[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.50,0:00:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to tell you today about three areas\Nof science and engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.34,0:00:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think are converging\Nin very interesting ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.84,0:00:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a mechanical engineer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.60,0:00:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been working in robotics\Nfor over 25 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.83,0:00:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been in micro/nanotechnologies\Nfor over 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.83,0:00:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the past decade,\Nsince I've been here in Zurich,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.53,0:00:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been working more closely\Nwith biologists and with medical doctors,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.91,0:00:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that the technologies\Nwe're working on
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.25,0:00:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our vision of the future\Nhas some very interesting implications.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.68,0:00:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead of telling you about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.39,0:00:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I want to show you\Nis a clip from a Hollywood film
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.26,0:00:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually happens\Nto be almost as old as I am, so ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.54,0:01:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Man: All stations, stand by.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.49,0:01:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(On stage) (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.38,0:01:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Man: Right. Inject.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.82,0:01:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(On stage) "Fantastic Voyage,"\Nit's a classic.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.97,0:01:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love this movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.52,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hollywood has two advantages\Nwhen they make movies, versus an engineer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't have to worry about physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.86,0:01:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't have actually\Nhave to make the things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.14,0:01:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I want to show you now
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.43,0:01:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an animation actually made for us\Nby the Discovery Channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.34,0:01:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They visited my lab\Nabout a year and a half ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.02,0:01:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We appeared on one of their shows,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.02,0:01:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they put together this concept\Nof where we're heading.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.82,0:01:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we've been working on\Nfor several years now
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.25,0:01:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been little, what we call microrobots\Nthat we inject into your eye -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.23,0:01:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we haven't done it on a human yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.16,0:01:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we inject it into your eye -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.69,0:02:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we use magnetic fields\Nto guide that device back to the retina
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.32,0:02:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to perform certain retinal therapies,\Nfor instance delivering drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.51,0:02:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You saw there, over the patient,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.26,0:02:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sequence of electromagnetic\Ncoils that we use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.72,0:02:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in a real pig's eye\Nthat you're seeing right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.44,0:02:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This pig's eye came from the butcher\Nearlier that morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.15,0:02:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we didn't harm any animals\Nourselves in making this, but -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.79,0:02:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.79,0:02:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is that we're able\Nto very precisely control that device.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.34,0:02:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That device is about 0.5 mm in size,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.60,0:02:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a millimeter long,\Nto give you an idea of scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.81,0:02:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this next slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.68,0:02:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see on the left is a system\Nof electromagnetic coils we use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.21,0:02:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do in vivo animal trials with these.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.61,0:02:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are eight of these coils,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.11,0:02:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it the OctoMag,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.21,0:02:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we control the current\Nin each one of those very precisely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.12,0:02:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to guide this device\Nthrough the ocular cavity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.31,0:02:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to the retina.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.48,0:02:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see one of our most recent devices\Non the fingertip there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.99,0:02:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That particular, we call it a microrobot;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.94,0:02:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about 1/3 mm in diameter, \N330 microns in diameter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.27,0:02:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our design specs -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.73,0:03:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason we want it to be so thin -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.71,0:03:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about 1.8 mm long -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.76,0:03:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we want it to fit\Ninside of a 23-gauge needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.84,0:03:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it fits inside of a 23-gauge needle\Nand we inject it into your eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.16,0:03:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we remove that, that puncture wound\Ndoesn't need a suture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.05,0:03:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's relatively non-invasive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.16,0:03:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just put a little topical\Nanesthetic, and it's done.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.79,0:03:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the time to inject drugs to treat\Nage-related macular degeneration -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.76,0:03:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that needle, not the microrobots,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.53,0:03:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should say.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.92,0:03:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that robot that I just showed you,\Nthat you see there on the fingertip,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.47,0:03:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the biggest robot we make.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.42,0:03:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My goal is to make robots that are\Nabout 1000 times smaller than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.20,0:03:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something the size, for instance, \Nof these E. coli bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.39,0:03:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These little rod-shaped bacteria \Nare about a micron or two long.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.32,0:03:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is about 1/100\Nof the width of a hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.49,0:03:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See those little tails coming off of them?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.94,0:03:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll get to that later, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.04,0:03:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before we start talking\Nabout bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.05,0:03:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk a little bit about physics\Nand what these constraints put on us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.76,0:03:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we're going to do \Na simple thought experiment here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.34,0:04:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a cube, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.12,0:04:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a meter on the side.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.58,0:04:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't need my calculator\Nto do this calculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.12,0:04:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A meter by a meter by a meter\Nis a cubic meter, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.07,0:04:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if I take that cube\Nand I shrink it to 10 cm -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.59,0:04:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I shrink it by a factor of 10 -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.36,0:04:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that calculation changes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.82,0:04:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm taking a length\Nby a length by a length,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.25,0:04:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of a sudden, it's become\N1/1000th of its original volume,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.23,0:04:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so properties that depend on volume -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.85,0:04:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance, mass -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.04,0:04:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also go down by a factor of 1000.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.86,0:04:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if I go down another\N100 times, to a centimeter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.11,0:04:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's gone down, now, by a million times.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.41,0:04:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so volume -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.41,0:04:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I said, the weight of it\Ngoes down by a million times,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.13,0:04:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also those magnetic forces\Nwe generate on it are also going down
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.65,0:04:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they scale also\Nwith the mass of the object.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.77,0:04:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you might say, "But since\Nit weighs less, what's the problem?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.85,0:04:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, let's think\Nabout the surface area of that cube.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.09,0:04:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got six sides,\Neach side is a square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.89,0:04:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got six square meters on that cube.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.71,0:04:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the volume of one, ratio of six.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.87,0:05:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as I go down, that area\Nis only a length by a length,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.94,0:05:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so as I go down each order\Nof magnitude by a factor of 10,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.88,0:05:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the importance of surface area\Ngoes up by a factor of 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.01,0:05:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that causes problems, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.60,0:05:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't make robots
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.83,0:05:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and guide them with magnetic fields\Nthe way I showed you in the eye -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.60,0:05:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't make them any smaller than I have.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.42,0:05:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what are some of the implications?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.78,0:05:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, think about a fish\Nand how a fish swims.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.92,0:05:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A fish moves its tail back and forth\Nin a reciprocal motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.32,0:05:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pushing the mass of fluid back\Nand moving itself forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.90,0:05:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It knows Newton's first law, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.55,0:05:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, Geoffrey Taylor, \Nprofessor at Cambridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.84,0:05:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought about this and published\Nsome very important papers in the 1950s,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.27,0:05:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he made a little mechanical fish\Njust to show how it would work in water,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.89,0:05:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it swims just the way\Nyou'd think it would.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.09,0:05:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if I took that fish
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.26,0:05:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or I took you, and I made you\N1,000 or 10,000 times smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.08,0:05:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I put you in water,\Nall of sudden, that water would feel -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.99,0:05:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though it has the same viscocity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.80,0:05:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the surface effects\Nor the drag of that water
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.89,0:05:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be much, much stronger on you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.82,0:05:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what Geoffrey Taylor did -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.51,0:06:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a video he made in the 1960s -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.83,0:06:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is he got a vat of something very thick.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.06,0:06:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think if you're from the UK, \Nyou know Lyle's Golden Syrup,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.92,0:06:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that's what\Nhe must have used if you look at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.72,0:06:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, he took his robot -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.01,0:06:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a little mechanical fish -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.54,0:06:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it in there,\Nand it doesn't go anywhere
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.04,0:06:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the fluid drag is so strong
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.84,0:06:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the mass that's pushing back\Nis so much less than that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.55,0:06:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it doesn't move.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.56,0:06:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the problem\Nas we go down in scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.84,0:06:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we have to rethink \Nthe way things swim
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.14,0:06:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way things move.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.87,0:06:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you're an engineer\Nand you don't know how to solve a problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.16,0:06:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.16,0:06:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You look at nature and think,\N"How did nature solve this problem?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.26,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature solved this problem\Nmillions, billions of years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know there's paramecia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.56,0:06:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see the spermatozoa\Nthere on the right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.57,0:06:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have these special\Nlittle hairs on them, these cilia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.47,0:06:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these flagella\Nfor the sperm, we call them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.06,0:06:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that move in very interesting ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.86,0:06:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, nobody knew before 1675\Nthat these things even existed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.02,0:07:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, \Nwas looking in his microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.62,0:07:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was astounded
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.69,0:07:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see a world of tens of thousands\Nof little microorganisms swimming,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.03,0:07:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he wrote a letter\Nto the Royal Society the next year.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.69,0:07:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They verified his results.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.04,0:07:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People were astounded, what was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.01,0:07:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what van Leeuwenhoek\Nsaw in his microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.24,0:07:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the first time\Nanybody had ever seen bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.07,0:07:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a graphic\Nof one of the rod-shaped ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.97,0:07:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about a micron or two long.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.70,0:07:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you look at these\Nunder a microscope -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.15,0:07:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you saw the one I showed of the E.coli -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.33,0:07:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll notice it has\Na little flagella on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.42,0:07:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you look at it under a microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.37,0:07:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see is this flagella\Nseems to be wiggling back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.70,0:07:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you were able to look at it\Nfrom another direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.40,0:07:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you realize it's not wiggling\Nback and forth; it's actually rotating.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.40,0:07:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Howard Berg,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.40,0:07:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he was at University of Colorado\Nin the early 1970s, discovered this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.54,0:07:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what he discovered was astounding:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.17,0:07:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nature has invented a rotary motor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.47,0:07:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.47,0:08:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where else in nature\Nis there a rotary motor?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.15,0:08:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Howard has been to our lab\Nand given us some advice on what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.91,0:08:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He calls these things\Nnature's microrobots, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.100,0:08:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the body of the bacteria\Nhas sensors on it, chemoreceptors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.08,0:08:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those chemoreceptors communicate\Nwith the motor in the back of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.17,0:08:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to drive it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.33,0:08:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That also has software in there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.86,0:08:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The software is the chunks\Nof DNA floating around.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.19,0:08:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're just telling it\Nwhat parts to make
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.30,0:08:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep building the sensors it needs,\Nthe motors it needs, and all that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.72,0:08:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the motor is a fascinating structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.94,0:08:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since Howard discovered\Nthese bacterial motors in 1973 -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.29,0:08:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, by the way some people believe\Nis evidence of an intelligent designer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.97,0:08:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't think\Nmost biologists believe that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.52,0:08:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These motors are made\Nfrom about 30 to 40 proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.19,0:08:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They assemble into this structure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.65,0:08:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that spins up to\N160 revolutions per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.11,0:08:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see on the right here,\Na video from Howard's lab
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.81,0:09:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fluorescent bacteria\Nswimming at these speeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.66,0:09:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that the size of these\Nis a micron or two.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.66,0:09:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we looked at this, \Nand we were thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.38,0:09:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What can we learn from this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.76,0:09:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we take advantage of this?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.43,0:09:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we leveraged some\Nof our nanotechnology experience
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.44,0:09:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build something we called \Nan artificial bacterial flagella.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.64,0:09:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I can't make that motor yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.25,0:09:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That motor's about\N45 nanometers in diameter.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.70,0:09:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I can make is the flagella
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.48,0:09:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a similar size and shape\Nthat a bacteria has.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.16,0:09:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the front of it there on the left,\Nyou'll see what looks like a head,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.74,0:09:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what that is is actually\Na little piece of magnet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.26,0:09:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I can do with that magnet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.14,0:09:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is I can generate a torque on it\Nwith a magnetic field,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.68,0:09:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as I rotate that field -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.07,0:09:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are very, very low fields;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.79,0:09:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're about 1000 times\Nless than an MRI field -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.07,0:09:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they start to get it to twist,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.51,0:09:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as it twists,\Nit propels itself forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.76,0:09:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like E. coli do.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.22,0:09:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To give you an idea of the scale\Nwe're talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.69,0:09:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's a scanning electron\Nmicrograph of a human hair;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.29,0:09:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about 100 microns or so in diameter.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.19,0:10:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is the size of our smallest ABFs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.48,0:10:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're about 10 microns,\Nthese particular ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.41,0:10:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the size\Nof a red blood cell, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.61,0:10:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're about double.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.71,0:10:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our smallest ones are\Nabout twice the size of a red blood cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.66,0:10:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here are three of them swimming\Ntogether in a sort of swarm behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.48,0:10:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, they look alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.72,0:10:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I get excited when we do this, you know?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.92,0:10:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.92,0:10:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why I do robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.11,0:10:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing more fun than building\Na machine and watching it move.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.46,0:10:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you'll notice\Nthese will start to go backwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.90,0:10:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't reverse the video;\NI just reversed the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.43,0:10:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some really interesting\Nfluid dynamics to be explored here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.57,0:10:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's pretty interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.01,0:10:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One exciting thing for us this year\Nwas when we were in the bookstore,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.28,0:10:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we picked up a copy of\Nthe 2012 Guinness Book of World Records
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.26,0:10:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discovered that we were\Nin the Guinness Book of World Records
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.32,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the smallest medical robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience) Whoo!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bradley Nelson: Being in the\NGuinness Book of World Records is great,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.24,0:10:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what I'm really gunning for is,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.91,0:10:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to win a medal\Nin the next Olympics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.98,0:10:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we're developing\Nsynchronized swimmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.13,0:10:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.68,0:10:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are interesting -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.78,0:10:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's particularly interesting\Nabout these guys
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.37,0:11:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they're made out of a polymer.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.28,0:11:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're noncytotoxic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.55,0:11:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't kill cells;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.64,0:11:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, cells like to grow on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.36,0:11:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've developed a new technology
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.08,0:11:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to make\Nsome fairly arbitrary shapes here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.75,0:11:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this next little video\NI want to show you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.08,0:11:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of our devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.83,0:11:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We put a claw on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.16,0:11:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so what it can do is go around\Nand grab these little -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.72,0:11:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are 6-micron diameter beads,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.34,0:11:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're about the size\Nof that red blood cell -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.68,0:11:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grab those, move them up in 3D, \Nmove them up and down,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.26,0:11:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then eventually release them\Nusing these fluidic forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.40,0:11:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've also been thinking about other,\Nmore serious applications as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.05,0:11:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one of our devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.39,0:11:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We coated it with\Na fluorescent molecule called calcein.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.45,0:11:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This molecule, you're looking at it \Nin a fluorescent microscope there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.10,0:11:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This molecule, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.20,0:11:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the same molecular weight\Nas a lot of chemotherapy drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.01,0:11:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the left, you'll see \Nsome red cells that are stained red.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.98,0:12:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We discovered as we moved this bacteria\Nnear those cells and touched them with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.25,0:12:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the calcein actually\Ngets taken up by the cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.74,0:12:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this allows us, now, to potentially\Ndeliver drugs into individual cells
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.57,0:12:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and target individual cells\Nwith this kind of technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.36,0:12:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing that's cool -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.74,0:12:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've only shown you a few, \Nbut we can make armies of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.55,0:12:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can make them by the thousands.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.17,0:12:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can make about one a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.72,0:12:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We make tens of thousands, \Nput them in suspension.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.10,0:12:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think there's some interesting\Npossibilities here
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.62,0:12:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the future of where this can go.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.07,0:12:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to the bacterial motor.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.98,0:12:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a video from\NKeiichi Namba's lab at Osaka University.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.29,0:12:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and his group have spent years
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.86,0:12:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to understand\Nthe exact sequence of proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.29,0:12:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they assemble into this rotary motor.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.24,0:12:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I'm not at the point\Nwhere I can develop the motor,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.10,0:12:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can develop some of these\Nparts of this device,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.56,0:12:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so what we're hoping as we move into\Nthe future and keep going in this area,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.32,0:12:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll learn more and more from nature\Nat these molecular scales
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.28,0:12:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be able to build machines\Nthat operate in similar ways
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.100,0:12:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and under similar principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.03,0:13:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been very fortunate\Nto work with some brilliant scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.04,0:13:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brilliant medical doctors,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.30,0:13:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you're at the ETH,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.59,0:13:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Swiss Federal Institute\Nof Technology here -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.83,0:13:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, I'm an engineer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.33,0:13:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I walk the hallways where people\Nlike Conrad Röntgen, who invented X-rays,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.28,0:13:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wolfgang Pauli or Albert Einstein were.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.30,0:13:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a humbling experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.06,0:13:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I take a little bit of comfort
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.72,0:13:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a quote from a famous\Naeronautical engineer from Caltech,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.32,0:13:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Theodore von Karman,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.04,0:13:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and von Karman said,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.84,0:13:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The scientist describes what is; \Nthe engineer creates what never was."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.10,0:13:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.10,0:13:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. So.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.30,0:13:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to leave you\Nwith one last thought here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.49,0:13:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from Richard Feynman,\Nthe famous physicist from Caltech,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.50,0:13:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who said, "What I cannot make, \NI do not understand."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.98,0:13:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.98,0:13:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. So thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.36,0:13:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)