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人们现在越活越久

2
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社会也逐渐变得老龄化

3
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你可能总是听到别人这么说

4
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你也从报纸上如是读到

5
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从电视上看到

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有时候我很担心

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我们听过长寿太多次

8
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以至于人们带着自满

9
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甚至安逸的情绪开始接受

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长寿的事实

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但是请别搞错

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长寿能够 --

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而且我相信，它肯定会 --

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改善所有年龄的人们的

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生活品质

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现在让我们先拉个远景

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从宏观的角度来看

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人们的

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平均寿命

20
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在整个20世纪增加的年数

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要比

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上千年来

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人类进化过程中所增加的总和还要多

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就在眨眼之间

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我们已经将我们的寿命

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延长了一倍

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所以，如果你觉得你对变老这件事并不关心

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不要自责

29
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这个话题太新了

30
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因为在同一时期内

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生育率下降了

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平均寿命增加了

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那个用来表示

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人口年龄分布的金字塔形

35
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底部的年轻人口总是很多

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延伸到老龄人口的尖顶

37
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那些是成功存活到高龄的人

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（人口金字塔）形状发生了改变

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变成了长方形

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如果你是那种

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对人口统计感到恐惧的人

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这些变化应该会让你感到难受

43
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因为这变化表明

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在人类种族历史上头一回

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大多数

46
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在发达国家出生的婴儿

47
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有机会

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活到老年

49
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这是怎么发生的？

50
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我们并不是在基因上

51
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比一万年前的祖先强壮

52
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平均寿命的增加

53
00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,000
全要归功于文化 --

54
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一个包含了

55
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科学和技术

56
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以及广泛的（社会）行为改变的熔炉

57
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导致人们的健康和福利的增进

58
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通过文化的改变

59
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我们的祖先

60
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大幅度地消除了早亡

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所以现在的人可以走完完整的一生

62
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老龄化催生了很多问题

63
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疾病、贫困、社会地位的丧失

64
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这可不是坐享荣誉的时候

65
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不过当我们研究的越多

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老龄化就变得越清晰

67
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把它说成是一条单纯的下坡路

68
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是非常不准确的

69
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衰老也带来一些非同凡响的进步

70
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知识的增加，专业的精深

71
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人生的情绪层面也有所提升

72
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这句话很对

73
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老年人是快乐的

74
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他们比中年人更快乐

75
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更理所当然地比年轻人更快乐

76
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一个又一个的研究

77
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证实了相同的结论

78
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疾病防治中心(CDC)最近进行了一次调查

79
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他们简单地要求受试者来报告

80
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在过去的一周里自己是否经历了

81
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重大的心理困扰

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老年人承认有这类问题的

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比中年人少

84
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也比年轻人少

85
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一项近期的盖洛普调查

86
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询问参与者

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有多少压力、焦虑和愤怒情绪

88
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他们在前一天体验过

89
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压力、焦虑、愤怒

90
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都随着年龄增长而减少

91
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社会学家称这种现象为老龄化悖论

92
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老龄化可不是小事

93
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我们问了各种各样的问题

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试图推翻这个研究结论

95
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我们提出这可能是因为

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现在正值老年的这一代人

97
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一直以来都是

98
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最伟大的一代人

99
00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,000
而现在的年青一代

100
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可能不会在成长过程中

101
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经历同样的进步

102
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我们也提出

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也许老年人只是在发扬阿Q精神

104
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来应对令人沮丧的事实

105
00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:22,000
（笑声）

106
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然而我们越是想要颠覆这个结论

107
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反而找到越多的证据

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来支持这个结论

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很多年前，我和同事一起开始了一项研究

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我们对同一组人进行跟踪调查长达十年

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这组人最开始的年龄从18岁到94岁不等

112
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我们研究了他们的情绪体验

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是否随着岁月而改变

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研究参与者随身携带电子纸张

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每次持续一周时间

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我们在早晚的任意时间呼叫他们

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每一次我们呼叫他们

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我们会问他们几个问题

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用1到7的量表来衡量他们当时高兴的程度

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悲伤的程度

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沮丧的程度

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这样我们就能

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监测到他们情绪和感觉上的

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日常状况

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通过这种

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对个人的密集调查

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我们发现并没有任何一代人

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比其他人更好

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但是同一个人随着年岁增长

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开始报告

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相对更积极的体验

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现在你看到在非常高的年龄

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这里有些许下降

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这里的确有一些下降

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但是绝没有回复到

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他们

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早期成年期的水平

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当然，光说

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老年人更“快乐”，那太过草率

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在我们的研究里，他们更积极

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但他们也比年轻人

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更能体会到复杂的情感

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悲喜交加

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你们知道

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就是冲着朋友微笑的同时眼含泪花

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有其他研究显示

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老年人能够

148
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更从容地应对悲伤

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他们比年轻人更能接受悲伤情绪

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我们怀疑这能帮助解释

151
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为什么老年人比年轻人

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更擅长处理激烈的情绪冲突和争论

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老年人看待不公

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能够带着怜悯

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而不是绝望

156
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在同等条件下

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老年人会将自己的认知资源

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比如注意力和记忆力

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更多地导向积极信息，而不是消极信息

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我们向老年组、中年组和青年组展示图像

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正如你们在屏幕上看到的

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过后我们让他们

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回忆他们看到的图像

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老年组，而非青年组

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记得的积极图像

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多过消极图像

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我们让老年组和青年组

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去看实验室研究所用的脸部表情

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一些皱眉、一些微笑

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老年组看向微笑的脸

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而回避皱眉的、愤怒的脸

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在日常生活中

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这转换成更大的乐趣

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以及满足

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但作为社会学家，我们继续问

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是否有其他可能

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也许老年人

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报告更多的积极感受

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是因为他们认知机能受损

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（笑声）

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会不会

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积极情绪比消极情绪更易处理

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所以他们更倾向于积极情绪？

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也许我们脑内的神经系统

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退化了

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以致无法处理消极情绪

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但事实并非如此

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老年组里思维最敏捷的

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恰恰是最积极的

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在关键时刻

191
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老年人处理消极情绪

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和处理积极情绪的能力是一样的

193
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这是为什么呢？

194
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在我们的研究里

195
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我们发现这些改变

196
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在最基本上植根于

197
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人类监控时间的独特能力

198
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不光是时钟的时间和日历的时间

199
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更是生命的时间

200
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如果说老龄化悖论成立

201
00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:24,000
那也是因为我们认识到生命易逝

202
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而使我们把人生观

203
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变得更积极

204
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人生的终点遥远又朦胧

205
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年轻时通常都这么想

206
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人们就会一直跃跃欲试

207
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试图尽可能地去吸收信息

208
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承担风险、探索未知

209
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我们可能会跟不喜欢的人共度时光

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因为感觉这挺有趣

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我们也许不经意间学到一些不该学的东西

212
00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,000
（笑声）

213
00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:54,000
我们去相亲

214
00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:56,000
（笑声）

215
00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,000
毕竟

216
00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,000
就算失败了，也还有明天

217
00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:03,000
超过50岁的人

218
00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,000
就不会去相亲了

219
00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:11,000
（笑声）

220
00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:13,000
当我们逐渐变老

221
00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:15,000
跟人生终点的距离不断缩短

222
00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:18,000
我们的人生目标从而改变

223
00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:21,000
当我们意识到时间不再多的可以尽情挥霍

224
00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:23,000
就能清楚地看到事情的轻重缓急

225
00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,000
我们变得不在意琐碎之事了

226
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我们享受人生

227
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我们更懂感恩

228
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更向往和谐

229
00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:36,000
我们更致力于精神层面上重要的东西

230
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生活变得更好

231
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所以日益快乐

232
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但是这种观念的改变

233
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也降低了

234
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对不公的容忍

235
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到2015年

236
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:54,000
美国人口中

237
00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,000
60岁以上的人口

238
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将会超过不满15岁的人口

239
00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:01,000
社会老龄化之后

240
00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:04,000
会有什么改变？

241
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数量并不能

242
00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:09,000
左右结果

243
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文化才会

244
00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:15,000
如果我们投入科学和技术

245
00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:17,000
为老龄化问题

246
00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,000
找出解决之道

247
00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:22,000
我们充分发挥

248
00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,000
老年人的

249
00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,000
真正优势

250
00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:28,000
那么，寿命的增加

251
00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:31,000
将会戏剧性地改善人们的生活质量

252
00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:33,000
无论是哪个年龄段

253
00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:36,000
社会上有上百万的

254
00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,000
有才能而且情绪稳定的市民

255
00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:41,000
他们更健康，受过更高的教育

256
00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:43,000
与他们之前的任何一代人比

257
00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:45,000
用知识武装自己

258
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:47,000
了解人生的各种状况

259
00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,000
积极主动地

260
00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,000
去解决重大问题

261
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,000
社会将变得更加美好

262
00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,000
比我们已知的更好

263
00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,000
我父亲已经92岁了

264
00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,000
他喜欢说

265
00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:05,000
”让我们不要再说

266
00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:07,000
解救老年人这种话了

267
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,000
我们要开始谈谈

268
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:13,000
如何让老年人解救所有人。”

269
00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:15,000
谢谢

270
00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:17,000
（鼓掌）