1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,000 現代人較為長壽 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:04,000 社會中銀髮族也愈來愈多 3 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:06,000 你不停聽到人家這麽說 4 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:08,000 報紙上這麽說 5 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:10,000 電視上也這麽說 6 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:12,000 有時候我會擔心 7 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,000 我們聼太多了 8 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,000 我們變成用種自滿 9 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:19,000 甚至輕鬆的態度 10 00:00:19,000 --> 00:00:21,000 來接受長壽的事實 11 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:24,000 但是別誤會了 12 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:26,000 我認爲長壽可以 13 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:28,000 也將會 14 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:30,000 讓各種年紀的人 15 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,000 增進生活品質 16 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:34,000 為了正確的看待這件事 17 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:37,000 先讓我暫時抽離主題 18 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:40,000 20世紀時 19 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:42,000 所增加的 20 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:44,000 人類平均壽命 21 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:47,000 比起先前人類演化 22 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:51,000 幾千年以來所增加的歲數 23 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:54,000 都還要來的多 24 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:56,000 只是在一眨眼間 25 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:59,000 我們的壽命幾乎就 26 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:01,000 增加了兩倍 27 00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:04,000 所以如果你對長壽沒有特別的感覺 28 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:06,000 別怪你自己 29 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:08,000 這是個全新的現象 30 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:10,000 同時間 31 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:12,000 因為生育率下降 32 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:16,000 平均壽命延長 33 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:18,000 用來表示 34 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:21,000 人口年齡分佈的金字塔 35 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:24,000 底層原本有很多年輕人 36 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:27,000 經篩選後只剩金字塔尖端的少數人 37 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:29,000 成功地存活到老年 38 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:31,000 現在金字塔正逐漸變型 39 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:34,000 成為長方形 40 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:36,000 如果你是對人口統計資料 41 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:40,000 特別有興趣的人 42 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:42,000 這些便是讓你「有感覺」的資料 43 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:44,000 因為這表示 44 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:47,000 人類歷史上第一次 45 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:49,000 在已開發國家中 46 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:51,000 出生的大多數嬰兒 47 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:54,000 有機會能夠 48 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:56,000 活到老 49 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:59,000 這是怎麽辦到的? 50 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:01,000 我們的基因組合並沒有比我們1萬年前的祖先 51 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:03,000 還來得強韌 52 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:05,000 平均壽命的增加 53 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,000 是令人讚嘆的文化產物 -- 54 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:10,000 是經過嚴峻考驗 55 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,000 透過科學和科技 56 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:15,000 和大規模的行為改變 57 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:18,000 以增進健康和福祉 58 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:20,000 透過文化變遷 59 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,000 我們的祖先 60 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:25,000 大量地排除了早逝的機會 61 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:28,000 所以現在人們能度過完整的一生 62 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:32,000 現今老化也帶來了一些問題 -- 63 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,000 疾病、貧窮、失去社會地位 64 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:37,000 幾乎無法安享晚年 65 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:39,000 但當我們對老化了解越多 66 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,000 我們更清楚 67 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:43,000 這種越老越糟的人生觀 68 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:46,000 是非常不正確的 69 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:50,000 老化也帶來一些非常卓越的改進 -- 70 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:53,000 智慧的增加、學有專精 -- 71 00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:59,000 還有改善生活的情感部分 72 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:01,000 沒錯 73 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,000 老年人很快樂 74 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:06,000 他們確實比中年人 75 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:08,000 和年輕人快樂 76 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:10,000 研究一再顯示 77 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:12,000 相同的結果 78 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:15,000 疾病管制局最近做了一個調查 79 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:18,000 他們要受訪者告訴他們 80 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:20,000 在過去一週裡,是否有經歷 81 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:22,000 重大的精神苦難 82 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:25,000 回答是的老年人人數很少 83 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:27,000 相較於中年人 84 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:29,000 和年輕人 85 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,000 最近一次的蓋洛普民調 86 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:33,000 問受訪者 87 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:35,000 在受訪的前一天經歷了 88 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:37,000 多少壓力、擔憂和憤怒 89 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:41,000 這些壓力、擔憂和憤怒 90 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:44,000 都隨年齡增加而減低 91 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,000 社會科學家稱這為老化的矛盾 92 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:51,000 畢竟變老不是件簡單的事 93 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:53,000 所以我們問了各式各樣的問題 94 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:57,000 看是否能找出解答 95 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:59,000 我們想知道是不是因為 96 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:02,000 目前這一代的老年人 97 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:04,000 一直以來都是 98 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:06,000 最棒的世代 99 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,000 意思是說,現今的年輕人 100 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:11,000 變老時可能也無法再經歷 101 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,000 這樣的進步 102 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:15,000 我們也問 103 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:18,000 或許老年人只是試著在令人沮喪的生存中 104 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,000 過得樂觀一點 105 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,000 (笑聲) 106 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:25,000 但當我們試著要推翻這理論 107 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:27,000 我們也發現越多可支持它 108 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:29,000 的證據 109 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:31,000 幾年前,我和我的同事作了個研究 110 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:34,000 我們用10年的時間追蹤了一組人 111 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:38,000 一開始這組樣本的年紀為18歲到94歲 112 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:41,000 我們研究他們的情感經歷是否隨著 113 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:43,000 年齡增長而改變 114 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:46,000 參加的人要戴著電子呼叫器 115 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:48,000 每次一個星期 116 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:51,000 我們會在白天和晚上隨意地呼叫他們 117 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,000 每當我們呼叫他們時 118 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,000 我們會問幾個問題 -- 119 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:58,000 用1分到七7分來評分,你現在有多開心 120 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:00,000 你現在有多難過 121 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:02,000 你現在有多沮喪 122 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,000 於是我們可以了解 123 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,000 在日復一日的生活中 124 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,000 當下他們有何種情感和感覺 125 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,000 透過這種密集的 126 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:12,000 個體研究 127 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:16,000 我們發現沒有特別一個世代 128 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:18,000 表現得比其它還要好 129 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:21,000 但是經過時間歷練 130 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,000 同一個人相對地會呈現 131 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:25,000 更正面的經驗 132 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:28,000 你可以看到年紀很大的時候 133 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:30,000 此曲線微微往下彎曲 134 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,000 即使往下彎曲 135 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:34,000 但這曲線不可能回到 136 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:36,000 你所看到的成人早期時 137 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:38,000 的水平 138 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:42,000 我們不能過分單純地下定論說 139 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:46,000 老年人過得很「開心」 140 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,000 在我們的研究中,他們較積極 141 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:51,000 但他們比起年輕人 142 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:54,000 較能體驗綜合的情緒 143 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:56,000 體驗開心時同時覺得傷心; 144 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,000 你懂吧,當你對一個朋友微笑時 145 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,000 眼眶中泛著淚水的感覺 146 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,000 另外一個研究顯示出 147 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:05,000 老年人似乎能更坦然地 148 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:07,000 和悲傷共處 149 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:10,000 比起年輕人,他們更能接受悲傷 150 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:13,000 我們的懷疑是,這可能有助於解釋 151 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:16,000 為什麼老年人比年輕人更能 152 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:21,000 解決激烈的情緒衝突和爭論 153 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:24,000 老年人可以用同情心 154 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:26,000 而非絕望 155 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:29,000 來看待不正義 156 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:31,000 在一切平等的情況下 157 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:33,000 老年人將他們的認知能力 158 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:35,000 像是注意力和記憶 159 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:38,000 導向正面,而非負面的資訊 160 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:41,000 如果我們展示影像給老年人、中年人和年輕人 161 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:44,000 像是你在螢幕上看到的照片 162 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:46,000 之後我們要求他們 163 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:49,000 盡可能回想所有的影像 164 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:52,000 老年人,而非年輕人 165 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:54,000 想起的正面影像多於 166 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:56,000 負面影像 167 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:58,000 在實驗室研究中 168 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:00,000 我們也要求老年人和年輕人看不同的臉 169 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,000 有些在皺眉,有些在微笑 170 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:05,000 老年人看著微笑的臉 171 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:08,000 避開皺眉,生氣的臉 172 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:10,000 在日復一日的生活中 173 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:12,000 這些轉變成較多的享受 174 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:14,000 和滿足感 175 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:18,000 但身為社會科學家,我們持續的問 176 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,000 其他可能的原因 177 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:22,000 我們想過或 178 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,000 老年人有較正面的情感 179 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:27,000 是因為他們認知受損 180 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:30,000 (笑聲) 181 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,000 我們也想過,有沒有可能 182 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:35,000 處理正面情感比負面情感還來的容易 183 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:38,000 所以人們會轉換成正面情感? 184 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:40,000 或許我們腦中的神經中心 185 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:42,000 已經退化到 186 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:45,000 不再能處理負面的情感的程度 187 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:47,000 但這些都不是解答 188 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:50,000 愈是思考敏銳的老年人 189 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:54,000 越能顯示出正面的結果 190 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:57,000 當處於危急的情況下 191 00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:59,000 老年人會處理負面資訊 192 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:02,000 像他們處理正面資訊一樣 193 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:05,000 這倒底是怎麼辦到的? 194 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,000 在我們的研究中 195 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:09,000 我們發現這些改變 196 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:11,000 是建立在 197 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:14,000 人類獨特的控制時間能力的基礎上 -- 198 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:16,000 不單單只是時鐘和日曆的時間 199 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:19,000 還有人一生的時間 200 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:21,000 如果說老化有矛盾 201 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:24,000 那就是體認到我們沒有永生 202 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:26,000 改變了我們對生命的見解 203 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:29,000 變得更正面 204 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:32,000 當我們覺得時間既長又朦朧 205 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:34,000 如同典型的青年時期 206 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:37,000 人們一直在準備 207 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:40,000 試著盡可能沉浸在所有資訊中 208 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,000 作冒險的事,探索世界 209 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:45,000 我們可能會花時間在我們不喜歡的人身上 210 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:48,000 為了些看似有趣的原因 211 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:50,000 我們可能學習到未預期的東西 212 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,000 (笑聲) 213 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:54,000 我們和不認識的人約會 214 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:56,000 (笑聲) 215 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,000 畢竟 216 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,000 就算行不通,總還是有明天 217 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:03,000 超過50歲的人 218 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,000 不會和不認識的人約會 219 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:11,000 (笑聲) 220 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:13,000 當我們年紀愈來愈大 221 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:15,000 我們的時間水平線也變短 222 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:18,000 我們的目標改變 223 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:21,000 當我們意識到我們沒有世界上所有的時間 224 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:23,000 我們更清晰地了解事物的優先順序 225 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,000 我們比較不注意繁瑣小事 226 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:28,000 我們品嘗生命 227 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:30,000 我們更有欣賞力 228 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,000 更能接受和解 229 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:36,000 我們投資在生命中情感上要重要的部分 230 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:39,000 於是生活得更好 231 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:42,000 所以我們一天比一天開心 232 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:44,000 但這種看法上的轉變 233 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:47,000 引導我們更不能容忍 234 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:49,000 不正義 235 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:51,000 到2015年時 236 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:54,000 在美國,超過60歲的人 237 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,000 比15歲以下的人 238 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:59,000 還要多。 239 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:01,000 老年人占大多數的社會 240 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:04,000 會發生什麼事? 241 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:07,000 人數不會決定 242 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:09,000 結果 243 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,000 文化會 244 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:15,000 如果我們投資科學和技術 245 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:17,000 而且找出老年人所面臨真正問題的 246 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,000 解決方案 247 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:22,000 而且善加利用 248 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,000 老年人的 249 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,000 優點 250 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:28,000 那麼年齡的增加 251 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:31,000 可以大幅地改善所有年齡層的 252 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:33,000 生活品質 253 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:36,000 社會中有了幾百萬位 254 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,000 有才能的,情緒穩定的居民 255 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:41,000 而且他們比任何更早的世代 256 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:43,000 更健康且教育水平更高 257 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:45,000 擁有實際生活經驗 258 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:47,000 的知識 259 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,000 而且積極地 260 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,000 想解決重大問題 261 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,000 這可以成為比任何我們知道的 262 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,000 還要更好的社會 263 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,000 我父親,今年92歲 264 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,000 喜歡說: 265 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:05,000 「不要一再只說 266 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:07,000 要如何拯救老年人 267 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,000 要開始說 268 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:13,000 如何讓他們拯救我們。」 269 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:15,000 謝謝。 270 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:17,000 (掌聲)