[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.53,0:00:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To many, one of the coolest things
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.75,0:00:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about "Game of Thrones"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.80,0:00:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the inhabitants of the Dothraki Sea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.22,0:00:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have their own real language.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.24,0:00:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Dothraki came hot on the heels
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.29,0:00:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the real language that the Na'vi speak in "Avatar,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.17,0:00:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, surely, the Na'vi needed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.80,0:00:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Klingons in "Star Trek"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.38,0:00:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have had their own whole language
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.89,0:00:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since 1979.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.80,0:00:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's not forget the Elvish languages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.86,0:00:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" trilogy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.19,0:00:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially since that was the official grandfather
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.80,0:00:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the fantasy conlangs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.44,0:00:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conlang is short for constructed language.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.81,0:00:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more than codes like Pig Latin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.48,0:00:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not just collections
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.53,0:00:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fabricated slang like the Nadsat lingo
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.08,0:00:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the teen hoodlums
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.20,0:00:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in "A Clockwork Orange" speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.02,0:00:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where droog from Russian
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.30,0:00:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happens to mean friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.97,0:00:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes conlangs real languages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.14,0:00:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't the number of words they have.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.26,0:00:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helps, of course, to have a lot of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.63,0:01:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dothraki has thousands of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.64,0:01:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Na'vi started with 1500 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.34,0:01:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fans on websites have steadily created more.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.65,0:01:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can see the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.11,0:01:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between vocabulary alone
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.80,0:01:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what makes a real language
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.56,0:01:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a look at how Tolkien
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.85,0:01:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put together grand old Elvish,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.03,0:01:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a conlang with several thousands words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.70,0:01:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, you could memorize 5,000 words of Russian
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.11,0:01:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still be barely able to construct a sentence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.81,0:01:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A four-year-old would talk rings around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.39,0:01:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because you have to know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.52,0:01:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to put the words together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.12,0:01:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, a real language has grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.93,0:01:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elvish does.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.42,0:01:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In English, to make a verb past,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.46,0:01:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you add an "-ed".
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.21,0:01:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wash, washed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.71,0:01:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Elvish, wash is allu
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.25,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and washed is allune.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.06,0:01:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Real languages also change over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.85,0:01:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no such thing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.75,0:01:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a language that's the same today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.62,0:01:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it was a thousand years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.77,0:01:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As people speak, they drift into new habits,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.44,0:01:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shed old ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.66,0:01:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make mistakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.43,0:01:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.48,0:02:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, one says,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.02,0:02:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Give us today our daily bread."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.40,0:02:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Old English, they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.15,0:02:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Urne gedaeghwamlican hlaf syle us todaeg."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.89,0:02:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things change in conlangs, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.14,0:02:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tolkien charted out ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.87,0:02:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and newer versions of Elvish.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.38,0:02:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the first Elves awoke at Cuivienen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.48,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their new language,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.48,0:02:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word for people was kwendi,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.79,0:02:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the language of one of the groups
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.41,0:02:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that moved away, Teleri,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.31,0:02:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time, kwendi became pendi,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.94,0:02:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the k turning into a p.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.47,0:02:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just like real languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.17,0:02:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conlangs like Elvish split off into many.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.31,0:02:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Romans transplanted Latin across Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.25,0:02:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French, Spanish, and Italian were born.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.60,0:02:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When groups move to different places,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.56,0:02:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time their ways of speaking grow apart,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.06,0:02:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like everything else about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.10,0:02:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, Latin's word for hand was manus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.94,0:02:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in French, it became main,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.78,0:02:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while in Spain it became mano.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.50,0:02:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tolkien made sure Elvish did the same kind of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.94,0:02:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While that original word kwendi became pendi
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.61,0:03:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the Teleri,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.81,0:03:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the Avari, who spread throughout Middle Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.70,0:03:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became kindi
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.98,0:03:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the w dropped out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.98,0:03:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Elvish varieties Tolkien fleshed out the most
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.70,0:03:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are Quenya and Sindarin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.63,0:03:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their words are different
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.81,0:03:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way French and Spanish are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.14,0:03:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quenya has suc for drink,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.88,0:03:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sindarin has sog.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.57,0:03:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you know, real languages are messy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.50,0:03:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because they change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.67,0:03:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and change has a way of working against order,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.60,0:03:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like in a living room
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.82,0:03:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or on a bookshelf.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.42,0:03:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Real languages are never perfectly logical.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.09,0:03:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why Tolkien made sure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.52,0:03:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Elvish had plenty of exceptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.78,0:03:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of verbs are conjugated in ways
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.86,0:03:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just have to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.40,0:03:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take even the word know.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.32,0:03:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past, it's knew,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.40,0:03:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which isn't explained by any of the rules in English.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.98,0:03:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.16,0:03:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Elvish, know is ista,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.32,0:03:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but knew is sinte.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.70,0:03:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.82,0:03:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth is, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.78,0:03:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Elvish is more a sketch for a real language
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.36,0:03:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a whole one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.96,0:04:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Tolkien, Elvish was a hobby
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.26,0:04:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than an attempt to create something
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.23,0:04:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people could actually speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.98,0:04:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of the Elvish the characters
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.60,0:04:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the "Lord of the Rings" movies speak
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.18,0:04:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been made up since Tolkien
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.94,0:04:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by dedicated fans of Elvish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.73,0:04:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on guesses as to what Tolkien
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.56,0:04:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have constructed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.75,0:04:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the best we can do for Elvish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.60,0:04:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are no actual Elves around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.59,0:04:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to speak it for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.12,0:04:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the modern conlangs go further.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.83,0:04:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dothraki, Na'vi, and Klingon are developed enough
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.91,0:04:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can actually speak them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.84,0:04:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a translation of "Hamlet" into Klingon,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.17,0:04:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although performing it would mean getting used
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.94,0:04:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pronouncing k with your uvula,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.09,0:04:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that weird, cartoony thing hanging
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.85,0:04:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the back of your throat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.91,0:04:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Believe it or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.70,0:04:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually do that in plenty
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.85,0:04:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of languages around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.27,0:04:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Eskimo ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.58,0:04:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pronouncing Elvish is much easier, though.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.84,0:04:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's take our leave for now
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.39,0:04:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this introduction to conlangs in Elvish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.65,0:04:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other three conglangs discussed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.76,0:04:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a heartfelt quad-conlangual valedictory:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.73,0:04:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A na marie!"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.09,0:05:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hajas!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.02,0:05:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Na'vi's "Kiyevame!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.86,0:05:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Qapla!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.99,0:05:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "Goodbye!"