[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the great things about science
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that when scientists make a discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not always in a prescribed manner,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in, only in a laboratory under strict settings,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with white lab coats and all sorts of neat science gizmos
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go, "Beep!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the events and people involved in some of the major scientific discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are as weird and varied as they get.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My case in point:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Weird History of the Cell Theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are three parts to the cell theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One: All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two: The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And three: All cells come from preexisting cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be honest, this all sounds incredibly boring
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you dig a little deeper into how the world of microscopic organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this theory came to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started in the early 1600s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Netherlands, where a spectacle maker
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,name Zacharias Jansen is said to have come up with the first compound microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with the first telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both claims are often disputed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as apparently he wasn't the only bored guy with a ton of glass lenses to play with at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the microscope soon became a hot item
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every naturalist or scientist at the time wanted to play with,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it much like the iPad of its day.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once such person
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a fellow Dutchman by the name of Anton van Leeuwenhoek,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who heard about these microscope doohickies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of going out and buying one,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he decided to make his own.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a strange little contraption indeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it looked more like a tiny paddle the size of a sunglass lens.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If he had stuck two together, it probably would have made a wicked set of sunglasses ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you couldn't see much out of.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any-who, once Leeuwenhoek had his microscope ready,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he went to town, looking at anything and everything he could with them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the gunk on his teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, you heard right.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He actually discovered bacteria by looking at dental scrapings,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, when you keep in mind that people didn't brush their teeth much,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if at all, back then,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he must have had a lovely bunch of bacteria to look at.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he wrote about his discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't call them bacteria, as we know them today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he called them animalcules,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they looked like little animals to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While Leeuwenhoek was staring at his teeth gunk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was also sending letters to a scientific colleague in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the name of Robert Hooke.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hooke was a guy who really loved all aspects of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he dabbled in a little bit of everything, including physics, chemistry and biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus it is Hooke who we can thank for the term "the cell,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he was looking at a piece of cork under his microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the little chambers he saw reminded him of cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the rooms monks slept in in their monasteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think college dorm rooms, but without the TV's, computers and really annoying roommates.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hooke was something of an under-appreciated scientist of his day,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something he brought upon himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he made the mistake of locking horns with one of the most famous scientists ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir Isaac Newton.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember when I said Hooke dabbled in many different fields?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, after Newton published a groundbreaking book
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how planets move due to gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hooke made the claim that Newton
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been inspired by Hooke's work in physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Newton, to say the least, did not like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sparked a tense relationship between the two that lasted even after Hooke died,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as quite a bit of Hooke's research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as his only portrait, was "misplaced," due to Newton.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of it was rediscovered, thankfully, after Newton's time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not his portrait, as sadly no one knows what Robert Hooke looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fast-forward to the 1800s,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where two German scientists discovered something that today we might find rather obvious,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but helped tie together what we now know as the cell theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first scientist was Matthias Schleiden,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a botanist who liked to study plants under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From his years of studying different plant species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it finally dawned on him that every single plant he had looked at
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were all made of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, on the other end of Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Theodor Schwann,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a scientist who not only studied slides of animal cells under the microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got a special type of nerve cell named after him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also invented rebreathers for firefighters
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had a kickin' pair of sideburns.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After studying animal cells for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he too came to the conclusion that all animals were made of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immediately, he reached out via snail mail,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Twitter had yet to be invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other scientists working in the same field,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,met with Schleiden, who got back to him, and the two started working on the beginnings of the cell theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bone of contention arose between them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as for the last part of the cell theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cells come from preexisting cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schleiden didn't exactly subscribe to that thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he swore cells came from free cell formation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they just kind of spontaneously crystalized into existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when another scientist, named Rudolph Virchow,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stepped in with research showing that cells did come from other cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research that was actually -- hmm, how to put it? -- borrowed without permission
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a Jewish scientist by the name of Robert Remak,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which led to two more feuding scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, from teeth gunk to torquing off Newton,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crystallization to Schwann cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cell theory came to be an important part of biology today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some things we know about science today may seem boring,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how we came to know them is incredibly fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if something bores you,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dig deeper.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's probably got a really weird story behind it somewhere.