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現代人較為長壽

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社會中銀髮族也愈來愈多

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你不停聽到人家這麽說

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報紙上這麽說

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電視上也這麽說

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有時候我會擔心

7
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我們聼太多了

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我們變成用種自滿

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甚至輕鬆的態度

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來接受長壽的事實

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但是別誤會了

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我認爲長壽可以

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也將會

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讓各種年紀的人

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增進生活品質

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為了正確的看待這件事

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先讓我暫時抽離主題

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20世紀時

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所增加的

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人類平均壽命

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比起先前人類演化

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幾千年以來所增加的歲數

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都還要來的多

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只是在一眨眼間

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我們的壽命幾乎就

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增加了兩倍

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所以如果你對長壽沒有特別的感覺

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別怪你自己

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這是個全新的現象

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同時間

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因為生育率下降

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平均壽命延長

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用來表示

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人口年齡分佈的金字塔

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底層原本有很多年輕人

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經篩選後只剩金字塔尖端的少數人

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成功地存活到老年

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現在金字塔正逐漸變型

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成為長方形

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如果你是對人口統計資料

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特別有興趣的人

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這些便是讓你「有感覺」的資料

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因為這表示

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人類歷史上第一次

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在已開發國家中

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出生的大多數嬰兒

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有機會能夠

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活到老

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這是怎麽辦到的？

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我們的基因組合並沒有比我們1萬年前的祖先

51
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還來得強韌

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平均壽命的增加

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是令人讚嘆的文化產物 --

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是經過嚴峻考驗

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透過科學和科技

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和大規模的行為改變

57
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以增進健康和福祉

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透過文化變遷

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我們的祖先

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大量地排除了早逝的機會

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所以現在人們能度過完整的一生

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現今老化也帶來了一些問題 --

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疾病、貧窮、失去社會地位

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幾乎無法安享晚年

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但當我們對老化了解越多

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我們更清楚

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這種越老越糟的人生觀

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是非常不正確的

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老化也帶來一些非常卓越的改進 --

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智慧的增加、學有專精 --

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還有改善生活的情感部分

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沒錯

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老年人很快樂

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他們確實比中年人

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和年輕人快樂

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研究一再顯示

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相同的結果

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疾病管制局最近做了一個調查

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他們要受訪者告訴他們

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在過去一週裡，是否有經歷

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重大的精神苦難

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回答是的老年人人數很少

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相較於中年人

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和年輕人

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最近一次的蓋洛普民調

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問受訪者

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在受訪的前一天經歷了

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多少壓力、擔憂和憤怒

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這些壓力、擔憂和憤怒

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都隨年齡增加而減低

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社會科學家稱這為老化的矛盾

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畢竟變老不是件簡單的事

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所以我們問了各式各樣的問題

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看是否能找出解答

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我們想知道是不是因為

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目前這一代的老年人

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一直以來都是

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最棒的世代

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意思是說，現今的年輕人

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變老時可能也無法再經歷

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這樣的進步

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我們也問

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或許老年人只是試著在令人沮喪的生存中

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過得樂觀一點

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（笑聲）

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但當我們試著要推翻這理論

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我們也發現越多可支持它

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的證據

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幾年前，我和我的同事作了個研究

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我們用10年的時間追蹤了一組人

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一開始這組樣本的年紀為18歲到94歲

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我們研究他們的情感經歷是否隨著

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年齡增長而改變

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參加的人要戴著電子呼叫器

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每次一個星期

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我們會在白天和晚上隨意地呼叫他們

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每當我們呼叫他們時

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我們會問幾個問題 --

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用1分到七7分來評分，你現在有多開心

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你現在有多難過

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你現在有多沮喪

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於是我們可以了解

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在日復一日的生活中

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當下他們有何種情感和感覺

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透過這種密集的

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個體研究

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我們發現沒有特別一個世代

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表現得比其它還要好

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但是經過時間歷練

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同一個人相對地會呈現

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更正面的經驗

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你可以看到年紀很大的時候

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此曲線微微往下彎曲

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即使往下彎曲

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但這曲線不可能回到

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你所看到的成人早期時

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的水平

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我們不能過分單純地下定論說

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老年人過得很「開心」

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在我們的研究中，他們較積極

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但他們比起年輕人

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較能體驗綜合的情緒

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體驗開心時同時覺得傷心；

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你懂吧，當你對一個朋友微笑時

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眼眶中泛著淚水的感覺

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另外一個研究顯示出

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老年人似乎能更坦然地

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和悲傷共處

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比起年輕人，他們更能接受悲傷

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我們的懷疑是，這可能有助於解釋

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為什麼老年人比年輕人更能

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解決激烈的情緒衝突和爭論

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老年人可以用同情心

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而非絕望

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來看待不正義

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在一切平等的情況下

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老年人將他們的認知能力

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像是注意力和記憶

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導向正面，而非負面的資訊

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如果我們展示影像給老年人、中年人和年輕人

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像是你在螢幕上看到的照片

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之後我們要求他們

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盡可能回想所有的影像

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老年人，而非年輕人

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想起的正面影像多於

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負面影像

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在實驗室研究中

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我們也要求老年人和年輕人看不同的臉

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有些在皺眉，有些在微笑

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老年人看著微笑的臉

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避開皺眉，生氣的臉

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在日復一日的生活中

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這些轉變成較多的享受

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和滿足感

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但身為社會科學家，我們持續的問

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其他可能的原因

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我們想過或

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老年人有較正面的情感

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是因為他們認知受損

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(笑聲)

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我們也想過，有沒有可能

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處理正面情感比負面情感還來的容易

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所以人們會轉換成正面情感？

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或許我們腦中的神經中心

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已經退化到

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不再能處理負面的情感的程度

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但這些都不是解答

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愈是思考敏銳的老年人

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越能顯示出正面的結果

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當處於危急的情況下

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老年人會處理負面資訊

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像他們處理正面資訊一樣

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這倒底是怎麼辦到的？

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在我們的研究中

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我們發現這些改變

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是建立在

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人類獨特的控制時間能力的基礎上 --

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不單單只是時鐘和日曆的時間

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還有人一生的時間

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如果說老化有矛盾

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那就是體認到我們沒有永生

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改變了我們對生命的見解

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變得更正面

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當我們覺得時間既長又朦朧

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如同典型的青年時期

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人們一直在準備

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試著盡可能沉浸在所有資訊中

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作冒險的事，探索世界

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我們可能會花時間在我們不喜歡的人身上

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為了些看似有趣的原因

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我們可能學習到未預期的東西

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(笑聲)

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我們和不認識的人約會

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(笑聲)

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畢竟

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就算行不通，總還是有明天

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超過50歲的人

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不會和不認識的人約會

219
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(笑聲)

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當我們年紀愈來愈大

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我們的時間水平線也變短

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我們的目標改變

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當我們意識到我們沒有世界上所有的時間

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我們更清晰地了解事物的優先順序

225
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我們比較不注意繁瑣小事

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我們品嘗生命

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我們更有欣賞力

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更能接受和解

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我們投資在生命中情感上要重要的部分

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於是生活得更好

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所以我們一天比一天開心

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但這種看法上的轉變

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引導我們更不能容忍

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不正義

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到2015年時

236
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:54,000
在美國，超過60歲的人

237
00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,000
比15歲以下的人

238
00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:59,000
還要多。

239
00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:01,000
老年人占大多數的社會

240
00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:04,000
會發生什麼事？

241
00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:07,000
人數不會決定

242
00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:09,000
結果

243
00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,000
文化會

244
00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:15,000
如果我們投資科學和技術

245
00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:17,000
而且找出老年人所面臨真正問題的

246
00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,000
解決方案

247
00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:22,000
而且善加利用

248
00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,000
老年人的

249
00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,000
優點

250
00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:28,000
那麼年齡的增加

251
00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:31,000
可以大幅地改善所有年齡層的

252
00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:33,000
生活品質

253
00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:36,000
社會中有了幾百萬位

254
00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,000
有才能的，情緒穩定的居民

255
00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:41,000
而且他們比任何更早的世代

256
00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:43,000
更健康且教育水平更高

257
00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:45,000
擁有實際生活經驗

258
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:47,000
的知識

259
00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,000
而且積極地

260
00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,000
想解決重大問題

261
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,000
這可以成為比任何我們知道的

262
00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,000
還要更好的社會

263
00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,000
我父親，今年92歲

264
00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,000
喜歡說：

265
00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:05,000
「不要一再只說

266
00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:07,000
要如何拯救老年人

267
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,000
要開始說

268
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:13,000
如何讓他們拯救我們。」

269
00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:15,000
謝謝。

270
00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:17,000
(掌聲)