0:00:00.497,0:00:03.640 - [Sal] This is a map of[br]European colonial possessions 0:00:03.640,0:00:05.807 in the early to mid 1700s. 0:00:07.057,0:00:09.592 And you immediately see a few things. 0:00:09.592,0:00:13.759 Spain has a lot of territory[br]in Central and South America. 0:00:15.315,0:00:17.368 Even the small country of Portugal, 0:00:17.368,0:00:20.388 because of its prowess during[br]the Age of Exploration, 0:00:20.388,0:00:22.409 a significant amount of territory 0:00:22.409,0:00:24.087 in what would become Brazil, 0:00:24.087,0:00:26.948 but they also have[br]possessions and colonies 0:00:26.948,0:00:28.951 along the coast of Africa 0:00:28.951,0:00:31.868 and even things in India, like Goa. 0:00:32.703,0:00:36.083 You have the British, having[br]possessions in North America, 0:00:36.083,0:00:37.826 things that would eventually evolve 0:00:37.826,0:00:41.259 into the United States and Canada. 0:00:41.259,0:00:42.514 At this point in time, 0:00:42.514,0:00:45.763 France also has significant possessions, 0:00:45.763,0:00:48.977 which will later be taken by Britain 0:00:48.977,0:00:51.108 and then an independent U.S. 0:00:51.108,0:00:54.858 as it grows across[br]continental North America. 0:00:56.150,0:00:58.361 But the thing to notice in this map 0:00:58.361,0:01:01.452 is despite these significant possessions, 0:01:01.452,0:01:06.067 much of the world is not[br]controlled by the Europeans. 0:01:06.067,0:01:08.576 Yes, England also is starting to have 0:01:08.576,0:01:10.605 a bit of a colonial possession, 0:01:10.605,0:01:12.755 although at this point[br]it's a corporate possession 0:01:12.755,0:01:15.719 in eastern India, in Bengal, 0:01:15.719,0:01:19.886 but much of Africa and Asia[br]is not under European control. 0:01:21.416,0:01:23.899 But then as we enter into the second half 0:01:23.899,0:01:27.909 of the 18th century, and[br]especially the 19th century, 0:01:27.909,0:01:32.221 something important happens[br]in the scope of human history, 0:01:32.221,0:01:34.399 and that's the Industrial Revolution 0:01:34.399,0:01:38.381 or maybe you could say the[br]Industrial Revolutions. 0:01:38.381,0:01:40.955 Now, there's many[br]technologies that are central 0:01:40.955,0:01:43.003 to the Industrial Revolution, 0:01:43.003,0:01:46.409 but probably most important[br]is the steam engine, 0:01:46.409,0:01:48.854 although you could contend[br]maybe it's the steam engine, 0:01:48.854,0:01:52.311 maybe it's electrification,[br]maybe it is the telegraph. 0:01:52.311,0:01:54.458 But the steam engine all[br]of a sudden allows us 0:01:54.458,0:01:57.469 to harness the power of really coal 0:01:57.469,0:02:00.625 to create steam to turn engines. 0:02:00.625,0:02:04.536 And then these engines could[br]be used to power factories 0:02:04.536,0:02:08.408 so that you could amplify what[br]human labor could do before. 0:02:08.408,0:02:10.085 This factory right over[br]here, it looks like 0:02:10.085,0:02:12.599 they're creating fabric[br]from some kind of thread 0:02:12.599,0:02:14.887 or they might be sewing of some kind. 0:02:14.887,0:02:17.788 And a human equipped with a power loom 0:02:17.788,0:02:20.855 or with a sewing machine[br]could produce much, much more 0:02:20.855,0:02:24.385 than they could've ever[br]produced before by hand. 0:02:24.385,0:02:26.731 The steam engine and[br]things like electricity 0:02:26.731,0:02:30.314 also create a revolution[br]in transportation, 0:02:31.173,0:02:33.535 the transportation of goods and people, 0:02:33.535,0:02:36.696 but also the movement of information. 0:02:36.696,0:02:39.571 This right over here is[br]a picture of a steamship, 0:02:39.571,0:02:41.215 which you could use for trade, 0:02:41.215,0:02:45.130 but you could also use it[br]to project military power. 0:02:45.130,0:02:46.790 This here is a railroad. 0:02:46.790,0:02:49.227 Similarly, transport goods and people 0:02:49.227,0:02:51.973 but it also allows you to keep control 0:02:51.973,0:02:54.330 over a larger swath of territory. 0:02:54.330,0:02:56.928 And this is a telegraph. 0:02:56.928,0:02:58.807 And then a telegraph, all of a sudden, 0:02:58.807,0:03:00.346 for the first time in history, 0:03:00.346,0:03:04.831 you can communicate across[br]the globe in a mere instant. 0:03:04.831,0:03:08.538 And what used to take months[br]to figure out what was going on 0:03:08.538,0:03:10.766 could now happen in seconds. 0:03:10.766,0:03:13.643 So, once again, this[br]is valuable for trade, 0:03:13.643,0:03:18.318 but it's also valuable for[br]coordinating military power. 0:03:18.318,0:03:21.956 So in large part to these[br]revolutions that we're seeing, 0:03:21.956,0:03:24.147 and we will study more in other videos, 0:03:24.147,0:03:26.803 the map of the world looks very different 0:03:26.803,0:03:29.235 roughly 150 years later. 0:03:29.235,0:03:33.402 This is what the world looks[br]like around the year 1900 0:03:34.386,0:03:36.374 and you immediately[br]notice some differences 0:03:36.374,0:03:38.003 from that previous map. 0:03:38.003,0:03:40.317 Most of those colonial possessions 0:03:40.317,0:03:43.348 in North and South America[br]are now independent 0:03:43.348,0:03:46.047 but you notice something[br]dramatic happening 0:03:46.047,0:03:48.933 in Africa and in much of Asia. 0:03:48.933,0:03:53.419 Africa has now been carved[br]up by the colonial powers. 0:03:53.419,0:03:57.873 In this salmon color, you see[br]where the British have control 0:03:57.873,0:04:02.079 in much of South Africa and[br]then around Egypt and Sudan 0:04:02.079,0:04:04.490 and parts of East Africa. 0:04:04.490,0:04:07.669 You see the French have control of Algeria 0:04:07.669,0:04:10.582 and much of Eastern Africa. 0:04:10.582,0:04:12.312 What started off for the British 0:04:12.312,0:04:15.915 as a corporate possession in[br]Eastern India has now grown 0:04:15.915,0:04:18.437 to become a possession of the Crown. 0:04:18.437,0:04:22.504 You have India, part[br]of the British Empire. 0:04:22.504,0:04:25.372 Even Japan, which is one of[br]the first Asian countries 0:04:25.372,0:04:29.245 to industrialize, is in on imperialism. 0:04:29.245,0:04:32.412 It has control in Korea and in Taiwan. 0:04:34.121,0:04:37.226 So why this kind of imperialism? 0:04:37.226,0:04:40.261 There's always the standard[br]motivations for imperialism 0:04:40.261,0:04:43.744 that we've seen throughout world history. 0:04:43.744,0:04:47.911 If you have conquest, that[br]leads to more land plus people 0:04:52.360,0:04:54.231 under your rule. 0:04:54.231,0:04:57.149 And if you have more land,[br]which is for the most part 0:04:57.149,0:04:59.148 used for agriculture,[br]well, you're going to have 0:04:59.148,0:05:00.981 more taxes and wealth. 0:05:01.988,0:05:03.617 So, taxes. 0:05:03.617,0:05:05.970 And if you have more people,[br]they will have output 0:05:05.970,0:05:08.773 so you can tax that, but[br]they can also be used, 0:05:08.773,0:05:11.542 they could be taxed, so to speak, for war. 0:05:11.542,0:05:14.707 They could produce more soldiers 0:05:14.707,0:05:18.244 and so the more revenue[br]and soldiers you have, 0:05:18.244,0:05:22.411 well, that could help you just[br]accrue more and more power. 0:05:22.411,0:05:25.056 And so this is the[br]classic loop that you see 0:05:25.056,0:05:27.347 why most empires tried to expand 0:05:27.347,0:05:29.113 and sometimes when they stopped expanding, 0:05:29.113,0:05:32.526 you see that they started to decline. 0:05:32.526,0:05:37.342 But now in this video,[br]from the early 18th century 0:05:37.342,0:05:39.650 to the beginning of the 20th century, 0:05:39.650,0:05:41.812 we have new things at play. 0:05:41.812,0:05:45.104 We have the technological innovation 0:05:45.104,0:05:47.478 from the Industrial Revolution, 0:05:47.478,0:05:51.242 things like electricity and steam power. 0:05:51.242,0:05:55.409 You see the notion of[br]capitalism come into its prime, 0:05:56.785,0:06:00.759 this focus on where do[br]you maximize your returns 0:06:00.759,0:06:03.972 for a given amount of[br]capital that you have? 0:06:03.972,0:06:07.756 And land is a form of[br]capital, but as we will see 0:06:07.756,0:06:09.832 or as we saw in some of those pictures, 0:06:09.832,0:06:12.429 as technology becomes[br]more and more valuable, 0:06:12.429,0:06:14.755 things other than land[br]become very important 0:06:14.755,0:06:18.340 forms of capital, like[br]factories, like railroads, 0:06:18.340,0:06:19.649 like ships. 0:06:19.649,0:06:23.816 And related to these two ideas,[br]you have industrialization, 0:06:25.282,0:06:29.838 which is the use of technology[br]to become more productive, 0:06:29.838,0:06:31.565 to increase output. 0:06:31.565,0:06:34.426 And they all feed off of each other. 0:06:34.426,0:06:38.526 A capitalist says, how do I get[br]better return on my capital? 0:06:38.526,0:06:40.947 Well, I should industrialize. 0:06:40.947,0:06:44.739 I should make my factories more efficient. 0:06:44.739,0:06:47.309 Well, to make my factories more efficient, 0:06:47.309,0:06:49.831 I have to also invest in technology 0:06:49.831,0:06:52.626 to get that industrialization. 0:06:52.626,0:06:55.990 The more I industrialize,[br]the better my profits, 0:06:55.990,0:06:59.534 and so the more I am[br]going to be able to invest 0:06:59.534,0:07:01.404 in this cycle. 0:07:01.404,0:07:04.428 As I'm trying to industrialize,[br]I have all sorts of problems 0:07:04.428,0:07:06.963 that I'm trying to solve,[br]so it's going to drive 0:07:06.963,0:07:10.558 the need to improve my technology. 0:07:10.558,0:07:12.085 And those who develop the technology, 0:07:12.085,0:07:15.240 well, they're going to have[br]more capital to invest. 0:07:15.240,0:07:17.616 So, once again, it's creating this cycle 0:07:17.616,0:07:21.474 which is going to feed[br]the fuel of imperialism. 0:07:21.474,0:07:22.908 Think about it. 0:07:22.908,0:07:24.937 In the Industrial Revolution, 0:07:24.937,0:07:29.104 the owners of capital started[br]to have more and more power. 0:07:30.096,0:07:32.304 If you think about a factory... 0:07:32.304,0:07:34.757 So that's my factory right over there. 0:07:34.757,0:07:37.471 It takes raw materials... 0:07:37.471,0:07:38.638 Raw materials. 0:07:39.834,0:07:41.451 If you think about it,[br]it's a clothing factory. 0:07:41.451,0:07:44.474 It might take raw cotton[br]or turn it into thread 0:07:44.474,0:07:45.983 or it might take that cotton thread 0:07:45.983,0:07:48.471 and then turn it into some type of fabric 0:07:48.471,0:07:52.051 and then you have finished[br]goods, maybe this is clothing. 0:07:52.051,0:07:54.820 So even before the Industrial Revolution, 0:07:54.820,0:07:57.232 people would take raw[br]materials, do something to it, 0:07:57.232,0:07:59.004 and then you would have finished goods. 0:07:59.004,0:08:02.501 But now, this center portion[br]is being supercharged 0:08:02.501,0:08:05.714 by technology, by industrialization. 0:08:05.714,0:08:07.900 It is really becoming the central focus 0:08:07.900,0:08:11.150 and it's becoming more productive. 0:08:11.150,0:08:13.418 So as it becomes more productive, 0:08:13.418,0:08:16.333 there's a hunger for more raw materials. 0:08:16.333,0:08:18.617 Where do you get those raw materials from? 0:08:18.617,0:08:20.630 Well, if you're a small[br]country like the United Kingdom 0:08:20.630,0:08:23.934 or Japan, your raw materials are limited. 0:08:23.934,0:08:26.591 But, there's the rest of the world 0:08:26.591,0:08:28.193 and especially the rest of the world 0:08:28.193,0:08:29.847 that is not at the same level 0:08:29.847,0:08:32.040 of technological sophistication yet, 0:08:32.040,0:08:35.183 so you can, perhaps, use your military 0:08:35.183,0:08:38.600 in order to force them to trade with you. 0:08:39.726,0:08:42.845 Similarly, what do you do with[br]all of those finished goods? 0:08:42.845,0:08:45.510 You have limited markets on your island, 0:08:45.510,0:08:48.297 but what if you could sell[br]to the hundreds of millions 0:08:48.297,0:08:52.130 of people who aren't[br]directly in your country? 0:08:53.229,0:08:55.553 This desire for more raw materials 0:08:55.553,0:08:57.547 and more and cheaper raw materials 0:08:57.547,0:08:59.895 and this desire to sell your goods, 0:08:59.895,0:09:02.560 the outputs of industrialization, 0:09:02.560,0:09:06.824 this, to a significant degree,[br]drove this imperialism, 0:09:06.824,0:09:08.667 this colonization, and in general, 0:09:08.667,0:09:11.672 a motivation for freer trade in general. 0:09:11.672,0:09:13.751 When the free trade didn't happen freely, 0:09:13.751,0:09:16.270 sometimes it was forced on the country 0:09:16.270,0:09:18.217 that was being traded with. 0:09:18.217,0:09:20.144 And as alluded to already, 0:09:20.144,0:09:24.187 the technology which helped[br]fuel this Industrial Revolution 0:09:24.187,0:09:28.609 also made it easier to[br]control a far-flung empire. 0:09:28.609,0:09:30.427 Before the Industrial Revolution, 0:09:30.427,0:09:31.983 a country like the United Kingdom 0:09:31.983,0:09:35.061 being able to control[br]this far-flung empire, 0:09:35.061,0:09:38.990 this would've been impossible[br]for the Romans or the Persians 0:09:38.990,0:09:41.395 to do using their technology. 0:09:41.395,0:09:44.361 But now you have the steamship, 0:09:44.361,0:09:47.944 you have railroads,[br]you have the telegraph, 0:09:49.083,0:09:51.978 which are parts of this[br]Industrial Revolution 0:09:51.978,0:09:55.090 but they also allow you to project power 0:09:55.090,0:09:58.601 and project power much quicker[br]and much more efficiently 0:09:58.601,0:10:00.352 than ever possible. 0:10:00.352,0:10:02.252 So once again, technology, 0:10:02.252,0:10:04.329 industrialization, and capitalism, 0:10:04.329,0:10:06.446 these were the fuel of[br]the Industrial Revolution. 0:10:06.446,0:10:09.937 They provided the[br]motivation for colonization, 0:10:09.937,0:10:13.972 for imperialism, and[br]freer trade in general. 0:10:13.972,0:10:16.440 But then, that was able to be enforced 0:10:16.440,0:10:18.790 because of that same technology. 0:10:18.790,0:10:21.534 You could project your power[br]through those steamships, 0:10:21.534,0:10:23.545 railroads, and the telegraph.