[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the great things about science
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.21,0:00:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that when scientists make a discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.77,0:00:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not always in a prescribed manner,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.30,0:00:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in, only in a laboratory\Nunder strict settings,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.44,0:00:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with white lab coats
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.89,0:00:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all sorts of neat\Nscience gizmos that go, "Beep!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.72,0:00:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.06,0:00:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the events and people involved
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.51,0:00:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some of the major\Nscientific discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.90,0:00:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are as weird and varied as they get.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.64,0:00:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My case in point:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.25,0:00:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Weird History of the Cell Theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.63,0:00:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are three parts to the cell theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.79,0:00:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One: all organisms are composed\Nof one or more cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.93,0:00:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two: the cell is the basic\Nunit of structure
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.47,0:00:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and organization in organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.36,0:00:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And three: all cells come\Nfrom preexisting cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.51,0:01:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be honest, this all sounds\Nincredibly boring
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.57,0:01:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you dig a little deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.33,0:01:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into how the world\Nof microscopic organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this theory came to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.04,0:01:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started in the early 1600s\Nin the Netherlands,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.07,0:01:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a spectacle maker\Nnamed Zacharias Janssen
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.76,0:01:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is said to have come up\Nwith the first compound microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.28,0:01:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with the first telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.06,0:01:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both claims are often disputed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.90,0:01:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as apparently he wasn't the only bored guy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.31,0:01:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a ton of glass lenses\Nto play with at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.31,0:01:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.49,0:01:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the microscope soon became a hot item
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.88,0:01:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every naturalist or scientist\Nat the time wanted to play with,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.33,0:01:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it much like the iPad of its day.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.22,0:01:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One such person
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.78,0:01:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a fellow Dutchman by the name\Nof Anton van Leeuwenhoek,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.30,0:01:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who heard about\Nthese microscope doohickeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.59,0:01:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of going out and buying one,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.90,0:01:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he decided to make his own.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.75,0:01:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a strange\Nlittle contraption indeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.52,0:01:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it looked more like a tiny paddle\Nthe size of a sunglass lens.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.51,0:01:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If he had stuck two together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.07,0:01:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it probably would have made\Na wicked set of sunglasses
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.87,0:02:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you couldn't see much out of.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.87,0:02:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyhoo, once Leeuwenhoek\Nhad his microscope ready,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.78,0:02:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he went to town,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.96,0:02:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at anything and everything\Nhe could with them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.52,0:02:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the gunk on his teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.78,0:02:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, you heard right.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.05,0:02:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He actually discovered bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.12,0:02:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at dental scrapings,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.60,0:02:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, when you keep in mind
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.29,0:02:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people didn't brush their teeth\Nmuch -- if at all -- back then,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.67,0:02:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he must have had a lovely bunch\Nof bacteria to look at.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.59,0:02:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he wrote about his discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.31,0:02:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't call them bacteria,\Nas we know them today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.08,0:02:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he called them "animalcules,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.27,0:02:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they looked\Nlike little animals to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.88,0:02:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While Leeuwenhoek was staring\Nat his teeth gunk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.22,0:02:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was also sending letters\Nto a scientific colleague in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.34,0:02:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the name of Robert Hooke.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.27,0:02:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hooke was a guy who really loved\Nall aspects of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.80,0:02:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he dabbled in a little bit\Nof everything, including physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.86,0:02:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemistry and biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.78,0:02:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus it is Hooke who we can thank\Nfor the term "the cell,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.46,0:03:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he was looking at a piece of cork\Nunder his microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.70,0:03:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the little chambers he saw\Nreminded him of cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.100,0:03:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the rooms monks slept in\Nin their monasteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.16,0:03:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think college dorm rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.72,0:03:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but without the TVs, computers\Nand really annoying roommates.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.84,0:03:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hooke was something\Nof an underappreciated scientist
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.37,0:03:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his day --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.55,0:03:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something he brought upon himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.21,0:03:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he made the mistake of locking horns
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.11,0:03:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one of the most famous\Nscientists ever, Sir Isaac Newton.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.06,0:03:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember when I said Hooke\Ndabbled in many different fields?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.91,0:03:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, after Newton published\Na groundbreaking book
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.32,0:03:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how planets move due to gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.69,0:03:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hooke made the claim
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.87,0:03:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Newton had been inspired\Nby Hooke's work in physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.89,0:03:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Newton, to say the least,\Ndid not like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.30,0:03:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sparked a tense\Nrelationship between the two
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.66,0:03:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lasted even after Hooke died,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.98,0:03:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as quite a bit of Hooke's research --\Nas well as his only portrait --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was ... misplaced, due to Newton.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.70,0:03:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of it was rediscovered,\Nthankfully, after Newton's time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.05,0:03:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not his portrait,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.34,0:04:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as, sadly, no one knows\Nwhat Robert Hooke looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.78,0:04:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fast-forward to the 1800s,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.58,0:04:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where two German scientists\Ndiscovered something
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.11,0:04:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that today we might find rather obvious,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.80,0:04:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but helped tie together\Nwhat we now know as the cell theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.27,0:04:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first scientist\Nwas Matthias Schleiden,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.84,0:04:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a botanist who liked to study\Nplants under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.30,0:04:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From his years of studying\Ndifferent plant species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.94,0:04:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it finally dawned on him
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.27,0:04:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every single plant he had looked at
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.76,0:04:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were all made of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.87,0:04:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.08,0:04:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the other end of Germany\Nwas Theodor Schwann,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.86,0:04:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a scientist who not only\Nstudied slides of animal cells
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.86,0:04:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.10,0:04:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got a special type\Nof nerve cell named after him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.25,0:04:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also invented rebreathers\Nfor firefighters,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.97,0:04:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had a kickin' pair of sideburns.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.31,0:04:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After studying animal cells for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.34,0:04:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he, too, came to the conclusion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.26,0:04:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all animals were made of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.45,0:04:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immediately, he reached out\Nvia snail mail,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.30,0:04:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Twitter had yet to be invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.51,0:04:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other scientists working\Nin the same field with Schleiden,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.68,0:04:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who got back to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.86,0:05:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the two started working\Non the beginnings of the cell theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.95,0:05:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bone of contention arose between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.91,0:05:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for the last part of the cell theory --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.07,0:05:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cells come from preexisting cells --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.70,0:05:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schleiden didn't exactly\Nsubscribe to that thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.16,0:05:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he swore cells came\Nfrom free-cell formation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.75,0:05:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they just kind of spontaneously\Ncrystallized into existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.01,0:05:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when another scientist\Nnamed Rudolph Virchow,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.96,0:05:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stepped in with research showing\Nthat cells did come from other cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.59,0:05:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research that was actually --\Nhmm ... How to put it? --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.26,0:05:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"borrowed without permission"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.05,0:05:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a Jewish scientist\Nby the name of Robert Remak,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.16,0:05:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which led to two more feuding scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.06,0:05:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, from teeth gunk\Nto torquing off Newton,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.22,0:05:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crystallization to Schwann cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.62,0:05:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cell theory came to be\Nan important part of biology today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.30,0:05:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some things we know\Nabout science today may seem boring,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.54,0:05:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how we came to know them\Nis incredibly fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.22,0:05:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if something bores you,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dig deeper.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.49,0:06:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's probably got a really weird\Nstory behind it somewhere.