[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.73,0:00:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.85,0:00:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- We need to look at something astounding
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.07,0:00:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happened over the course of like a hundred years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.64,0:00:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the final chapter,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.05,0:00:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I think is the most mind-boggling chapter,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.87,0:00:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the story of how Europe took over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.88,0:00:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why it's so mind-boggling
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.20,0:00:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because this is the part of the story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.82,0:00:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the map goes from looking like this in 1800
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.61,0:00:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Europe controlling like 35% of the world's land,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.31,0:00:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to looking like this by 1914.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.74,0:00:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.53,0:00:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With 84% of the Earth being controlled by the people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.16,0:00:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the descendants of the people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.69,0:00:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this once isolated continent in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.81,0:00:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,84%, how on Earth did this happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.68,0:00:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A huge part of this next chapter
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.03,0:00:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to do with this continent,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.70,0:00:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the second largest continent on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.11,0:00:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the part of the world that the Europeans
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.85,0:00:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hadn't really carved up yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.39,0:01:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is where the whole story comes together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.58,0:01:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows us how technology and different ways of thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.37,0:01:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helped these people take over the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.41,0:01:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the process, shaped the world we live in today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.41,0:01:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that we trade, where we get our stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.23,0:01:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the language I'm using to speak to you right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.60,0:01:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of you understand it
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.86,0:01:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though you don't live anywhere near the place
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.17,0:01:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it was invented.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.04,0:01:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm telling you, this isn't far away history anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.71,0:01:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the world we currently live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.45,0:01:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me show you the third and final chapter
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.91,0:01:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how Europe stole the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.63,0:01:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.74,0:01:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another video, another set of beautiful printed maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.65,0:01:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm telling you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.48,0:01:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the chapter where the maps get really good.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.56,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cartography really took off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, let's get up to speed on where we're at.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.71,0:01:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember it all started with Spain and Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.93,0:01:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They ramped up this colonialism thing back around 1500
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.66,0:01:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this led them to divide the world between them
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.06,0:01:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until other European countries got in on it, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.64,0:02:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the real competition started.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.23,0:02:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dutch created the modern corporation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.97,0:02:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed them to speed all of this up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.13,0:02:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world quickly turned into a giant marketplace
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.41,0:02:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,run by Europeans with boats and guns
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.17,0:02:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and incentives to bring profits
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.33,0:02:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the shareholders back home.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.12,0:02:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(playful music)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.56,0:02:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all a huge part of the story,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.06,0:02:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm telling you, when it comes to scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.79,0:02:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imperialism is just getting started
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.25,0:02:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's because Europeans are about to level up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.62,0:02:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're gonna call this Imperialism 2.0,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.78,0:02:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new way of taking over the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.67,0:02:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fueled mostly by technology and a rare cooperation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.30,0:02:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between all of these empires.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.27,0:02:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One British prime minister described
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.80,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Imperialism 2.0 as,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.94,0:02:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the vulgar and bastard imperialism
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.39,0:02:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of irritation and aggression,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.40,0:02:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of grabbing everything even if we had no use for it."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.60,0:02:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me tell you, if you're like me
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.16,0:02:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you kind of have a low key implicit belief
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.05,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that European domination was inevitable
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that this was gonna happen no matter what,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.59,0:02:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm here to tell you that it almost didn't happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.53,0:03:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because by the end of the 1700s
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.75,0:03:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revolution was in the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.81,0:03:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.77,0:03:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empires were losing their colonies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.05,0:03:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting with a group of Europeans
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.73,0:03:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were done having a king and declaring independence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.58,0:03:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for themselves in the late 1700s.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.44,0:03:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon you had a bunch of Spanish colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.42,0:03:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,declaring independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.83,0:03:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then over here in Haiti you had enslaved people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.14,0:03:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were organizing and rebelling
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.97,0:03:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against their French masters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.59,0:03:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throwing them out and starting their own country.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.78,0:03:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These empires weren't only losing their colonies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.03,0:03:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in Europe, one ruler even lost his head in all of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.48,0:03:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The empires were losing their grip
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.52,0:03:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and soon they were fighting with one another
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.71,0:03:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like never before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.73,0:03:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was chaos and it totally freaked
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.01,0:03:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these European rulers out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.39,0:03:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they losing their empire?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.92,0:03:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they gonna lose their reigns on power?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.93,0:03:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is the era of abundance and domination coming to an end?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.84,0:03:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, we can't let this happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.24,0:03:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they start doing something that was kind of unheard of.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.85,0:03:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of fighting and competing with each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.19,0:03:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like they've always done,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.27,0:03:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the European powers start talking to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.58,0:04:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their empires were in jeopardy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.87,0:04:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they needed to collaborate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.40,0:04:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find ways to share power both at home in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.74,0:04:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also on the world stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.27,0:04:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon, this new culture of diplomacy and collaboration
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.24,0:04:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would turn to focus on the one continent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.58,0:04:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that none of these European powers had carved up yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.74,0:04:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new imperial frontier.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.39,0:04:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly full of resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.92,0:04:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not yet conquered.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.95,0:04:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(whimsical music)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.11,0:04:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, the maps tell the story here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.91,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The maps were like a record of what Europeans knew
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and didn't know about the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.44,0:04:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, this one British map from 1800s says it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.41,0:04:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at this thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.24,0:04:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europeans were definitely familiar with Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.11,0:04:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially here in the coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.03,0:04:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where for hundreds of years they had trading posts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.04,0:04:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, the Atlantic slave trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.32,0:04:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look how they mapped the interior of the continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.02,0:04:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It literally just gives up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.46,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is like inland parts almost entirely unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is pretty rare for this time period.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.35,0:04:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, the Europeans had really mapped
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.42,0:04:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.25,0:04:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this place was off limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.52,0:05:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the stuff of legend, of myths.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.22,0:05:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The caption here on the map says that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.02,0:05:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this interior part of Africa "may be considered
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.29,0:05:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as absolutely unknown or completely unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.74,0:05:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we know," says the map, "is that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.02,0:05:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its immense and arid sands are intersected
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.02,0:05:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with complete collections of the most ferocious beasts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.68,0:05:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most uncivilized men."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.20,0:05:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all they know.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.71,0:05:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.80,0:05:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a very good reason for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.24,0:05:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is that soldiers and explorers from Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.30,0:05:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who went into this area,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.74,0:05:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of 'em didn't come home.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.67,0:05:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up to 40% died from diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.04,0:05:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the mosquito-borne illness, malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.32,0:05:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much so that this part of the map
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.96,0:05:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became known as the White Man's Grave,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.36,0:05:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totally off limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.62,0:05:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that soon changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.49,0:05:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(playful music)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.79,0:05:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two giant things happen that change everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.37,0:06:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely redirect what Europeans can do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.56,0:06:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their mounting power.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.94,0:06:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, these two French guys are able
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.98,0:06:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take the bark of this tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.48,0:06:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had been used for a very long time
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.80,0:06:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a variety of purposes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.85,0:06:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and isolate a vital chemical called quinine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.61,0:06:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It combats malaria, the major killer of Europeans in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.30,0:06:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They now have a white man's shield
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.31,0:06:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect them from the White Man's Grave.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.80,0:06:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The door is slowly creaking open.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.05,0:06:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, this guy happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.45,0:06:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Leopold II, he's the king of this new country
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.42,0:06:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Belgium, and it existed for like 40 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.82,0:06:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of a minor place in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.29,0:06:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing like these OG colonizers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.33,0:06:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's like 1875, and King Leopold wants to play
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.42,0:06:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the big boys.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.29,0:06:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wants a colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.61,0:06:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he literally goes around and starts asking
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.77,0:06:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these major colonial powers for like some of their land.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.32,0:06:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like he goes to the OGs, Spain and Portugal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.57,0:06:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's like, "Hey guys, I know you're in decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.07,0:06:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can I have one of your colonies?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.60,0:06:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're like, "No."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.71,0:06:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then he goes to the British and he's like,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.01,0:06:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey guys, I know you have New Guinea,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.74,0:06:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe you don't have any plans for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.03,0:06:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could give it to me."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.17,0:06:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're like, "No, Leo.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.85,0:06:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't you realize how hard we worked to steal this land?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.16,0:07:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not gonna give it to you as a handout."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.60,0:07:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So King Leopold decides to take matters into his own hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.57,0:07:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He turns to the map and decides this part of the map,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.69,0:07:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the parts unknown, where none of the colonizers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.94,0:07:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have arrived to yet, is a prime place for his colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.24,0:07:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Leopold sets his sight on the White Man's Grave.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.36,0:07:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A quick reminder that this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.46,0:07:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is kind of the fantasy of the Europeans
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.86,0:07:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who haven't explored this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.70,0:07:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In reality, at this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.05,0:07:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa looks a lot more like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.12,0:07:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the mind of King Leopold and other Europeans,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.37,0:07:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a big, blank canvas with unlimited possibilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.67,0:07:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Leopold sends explorers to like the dead center
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.55,0:07:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this blank canvas.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.05,0:07:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're armed, not only with some
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.70,0:07:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the latest and greatest weapons,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.11,0:07:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also with medicine that shields them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.12,0:07:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from these killer tropical diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.13,0:07:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These Belgian explorers arrive
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.69,0:07:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are able to make agreements with the locals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.48,0:07:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laying claimed to this land.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.13,0:07:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Leopold now has his own little colony
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.35,0:07:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the center of the White Man's Grave.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.41,0:07:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, they start mapping it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.91,0:08:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a map from a bunch
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.22,0:08:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Belgian cartographers and explorers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.35,0:08:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they first arrive to this center part of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.83,0:08:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very little detail here at the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.54,0:08:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is 1880.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.77,0:08:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They basically got this river,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.33,0:08:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the offshoots,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.23,0:08:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they don't really know what's going on in here yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.23,0:08:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This becomes the frame that Leopold uses
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.99,0:08:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build his colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.87,0:08:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.15,0:08:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now of course, this freaks the French out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.07,0:08:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're like, "Hey, what's Belgium doing in Africa?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.10,0:08:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are they exploring all this land?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.69,0:08:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they decide to send their own explorers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.70,0:08:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to claim their own bit of land.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.29,0:08:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, they've got the medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.73,0:08:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not nearly as dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.99,0:08:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Belgians are doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.22,0:08:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, of course now the British are waking up.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.17,0:08:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're sending people, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.49,0:08:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even the new kid on the imperial block,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.89,0:08:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany is chipping in,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.30,0:08:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now suddenly we've got a scramble on our hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.81,0:08:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(tense orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.23,0:08:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But wait," say the European powers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.88,0:08:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's learn from our mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.31,0:08:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of the old days where we always
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.45,0:08:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to fight over things,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.68,0:09:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this era of revolution and warfare,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.02,0:09:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember that we're trying to be better
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.52,0:09:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about talking to one another?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.96,0:09:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coordinating, remember?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.85,0:09:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's 1884 and all these big,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.65,0:09:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa hungry European empires get together in Berlin.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.92,0:09:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, there's amazing painting
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.36,0:09:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just them all sitting here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.80,0:09:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at this big beautiful map,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.66,0:09:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would be like an amazing activity to do
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.09,0:09:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you realize what's actually happening here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.89,0:09:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got the chancellor of Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.48,0:09:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got the OG colonizers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.37,0:09:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal explaining this place
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.20,0:09:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Belgium and France and Italy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.12,0:09:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've even got the new country, the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.28,0:09:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who showed up kind of new to all this imperial stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.86,0:09:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but quickly learning how power really works
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.44,0:09:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the international stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.61,0:09:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, anyone in Europe who didn't have
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.59,0:09:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an empire yet got in now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.63,0:09:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, and crucially, they didn't invite any African leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.11,0:09:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to be clear, this painting isn't like exaggerated,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.54,0:09:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like it's not a political cartoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.86,0:09:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is literally a bunch of European dudes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.20,0:09:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a room in Berlin in 1884
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.20,0:09:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discussing and coordinating how they're going to carve up
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.02,0:09:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take this continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.52,0:09:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they decided that there was gonna be one big rule
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.77,0:10:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this new scramble for Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.36,0:10:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No pretending.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.26,0:10:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of this only on the map, fake imperialism thing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.23,0:10:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Pope arranged for Spain and Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.24,0:10:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few hundred years previous.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.59,0:10:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You actually have to control the land
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.57,0:10:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're gonna claim it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.50,0:10:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they divide up the map on who gets what,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.54,0:10:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they leave the conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.19,0:10:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they get to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.47,0:10:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The French start moving in quickly from West Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.66,0:10:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British begin taking over Sudan
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.52,0:10:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expanding north from down here in South Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.13,0:10:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take over all of this land.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.72,0:10:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Germans really start establishing themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.49,0:10:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here and over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.90,0:10:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Italy starts occupying all this land up here
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.43,0:10:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the north and east.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.78,0:10:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Leopold, well, he got his colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.97,0:10:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,77 times the size of Belgium,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.83,0:10:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here it was as a blank canvas
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.27,0:10:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they first started exploring in 1880.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.88,0:10:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it is 14 years later.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.83,0:10:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little Belgium down here, giant Congo up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.80,0:10:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blueprint is filled out, the conquest is complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.10,0:10:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With his new colony, King Leopold, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.41,0:10:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went on to do horrible things,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.70,0:10:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploiting, pillaging the resources from this place
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.37,0:10:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wreaking horrible havoc on the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.44,0:10:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is horrific and it is horrendous,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.27,0:10:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I made a whole other video
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.56,0:10:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that kind of goes into it more.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.64,0:11:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll link to it and go to the sources
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.80,0:11:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the description, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.88,0:11:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. (intense orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.75,0:11:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these empires were carving up this map,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.54,0:11:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming in, mapping it very beautifully.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.55,0:11:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like literally the opposite of what it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.44,0:11:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's unknown and now it's totally known.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.21,0:11:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pillaging the resources, bringing it back home,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.92,0:11:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making record profits, et cetera, et cetera.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.11,0:11:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of this, this carving,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.94,0:11:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it happened really fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.91,0:11:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(intense orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.20,0:11:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wait a minute, hold on, pause.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.97,0:11:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does this make any sense?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.58,0:11:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like it made sense when it was all like on water
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.65,0:11:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were ships and there was domination
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.15,0:11:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trading ports and all of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.65,0:11:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this, this is an incredibly,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.99,0:11:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,logistically ambitious thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.66,0:11:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like this was actually a central question for me
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.40,0:11:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that led me to make this series
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.20,0:11:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I just didn't understand how these countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.99,0:11:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a matter of a few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.61,0:11:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could completely carve up the second largest continent?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.42,0:11:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer to that question
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.83,0:12:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't that surprising.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.12,0:12:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These Europeans now had a leg up.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.92,0:12:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had new tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.44,0:12:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(upbeat music)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.76,0:12:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember they had invented capitalism to make them rich.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.37,0:12:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That gave them time to do science,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.41,0:12:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which gave them technology that they used
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.33,0:12:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make their capitalism better and more effective,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.09,0:12:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more productive.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.11,0:12:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This cycle repeated itself over and over and over,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.08,0:12:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving Europeans a further
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.85,0:12:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and further leg up technologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.92,0:12:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until soon they had stuff like this, a steamboat.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.10,0:12:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't have to worry about the wind anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.66,0:12:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.49,0:12:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could just steam your way all the way up African rivers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.18,0:12:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Or the old African queen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.18,0:12:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Or the railroad, quick way to transport food and troops.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.97,0:12:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like you can see this map,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.08,0:12:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of this red is either railroads that they put in
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.96,0:12:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or railroads that they were constructing at this time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.33,0:12:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This allowed Europeans to level up,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.80,0:12:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just in Africa, but everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.78,0:12:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, here they are in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.76,0:12:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British quickly taking over this entire subcontinent
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.91,0:12:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what today's India and Pakistan and Bangladesh
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.46,0:12:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this massive complex rail system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.04,0:12:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they built basically in no time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.47,0:13:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also invented the telegraph,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.24,0:13:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could now relay messages in a matter of minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.64,0:13:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.84,0:13:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, this political cartoon really personifies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.12,0:13:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how powerful this was.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.62,0:13:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, what we've been looking at this whole time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.55,0:13:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(upbeat music)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.11,0:13:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They made maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.93,0:13:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.91,0:13:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Big, beautiful juicy maps showing the geography
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.91,0:13:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the people and all of the land that they had conquered.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.27,0:13:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.50,0:13:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these empires had also perfected the art
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.45,0:13:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of allying with local power holders
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.61,0:13:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turning the people against each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.63,0:13:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Divide and conquer,"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.85,0:13:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed a small group of Europeans
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.22,0:13:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control millions of locals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.29,0:13:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, they had these.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.46,0:13:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.78,0:13:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These refined killing machines
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.40,0:13:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed small groups of European soldiers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.56,0:13:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to rip through truly formidable African armies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.71,0:13:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like look at this painting from Sudan
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.54,0:13:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the British used their guns
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.10,0:13:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to slaughter 10,000 enemies with just a few hundred losses.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.58,0:14:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hear this casual caption
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.59,0:14:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that these savages were now
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.19,0:14:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"mowed down by these modern weapons of war,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.00,0:14:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clearing way for civilization."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.83,0:14:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it wasn't this easy everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.45,0:14:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Descendants of white Dutch settlers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.98,0:14:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,held off the British for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.63,0:14:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down here in South Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.80,0:14:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Ethiopians were able to hold off the Italians
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.11,0:14:20.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from conquering their land,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.31,0:14:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it the only place in Africa to never be colonized.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.91,0:14:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But listen, in the midst of all this bloodshed,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.89,0:14:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to talk about something that doesn't fit cleanly
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.23,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into our narrative of good versus evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.00,0:14:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the presence of these Europeans in this continent
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.49,0:14:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also brought really positive things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.41,0:14:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember those French dudes that discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.00,0:14:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the treatment for malaria?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.14,0:14:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well that was tested in the field
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.70,0:14:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in French Algeria, a colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.74,0:14:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It changed medicine forever,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.66,0:14:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving us our modern understanding of mosquitoes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.30,0:14:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the diseases they spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.43,0:14:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This scramble into Africa helped push forward
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.01,0:14:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our understanding of health and disease and medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.10,0:14:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These and tons of other medical developments
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.53,0:14:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help these Europeans conquer land,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.66,0:15:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also brought innovation that we still use today
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.44,0:15:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has saved countless lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.93,0:15:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.37,0:15:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so technology was a major defining factor,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.58,0:15:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't just technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.84,0:15:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, we see in this chapter
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.52,0:15:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we saw in other chapters.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.75,0:15:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That Europeans had to develop new,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.67,0:15:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sophisticated mental inventions
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.89,0:15:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed this all to go down.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.60,0:15:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The popular story that they were telling themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.52,0:15:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this time was that all civilization
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.07,0:15:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be ranked according to the level of development.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.89,0:15:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look, according to this analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.66,0:15:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they placed themselves at the top
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.28,0:15:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they could tell themselves very easily
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.90,0:15:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were the enlightened people of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.03,0:15:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This new colonizing story
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.71,0:15:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the most sophisticated and tantalizing yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.38,0:15:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's one that's still kind of embedded
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.82,0:15:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a lot of our brains still.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.02,0:15:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That the enlightened civilization had a burden
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.48,0:15:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring civilization to the rest of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.00,0:15:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for that, they kind of needed
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.89,0:15:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay on top and control.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.60,0:15:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why this story
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.56,0:15:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was so believable and tantalizing
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.03,0:15:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because at this time
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.53,0:15:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was being blended with actual real objective science
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.28,0:16:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was being done by Europeans.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.78,0:16:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like this guy, Charles Darwin,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.58,0:16:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who changed the way that we think
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.20,0:16:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the natural world.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.37,0:16:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had just put out a book about how animals evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.77,0:16:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into hierarchies with different capabilities and traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.59,0:16:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if that applies to all animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.96,0:16:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it must apply to humans themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.51,0:16:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their societies and their civilizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.73,0:16:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then they go out into the field with their maps
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.65,0:16:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they start gathering observations
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.18,0:16:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that confirm this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.92,0:16:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And soon, they're measuring people's skulls
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.81,0:16:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.83,0:16:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're keeping notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.91,0:16:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're developing theories and terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.83,0:16:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're writing academic papers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.27,0:16:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of this to define a pretend set
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.85,0:16:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pseudo-scientific ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.77,0:16:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that we're all part of a different race,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.29,0:16:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all with different natural capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.75,0:16:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is what must explain
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.45,0:16:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why some people have the resources and the technology
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.18,0:16:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and others do not.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.35,0:16:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like the previous stories that Europeans told themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.17,0:16:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one was intoxicating.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.97,0:16:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of all the generations that passed
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.92,0:16:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where this story could be ingrained
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.33,0:16:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the minds of the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.28,0:16:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, remember that I'm not saying
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.38,0:17:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these Europeans are telling themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.15,0:17:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this story every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.20,0:17:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're now talking about the great, great,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.58,0:17:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great grandchildren of like the original colonizers.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.55,0:17:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The individual people didn't have the grand plan in mind
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.76,0:17:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go carve up Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.11,0:17:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were just responding to what they knew,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.18,0:17:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they'd been told was real,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.86,0:17:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they wanted to believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.78,0:17:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a way of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.25,0:17:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a way of thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.93,0:17:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we think that we're somehow exempt
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.67,0:17:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a similar type of mental model that we don't see
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.13,0:17:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that dictates our behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.17,0:17:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're tricking ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.13,0:17:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, listen to one of these British imperialists,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.81,0:17:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cecil Rhodes.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.16,0:17:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says, "We happen to be the best people in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.86,0:17:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the highest ideals of decency and justice,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.14,0:17:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liberty and peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.40,0:17:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more of the world we inhabit,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.35,0:17:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the better it is for humanity."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.57,0:17:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, Cecil has made up his mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.60,0:17:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.65,0:17:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so let's look at the map
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.27,0:17:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in like the early 1900s.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.13,0:17:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa looks like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.66,0:17:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely carved up by European powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.03,0:17:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over here, the Dutch had conquered
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.56,0:17:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire Indonesian archipelago.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.33,0:17:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The French completely taking over
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.86,0:17:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this part of Southeast Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.30,0:18:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the real kingpin in all of this taking over land stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.03,0:18:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the British Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.35,0:18:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to all this stuff they had in Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.66,0:18:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they occupied the huge Indian subcontinent.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.51,0:18:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also had a few of these important ports
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.31,0:18:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Hong Kong and Singapore.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.08,0:18:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I can't go over all of the stuff they took over
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.36,0:18:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause it's just too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.44,0:18:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the peak of their empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.28,0:18:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they ruled over 412 million people,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.56,0:18:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was a ton for that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.30,0:18:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their domination had spread to almost 25% of the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.69,0:18:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making Britain this rainy set of islands in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.32,0:18:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biggest empire that ever existed.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.78,0:18:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In doing so, they spread their people,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.67,0:18:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their ideas, their economic system,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.77,0:18:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their fringe language to every corner of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.68,0:18:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including where I'm sitting right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.03,0:18:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because remember, the US is just one expression
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.16,0:18:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the British Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.12,0:18:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the branch of the empire that went on
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.62,0:18:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become the most powerful country in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.42,0:18:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to influence how the world order would look.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.00,0:18:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1914, Europe had successfully taken over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.44,0:18:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.27,0:18:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were deathly rich compared to the rest of the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.64,0:18:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their ideas, both good and bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.22,0:18:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were deeply embedded in the international system.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.65,0:19:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But suddenly, all of this technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.54,0:19:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all this industrialization that made them so effective,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.45,0:19:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned away from conquering faraway lands
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.82,0:19:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was turned on each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.93,0:19:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(cannon explodes)
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.16,0:19:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.07,0:19:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the next 30 years, hundreds of millions of people
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.65,0:19:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are killed in the two most destructive wars ever
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.86,0:19:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made possible by all the same things
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.66,0:19:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allow Europeans to take over the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.79,0:19:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sophisticated weapons in technology
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.92,0:19:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Europeans are now turning on each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.14,0:19:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The so-called sophisticated race
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.30,0:19:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now slaughtering one another
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.10,0:19:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an unprecedented scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.93,0:19:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These wars didn't do the image
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.70,0:19:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the civilized Europeans any good.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.07,0:19:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Western-schooled local elites decided that
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.04,0:19:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't wanna be ruled by foreign forces anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.04,0:19:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were able to rally their people around common language
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.22,0:19:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and birth to national identity that didn't include
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.95,0:19:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being ruled by white people from some faraway continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.44,0:19:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they pushed the colonists out,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.27,0:19:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes peacefully, but most often with force.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.15,0:19:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Europeans had built this insane global project
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.48,0:19:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than 400 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.10,0:20:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet they saw it crumble in a matter of decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.90,0:20:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(tense orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.49,0:20:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, today, the map has been severely redrawn.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.78,0:20:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Former colonies are now mostly independent countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.48,0:20:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are still a ton of weird, idiosyncratic holdovers
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.48,0:20:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the colonial period.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.50,0:20:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've talked about those many times
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.88,0:20:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will continue to talk about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.93,0:20:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.48,0:20:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanna finish this up,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.92,0:20:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finish this video and finish this series up
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.23,0:20:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my last thought here,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.64,0:20:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is something that the map doesn't tell us much about.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.92,0:20:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.24,0:20:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though all these countries became independent
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.97,0:20:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can claim their own sovereignty, their own borders,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.58,0:20:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their colonizers are gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.11,0:20:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.16,0:20:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only were there loads of borders
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.57,0:20:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were literally drawn by colonizers,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.70,0:20:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, see basically all of my previous work.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.85,0:20:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by the end of this
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.68,0:20:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the Europeans that had tied the whole world up
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.08,0:20:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an interconnected system
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.24,0:20:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that still kind of echoed the old one.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.37,0:21:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dutch invention of the shareholder corporation
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.59,0:21:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.46,0:21:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Private companies didn't suddenly stop looking
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.38,0:21:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the same far off places
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.48,0:21:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find resources, to find labor,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.73,0:21:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feed increasing demand among their people back home.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.61,0:21:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And European rulers and their offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.92,0:21:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't stop using their big metal guns and their technology
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.76,0:21:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get what they wanted In faraway lands.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.28,0:21:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Occasionally talking to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.02,0:21:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and occasionally fighting with each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.39,0:21:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fighting to control land, to control people,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.00,0:21:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control ideas, and perhaps most powerfully,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.49,0:21:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that our enlightened way was indeed the best way.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.48,0:21:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- We will stand with the new leaders of Iraq
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.73,0:21:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they establish a government of,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.95,0:21:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by, and for the Iraqi people.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.58,0:21:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Certainly it has not gone away.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.60,0:21:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.05,0:21:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, if it were only that simple,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.76,0:21:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a simple narrative of good and bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.92,0:21:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greedy Europeans take over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.78,0:21:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do anything to stay ahead,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.19,0:21:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be a lot easier in some ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.08,0:21:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.10,0:21:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe taking over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.69,0:22:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has also thrust humanity into an age of peace
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.69,0:22:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prosperity where people live longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.30,0:22:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffer less in a lot of ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.01,0:22:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have more food to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.27,0:22:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, the very moral lens
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.65,0:22:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you and I are using right now
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.24,0:22:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to evaluate the good and bad of this history,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.94,0:22:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was a lens that was cultivated and developed
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.40,0:22:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the same cultures that pillaged
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.41,0:22:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subjugated their way around the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.99,0:22:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ideals of justice and equality
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.12,0:22:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and human rights and representation,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.31,0:22:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social equality and self-determination,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.80,0:22:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those ideas permeated the globe
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.20,0:22:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alongside the colonizers who carved it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.75,0:22:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, it was this conquest that put these people
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.14,0:22:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of the whole system
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.88,0:22:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving us the power and the advantage,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.42,0:22:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the default power holders in our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.12,0:22:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light orchestral music)
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.78,0:22:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These three parts have been a story
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.03,0:22:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how an isolated group of farming people,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.67,0:22:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them my ancestors,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.23,0:22:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left their shores to explore,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.12,0:22:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovering a vast world that eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.43,0:23:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would find a way to control.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.08,0:23:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process, setting the rules
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.06,0:23:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how things work today.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.06,0:23:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's slightly scary to me about this
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.92,0:23:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how easy it is to look back on this whole history
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.77,0:23:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and feel like it was gonna happen
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.54,0:23:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this way no matter what,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.62,0:23:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.55,0:23:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That of course Europeans took over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.56,0:23:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were always more adept,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.61,0:23:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were bound to control the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.20,0:23:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if there's anything I've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.40,0:23:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diving into this broad tour through European imperialism
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.34,0:23:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this idea is just hindsight bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.07,0:23:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This didn't happen because of some superior DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.13,0:23:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because God wanted these people to take over the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.58,0:23:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather it happened to because a bunch of people
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.95,0:23:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened to be at the right place
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.69,0:23:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed them to start a chain
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.61,0:23:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of millions of little decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.29,0:23:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that pushed them to do whatever they could
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.24,0:23:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to procure more and more resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.58,0:23:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They got ahead because of lucky circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.22,0:23:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet today in our modern world,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.99,0:23:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we continue to do whatever we need to to stay ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.20,0:23:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while simultaneously believing
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.03,0:23:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was always gonna happen this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.22,0:23:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light music)
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.89,0:24:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's over.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.96,0:24:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's over.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.79,0:24:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, the series is over,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.27,0:24:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the year is over.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.40,0:24:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I deserve this.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.90,0:24:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only is it the end of the Europe series,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.12,0:24:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the end of the year
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.23,0:24:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what a year it has been.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.21,0:24:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, this video is not sponsored by anyone,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.24,0:24:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably because we're in a recession.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.56,0:24:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I'm gonna take this time
Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.42,0:24:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just reflect a little bit on what this year has meant
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.78,0:24:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for me as a storyteller and a journalist
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.76,0:24:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for our team and what we are gonna do next.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.18,0:24:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think for me, the big thing I learned this year
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.98,0:24:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that we can build a big operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.33,0:24:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like for a long time it was just me
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.68,0:24:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of pushing buttons on a laptop
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.39,0:24:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like making stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.74,0:24:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this year, it actually became a team.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.90,0:24:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have lots and lots of people
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.73,0:24:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making really, really cool stuff, a very talented team.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.49,0:25:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're doing journalism on a level that we've never done.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.58,0:25:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We go really deep on every fact that we say on this channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.42,0:25:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that requires a lot of work.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.83,0:25:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes that feels really tiresome,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.27,0:25:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a lot of the time that feels exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.46,0:25:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we on YouTube can be doing like hardcore journalism
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.82,0:25:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fun stuff too, obviously.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.44,0:25:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got to do a few in the field documentaries this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.87,0:25:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was really amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.13,0:25:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to Paris and Korea and Switzerland.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.79,0:25:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We printed a lot of amazing maps
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.89,0:25:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and showed you what maps were like over the years
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.56,0:25:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they were used for.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.82,0:25:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, and my hair got really long
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.64,0:25:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause I decided for the first time in my life
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.08,0:25:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to cut it,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.98,0:25:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's making my whole no shampoo thing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.49,0:25:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little more complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.69,0:25:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I'll make a video about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.28,0:25:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway. (romantic music)
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.25,0:25:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I eat a lot of Doritos.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.81,0:25:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a lot of Doritos.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.76,0:25:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like I really like Doritos,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.23,0:25:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even after I know how they're made.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.73,0:25:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in my mind, this is kind of just the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.89,0:25:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like I want this to be the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.36,0:25:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want like four years from now to look back and be like,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.96,0:25:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh yeah, 2022.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.79,0:26:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the year that we really started to ramp up."
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.77,0:26:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that gets me to the thing
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.70,0:26:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm really excited about that we launched this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.77,0:26:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a community on Patreon called The Newsroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.17,0:26:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A place where people like you support us
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.44,0:26:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what we're trying to do here
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.62,0:26:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow us to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.64,0:26:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More and more, and especially during economic downturn
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.73,0:26:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unpredictability,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.41,0:26:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this work that we do relies on community support,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:19.62,0:26:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on people like you showing up and supporting us.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.29,0:26:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's our Newsroom supporters that are allowing us
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.33,0:26:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do better work, to do more of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.34,0:26:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm very grateful for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:27.75,0:26:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to supporting independent journalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.35,0:26:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Newsroom members also get access to a bunch of cool stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.18,0:26:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a behind the scenes vlog,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.23,0:26:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an extra video every month.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.52,0:26:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of really talented,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.50,0:26:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting people behind the scenes.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.97,0:26:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And every month you get a vlog where you see
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.34,0:26:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it's all done.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.33,0:26:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get access to music from our composer Tom Fox.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.21,0:26:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get access to my scripts.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.25,0:26:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like occasionally we do Q&As where we get to chat.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.16,0:26:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do polls where I get story ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.38,0:26:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's become a really cool community of supporters
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.81,0:26:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just a kind of a sounding board for cool ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.60,0:26:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, and here's a big one.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.68,0:27:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've started publishing our videos over on Nebula,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.08,0:27:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a creator-owned platform
Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.85,0:27:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can get our videos a week early.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.52,0:27:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a link in my description that explains all that.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.68,0:27:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wanna support the channel
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.94,0:27:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're like a production person,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.68,0:27:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we have LUTS and Presets,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.60,0:27:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which help us color our videos and photos.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.73,0:27:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you don't wanna support the channel
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.38,0:27:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you just wanna keep watching,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.03,0:27:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's fine, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.99,0:27:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not here to tell you to give me money.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.15,0:27:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm here to make cool stories
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.73,0:27:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I hope that you're learning from these videos
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.16,0:27:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I appreciate you being here in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.20,0:27:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's raise a glass to a wonderful year
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.22,0:27:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of learning and growth and amazing stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.76,0:27:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look forward to a 2023 that I hope
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.57,0:27:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is gonna be full of even more growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.82,0:27:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only growth in the number of people that are here,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.97,0:27:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also a growth in our desire
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.73,0:27:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to like understand this world,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.83,0:27:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand the story of how we all got here
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.01,0:27:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it works today.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.66,0:27:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will continue to be the curious storyteller
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.82,0:27:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who tries to bring those stories to you
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.56,0:28:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the best way possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.21,0:28:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I appreciate all of those who are here supporting,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.49,0:28:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cheers to a great 2023 of curiosity
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.20,0:28:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.37,0:28:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bye everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.99,0:28:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(light upbeat music)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.47,0:28:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gentle music)