians know\Nthe realities of the violence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.70,0:01:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the oppression
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.92,0:01:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the darker side\Nof that entire colonial experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.21,0:01:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's imagine that I build\Na time machine for myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.32,0:01:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Makes beeping noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.44,0:01:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I build a time machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.93,0:01:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I send myself back to the 1860s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.78,0:01:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hundred years before I was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh dear, I've just dated myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.85,0:01:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, I go back a hundred years\Nbefore I was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.24,0:02:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if I were to find myself\Nin the context of colonial Southeast Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.59,0:02:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.14,0:02:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would not be a professor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.33,0:02:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historians know this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.61,0:02:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, despite that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.25,0:02:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's still some quarters that somehow\Nwant to hold on to this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.16,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that that past was not as murky,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.50,0:02:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was a romanticized side to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.90,0:02:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, here is where I, as a historian,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.96,0:02:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I encounter the limits of history,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.63,0:02:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I can trace ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.93,0:02:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can find out the origins\Nof certain clichés, certain stereotypes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.32,0:02:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you who came up with it,\Nwhere and when and in which book.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.18,0:02:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's one thing I cannot do:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.84,0:02:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I cannot get into the internal,\Nsubjective mental universe of someone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.08,0:02:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and change their mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.79,0:02:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this is where and why,\Nover the last few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.15,0:02:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm increasingly drawn\Nto things like psychology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.89,0:02:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cognitive behavioral therapy;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.55,0:03:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in these fields,\Nscholars look at the persistence of ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.12,0:03:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do some people\Nhave certain prejudices?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.02,0:03:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are there certain biases,\Ncertain phobias?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.64,0:03:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live, unfortunately, sadly, in a world\Nwhere, still, misogyny persists,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.29,0:03:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,racism persists, all kinds of phobias.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.73,0:03:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Islamophobia, for instance, is now a term.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.57,0:03:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why do these ideas persist?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.46,0:03:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many scholars agree that it's partly\Nbecause, when looking at the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.11,0:03:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we fall back, we fall back, we fall back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.54,0:03:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a finite pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.44,0:03:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a small pool of basic ideas\Nthat don't get challenged.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.87,0:03:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how we, particularly us\Nin Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.87,0:03:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represent ourselves to ourselves\Nand to the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.75,0:03:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how often,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.28,0:03:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we talk about ourselves,\Nmy viewpoint, my identity, our identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.50,0:03:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invariably, we fall back, we fall back,\Nwe fall back, we fall back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.69,0:03:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the same set of ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.54,0:03:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which have histories of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.45,0:04:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very simple example:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.53,0:04:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we live in Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.04,0:04:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is very popular with tourists\Nfrom all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.22,0:04:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't think that's\Na bad thing, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.77,0:04:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's good\Nthat tourists come to Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.09,0:04:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's part and parcel\Nof broadening your worldview
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.91,0:04:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and meeting cultures, etc, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.79,0:04:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look at how we represent ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.55,0:04:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the tourist campaigns,\Nthe tourist ads that we produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.87,0:04:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be the obligatory coconut tree,\Nbanana tree, orangutan.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.14,0:04:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.37,0:04:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the orangutan doesn't even get paid.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.36,0:04:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.40,0:04:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how we represent ourselves.\NLook at how we represent nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.38,0:04:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how we represent the countryside.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.39,0:04:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how we represent\Nagricultural life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.69,0:04:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Watch our sitcoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.70,0:04:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Watch our dramas. Watch our movies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.66,0:04:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very common,\Nparticularly in Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.29,0:04:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you watch these sitcoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.57,0:05:01.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there's someone from the countryside,\Ninvariably, they're ugly,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.84,0:05:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're funny, they're silly,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.87,0:05:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're without knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.31,0:05:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if the countryside\Nhas nothing to offer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.87,0:05:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our view of nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite all our talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.16,0:05:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite all our talk about\NAsian philosophy, Asian values,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.61,0:05:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite all our talk about how we have\Nan organic relationship to nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.33,0:05:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we actually treat nature\Nin Southeast Asia today?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.69,0:05:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We regard nature as something\Nto be defeated and exploited.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.54,0:05:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.43,0:05:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the way in which we live\Nin our part of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.24,0:05:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,postcolonial Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.83,0:05:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in so many ways, for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.36,0:05:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bears residual traces to ideas, tropes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.65,0:05:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clichés, stereotypes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.10,0:05:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have a history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.73,0:05:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea of the countryside\Nas a place to be exploited,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.62,0:06:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of countryfolk\Nas being without knowledge --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.64,0:06:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are ideas that historians\Nlike me can go back,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.14,0:06:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can trace how\Nthese stereotypes emerged.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.45,0:06:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they emerged at a time
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.56,0:06:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Southeast Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.38,0:06:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was being governed according to\Nthe logic of colonial capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.86,0:06:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in so many ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.72,0:06:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've taken these ideas with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.30,0:06:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're part of us now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.85,0:06:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are not critical
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.34,0:06:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in interrogating ourselves\Nand asking ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.94,0:06:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did I have this view of the world?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.36,0:06:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did I come to have\Nthis view of nature?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.55,0:06:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did I come to have\Nthis view of the countryside?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.38,0:06:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do I have this idea of Asia as exotic?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.59,0:06:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we, Southeast Asians in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.07,0:06:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,love to self-exoticize ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.06,0:06:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've turned Southeast Asian identity\Ninto a kind of cosplay
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.36,0:06:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can literally\Ngo to the supermarket, go to the mall
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.18,0:07:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and buy your do-it-yourself\Nexotic Southeast Asian costume kit.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.28,0:07:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we parade this identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.50,0:07:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not asking ourselves how and when
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.50,0:07:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did this particular image\Nof ourselves emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.50,0:07:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all have a history, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.07,0:07:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why, increasingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.82,0:07:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a historian, I find that\Nas I encounter the limits of history,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.96,0:07:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see that I can't work alone anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.44,0:07:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't work alone anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.40,0:07:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's absolutely no point\Nin me doing my archival work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.19,0:07:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no point in me seeking\Nthe roots of these ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.55,0:07:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tracing the genesis of ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.48,0:07:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then putting it in some journal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.34,0:07:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be read by maybe\Nthree other historians.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.43,0:07:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's absolutely no point.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.50,0:07:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why I think this is important\Nis because our region, Southeast Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.40,0:07:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will, I believe, in the years to come,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.92,0:07:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go through enormous changes,\Nunprecedented changes in our history,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.20,0:07:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because of globalization,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.96,0:08:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world politics,\Ngeopolitical contestations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.55,0:08:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the impact of technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.02,0:08:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Fourth Industrial Revolution ...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.83,0:08:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our world as we know it\Nis going to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.69,0:08:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for us to adapt to this change,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.17,0:08:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to be ready for that change,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.05,0:08:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to think out of the box,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.73,0:08:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can't fall back,\Nwe can't fall back, we can't fall back
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.19,0:08:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the same set of clichéd,\Ntired, staid old stereotypes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.20,0:08:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to think out,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.83,0:08:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's why historians,\Nwe can't work alone now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.63,0:08:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, I need to engage\Nwith people in psychology,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.18,0:08:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people in behavioral therapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.06,0:08:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need to engage with sociologists,\Nanthropologists, political economists.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.66,0:08:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need above all to engage\Nwith people in the arts
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the media,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.18,0:08:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's there, in that forum,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.07,0:08:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside the confines of the university,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.47,0:08:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these debates\Nreally need to take place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.55,0:08:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they need to take place now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.72,0:09:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we need to understand\Nthat the way things are today
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.80,0:09:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not determined by some fixed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.29,0:09:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iron historical railway track,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.42,0:09:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather there are many other histories,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.86,0:09:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many other ideas that were forgotten,\Nmarginalized, erased along the line.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.01,0:09:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historians like me, our job\Nis to uncover all this, discover all this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.62,0:09:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need to engage this,\Nwe need to engage with society as a whole.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.09,0:09:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to go back to that time machine\Nexample I gave earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.22,0:09:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say this is a 19th-century\Ncolonial subject then,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.37,0:09:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a person's wondering,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.97,0:09:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Will empire ever come to an end?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.79,0:09:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will there be an end to all this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.42,0:09:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will we one day be free?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.86,0:09:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the person invents a time machine --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.91,0:09:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Makes beeping noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.11,0:09:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes into the future
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.30,0:09:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arrives here in postcolonial\NSoutheast Asia today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.81,0:09:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the person looks around,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.72,0:10:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the person will see,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.12,0:10:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well yes, indeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.76,0:10:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the imperial flags are gone,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.96,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the imperial gunboats are gone,\Nthe colonial armies are gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.02,0:10:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are new flags, new nation-states.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.60,0:10:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is independence after all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.28,0:10:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But has there been?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.22,0:10:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person then watches the tourist ads
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.84,0:10:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sees again the banana tree,\Nthe coconut tree and the orangutan.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.47,0:10:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person watches on TV
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.72,0:10:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and watches how images\Nof an exotic Southeast Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.56,0:10:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are being reproduced again and again\Nby Southeast Asians.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.26,0:10:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the person might then\Ncome to the conclusion that, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.67,0:10:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notwithstanding the fact that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonialism is over,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.44,0:10:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are still in so, so many ways
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.46,0:10:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living in the long shadow\Nof the 19th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.13,0:11:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, I think, has become\Nmy personal mission.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.46,0:11:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why I think\Nhistory is so important
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.15,0:11:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason why I think\Nit's so important for history
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.90,0:11:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go beyond history,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.72,0:11:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because need to reignite this debate\Nabout who and what we are,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.40,0:11:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.63,0:11:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk about, "No, I have my viewpoint,\Nyou have your viewpoint."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.02,0:11:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's partly true.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.33,0:11:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our viewpoints are never\Nentirely our own individually.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.25,0:11:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're all social beings.\NWe're historical beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.66,0:11:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You, me, all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.85,0:11:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we carry history in us.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.79,0:11:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in the language we use.\NIt's in the fiction we write.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.57,0:11:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in the movies we choose to watch.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.46,0:11:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in the images that we conjure\Nwhen we think of who and what we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.93,0:11:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are historical beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.87,0:11:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We carry history with us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.01,0:11:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and history carries us along.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.88,0:11:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while we are determined by history,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.81,0:11:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is my personal belief
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.32,0:11:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need not be trapped by history,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.57,0:11:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need not be the victims of history.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.74,0:12:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.93,0:12:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)