[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.93,0:00:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To many, one of the coolest things\Nabout "Game of Thrones"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.87,0:00:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the inhabitants\Nof the Dothraki Sea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.22,0:00:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have their own real language.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.52,0:00:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Dothraki came hot on the heels
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.29,0:00:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the real language\Nthat the Na'vi speak in "Avatar,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.17,0:00:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, surely, the Na'vi needed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.80,0:00:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Klingons in "Star Trek" have had\Ntheir own whole language since 1979.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.80,0:00:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's not forget the Elvish languages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.86,0:00:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in J.R.R. Tolkien's\N"Lord of the Rings" trilogy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.19,0:00:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially since that was\Nthe official grandfather
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.80,0:00:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the fantasy conlangs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.100,0:00:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Conlang" is short for\N"constructed language."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.81,0:00:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more than codes like Pig Latin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.48,0:00:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not just collections\Nof fabricated slang like the Nadsat lingo
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.08,0:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the teen hoodlums\Nin "A Clockwork Orange" speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.02,0:00:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where "droog" from Russian\Nhappens to mean "friend."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.97,0:00:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes conlangs real languages\Nisn't the number of words they have.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.26,0:00:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helps, of course,\Nto have a lot of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.63,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dothraki has thousands of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.03,0:01:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Na'vi started with 1,500 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.34,0:01:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fans on websites\Nhave steadily created more.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.88,0:01:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can see the difference\Nbetween vocabulary alone
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.80,0:01:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what makes a real language
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.56,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a look at how Tolkien\Nput together grand old Elvish,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.03,0:01:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a conlang with several thousands words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.07,0:01:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, you could memorize\N5,000 words of Russian
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.11,0:01:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still be barely able\Nto construct a sentence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.81,0:01:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A four-year-old would talk\Nrings around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.39,0:01:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because you have to know\Nhow to put the words together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.50,0:01:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, a real language has grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.23,0:01:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elvish does.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.72,0:01:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In English, to make a verb past,\Nyou add an "-ed."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.21,0:01:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wash, washed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.71,0:01:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Elvish, "wash" is "allu"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.25,0:01:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "washed" is "allune."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.38,0:01:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Real languages also change over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.85,0:01:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no such thing as a language
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.84,0:01:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the same today\Nas it was a thousand years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.77,0:01:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As people speak, they drift\Ninto new habits,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.44,0:01:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shed old ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.66,0:01:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make mistakes, and get creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.76,0:02:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, one says,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.29,0:02:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Give us today our daily bread."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.40,0:02:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Old English, they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.15,0:02:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Urne gedaeghwamlican\Nhlaf syle us todaeg."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.15,0:02:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things change in conlangs, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.44,0:02:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tolkien charted out ancient\Nand newer versions of Elvish.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.38,0:02:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the first Elves awoke at Cuiviénen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.48,0:02:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their new language,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.55,0:02:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word for "people" was "kwendi,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.79,0:02:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the language of one of the groups\Nthat moved away, Teleri,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.31,0:02:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time, "kwendi" became "pendi,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.94,0:02:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the "k" turning into a "p."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.11,0:02:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just like real languages,\Nconlangs like Elvish split off into many.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.83,0:02:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Romans transplanted\NLatin across Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.25,0:02:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French, Spanish, and Italian were born.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.60,0:02:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When groups move to different places,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.56,0:02:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time, their ways\Nof speaking grow apart,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.06,0:02:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like everything else about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.10,0:02:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, Latin's word for hand was "manus,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.94,0:02:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in French, it became "main,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.78,0:02:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while in Spain it became "mano."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.88,0:02:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tolkien made sure Elvish\Ndid the same kind of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.94,0:02:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While that original word\N"kwendi" became "pendi"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.61,0:03:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the Teleri,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.81,0:03:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the Avari, who spread\Nthroughout Middle Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.70,0:03:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became "kindi"\Nwhen the "w" dropped out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.64,0:03:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Elvish varieties Tolkien\Nfleshed out the most
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.08,0:03:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are Quenya and Sindarin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.63,0:03:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their words are different\Nin the same way French and Spanish are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.14,0:03:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quenya has "suc" for "drink,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.88,0:03:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sindarin has "sog."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.72,0:03:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you know, real languages are messy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.50,0:03:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because they change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.81,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and change has a way\Nof working against order,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.60,0:03:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like in a living room\Nor on a bookshelf.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.42,0:03:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Real languages are never\Nperfectly logical.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.10,0:03:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why Tolkien made sure\Nthat Elvish had plenty of exceptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.09,0:03:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of verbs are conjugated\Nin ways you just have to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.40,0:03:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take even the word "know."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.32,0:03:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past, it's "knew,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.40,0:03:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which isn't explained\Nby any of the rules in English.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.11,0:03:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.16,0:03:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Elvish, "know" is "ista,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.32,0:03:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but "knew" is "sinte."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.70,0:03:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.13,0:03:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth is, though, that Elvish\Nis more a sketch for a real language
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.46,0:03:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a whole one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.28,0:04:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Tolkien, Elvish was a hobby
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.26,0:04:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than an attempt to create something\Npeople could actually speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.98,0:04:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of the Elvish the characters\Nin the "Lord of the Rings" movies speak
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.48,0:04:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been made up since Tolkien\Nby dedicated fans of Elvish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.73,0:04:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on guesses as to what Tolkien\Nwould have constructed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.93,0:04:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the best we can do for Elvish\Nbecause there are no actual Elves around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.59,0:04:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to speak it for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.12,0:04:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the modern conlangs go further.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.83,0:04:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dothraki, Na'vi, and Klingon\Nare developed enough
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.91,0:04:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can actually speak them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.84,0:04:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a translation\Nof "Hamlet" into Klingon,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.17,0:04:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although performing it\Nwould mean getting used
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.38,0:04:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pronouncing "k" with your uvula,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.27,0:04:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that weird, cartoony thing hanging\Nin the back of your throat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.82,0:04:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Believe it or not, you actually do that\Nin plenty of languages around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.61,0:04:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Eskimo ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.81,0:04:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pronouncing Elvish is much easier, though.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.34,0:04:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's take our leave for now
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.39,0:04:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this introduction\Nto conlangs in Elvish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.65,0:04:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other three conlangs discussed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.76,0:04:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a heartfelt\Nquad-conlangual valedictory:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.00,0:04:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A Na Marie!"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.24,0:05:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hajas!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.30,0:05:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Na'vi's "Kiyevame!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.86,0:05:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Qapla!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.99,0:05:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "Goodbye!"