0:00:00.726,0:00:04.142 (light orchestral music) 0:00:05.849,0:00:08.070 - We need to look at something astounding 0:00:08.070,0:00:10.769 that happened over the course of like a hundred years. 0:00:11.640,0:00:13.050 This is the final chapter, 0:00:13.050,0:00:15.870 and what I think is the most mind-boggling chapter, 0:00:15.869,0:00:17.879 in the story of how Europe took over the world. 0:00:17.879,0:00:19.199 The reason why it's so mind-boggling 0:00:19.199,0:00:20.820 is because this is the part of the story 0:00:20.820,0:00:23.609 where the map goes from looking like this in 1800 0:00:23.609,0:00:26.309 with Europe controlling like 35% of the world's land, 0:00:26.309,0:00:29.739 to looking like this by 1914. 0:00:29.739,0:00:33.156 (light orchestral music) 0:00:34.530,0:00:38.160 With 84% of the Earth being controlled by the people 0:00:38.159,0:00:39.689 or the descendants of the people 0:00:39.689,0:00:42.809 from this once isolated continent in Europe. 0:00:42.810,0:00:45.903 84%, how on Earth did this happen? 0:00:49.679,0:00:51.030 A huge part of this next chapter 0:00:51.030,0:00:53.700 has to do with this continent, 0:00:53.700,0:00:55.109 the second largest continent on Earth 0:00:55.109,0:00:56.850 and the part of the world that the Europeans 0:00:56.850,0:00:58.250 hadn't really carved up yet. 0:01:00.390,0:01:02.579 So this is where the whole story comes together. 0:01:02.579,0:01:05.370 It shows us how technology and different ways of thinking 0:01:05.370,0:01:07.410 helped these people take over the world, 0:01:07.409,0:01:10.409 and in the process, shaped the world we live in today. 0:01:10.409,0:01:13.229 The way that we trade, where we get our stuff, 0:01:13.230,0:01:15.600 the language I'm using to speak to you right now, 0:01:15.599,0:01:16.859 and most of you understand it 0:01:16.859,0:01:19.170 even though you don't live anywhere near the place 0:01:19.170,0:01:20.040 where it was invented. 0:01:20.040,0:01:22.710 I'm telling you, this isn't far away history anymore. 0:01:22.709,0:01:24.449 This is the world we currently live in. 0:01:24.450,0:01:26.909 So let me show you the third and final chapter 0:01:26.909,0:01:28.503 of how Europe stole the world. 0:01:29.629,0:01:32.546 (orchestral music) 0:01:39.742,0:01:43.649 Another video, another set of beautiful printed maps. 0:01:43.650,0:01:44.483 And I'm telling you, 0:01:44.483,0:01:46.560 this is the chapter where the maps get really good. 0:01:46.560,0:01:48.000 Cartography really took off. 0:01:48.000,0:01:49.709 Okay, let's get up to speed on where we're at. 0:01:49.709,0:01:51.929 Remember it all started with Spain and Portugal. 0:01:51.930,0:01:54.660 They ramped up this colonialism thing back around 1500 0:01:54.659,0:01:57.060 and this led them to divide the world between them 0:01:57.060,0:01:59.640 until other European countries got in on it, too. 0:01:59.640,0:02:01.230 Then the real competition started. 0:02:01.230,0:02:02.969 The Dutch created the modern corporation, 0:02:02.969,0:02:05.129 which allowed them to speed all of this up. 0:02:05.129,0:02:07.409 The world quickly turned into a giant marketplace 0:02:07.409,0:02:10.169 run by Europeans with boats and guns 0:02:10.169,0:02:12.329 and incentives to bring profits 0:02:12.330,0:02:14.122 to the shareholders back home. 0:02:14.122,0:02:16.560 (playful music) 0:02:16.560,0:02:18.060 This is all a huge part of the story, 0:02:18.060,0:02:20.789 but I'm telling you, when it comes to scale, 0:02:20.789,0:02:23.250 imperialism is just getting started 0:02:23.250,0:02:25.620 and that's because Europeans are about to level up. 0:02:25.620,0:02:27.780 We're gonna call this Imperialism 2.0, 0:02:27.780,0:02:29.669 a new way of taking over the world, 0:02:29.669,0:02:33.299 fueled mostly by technology and a rare cooperation 0:02:33.300,0:02:34.893 between all of these empires. 0:02:36.270,0:02:37.800 One British prime minister described 0:02:37.800,0:02:39.000 this Imperialism 2.0 as, 0:02:39.937,0:02:42.390 "the vulgar and bastard imperialism 0:02:42.389,0:02:44.399 of irritation and aggression, 0:02:44.400,0:02:47.426 of grabbing everything even if we had no use for it." 0:02:48.599,0:02:50.159 But let me tell you, if you're like me 0:02:50.159,0:02:52.049 and you kind of have a low key implicit belief 0:02:52.050,0:02:54.000 that European domination was inevitable 0:02:54.000,0:02:55.590 and that this was gonna happen no matter what, 0:02:55.590,0:02:58.530 I'm here to tell you that it almost didn't happen. 0:02:58.530,0:03:00.750 That's because by the end of the 1700s 0:03:00.750,0:03:02.810 revolution was in the air. 0:03:02.810,0:03:06.227 (light orchestral music) 0:03:07.770,0:03:10.050 Empires were losing their colonies, 0:03:10.050,0:03:11.730 starting with a group of Europeans 0:03:11.729,0:03:14.579 who were done having a king and declaring independence 0:03:14.580,0:03:16.440 for themselves in the late 1700s. 0:03:16.439,0:03:18.419 Soon you had a bunch of Spanish colonies 0:03:18.419,0:03:19.829 declaring independence. 0:03:19.830,0:03:22.140 And then over here in Haiti you had enslaved people 0:03:22.139,0:03:23.969 who were organizing and rebelling 0:03:23.969,0:03:25.590 against their French masters, 0:03:25.590,0:03:27.780 throwing them out and starting their own country. 0:03:27.780,0:03:30.030 These empires weren't only losing their colonies. 0:03:30.030,0:03:33.479 Back in Europe, one ruler even lost his head in all of this. 0:03:33.479,0:03:35.519 The empires were losing their grip 0:03:35.520,0:03:37.710 and soon they were fighting with one another 0:03:37.710,0:03:38.730 like never before. 0:03:38.729,0:03:41.009 It was chaos and it totally freaked 0:03:41.009,0:03:42.389 these European rulers out. 0:03:42.389,0:03:43.919 Are they losing their empire? 0:03:43.919,0:03:45.929 Are they gonna lose their reigns on power? 0:03:45.930,0:03:48.840 Is the era of abundance and domination coming to an end? 0:03:48.840,0:03:51.240 No, we can't let this happen. 0:03:51.240,0:03:53.850 So they start doing something that was kind of unheard of. 0:03:53.849,0:03:56.189 Instead of fighting and competing with each other, 0:03:56.189,0:03:57.270 like they've always done, 0:03:57.270,0:03:59.580 the European powers start talking to each other. 0:03:59.580,0:04:00.870 Their empires were in jeopardy 0:04:00.870,0:04:02.400 and they needed to collaborate, 0:04:02.400,0:04:04.740 find ways to share power both at home in Europe, 0:04:04.740,0:04:06.270 but also on the world stage. 0:04:06.270,0:04:09.240 Soon, this new culture of diplomacy and collaboration 0:04:09.240,0:04:11.580 would turn to focus on the one continent 0:04:11.580,0:04:13.740 that none of these European powers had carved up yet. 0:04:13.740,0:04:15.390 The new imperial frontier. 0:04:15.389,0:04:16.919 Certainly full of resources, 0:04:16.920,0:04:18.947 but not yet conquered. 0:04:18.947,0:04:21.780 (whimsical music) 0:04:28.110,0:04:29.910 I mean, the maps tell the story here. 0:04:29.910,0:04:33.000 The maps were like a record of what Europeans knew 0:04:33.000,0:04:34.439 and didn't know about the world. 0:04:34.439,0:04:37.410 I mean, this one British map from 1800s says it all. 0:04:37.410,0:04:38.243 Look at this thing. 0:04:38.242,0:04:40.110 Europeans were definitely familiar with Africa, 0:04:40.110,0:04:42.030 especially here in the coast, 0:04:42.029,0:04:44.039 where for hundreds of years they had trading posts, 0:04:44.040,0:04:46.319 and of course, the Atlantic slave trade. 0:04:46.319,0:04:49.019 But look how they mapped the interior of the continent. 0:04:49.019,0:04:50.459 It literally just gives up 0:04:50.459,0:04:54.000 and is like inland parts almost entirely unknown, 0:04:54.000,0:04:55.350 which is pretty rare for this time period. 0:04:55.350,0:04:57.420 At this point, the Europeans had really mapped 0:04:57.420,0:04:58.253 a lot of the world, 0:04:58.252,0:04:59.519 but this place was off limits. 0:04:59.519,0:05:02.219 It was the stuff of legend, of myths. 0:05:02.220,0:05:04.020 The caption here on the map says that 0:05:04.019,0:05:07.289 this interior part of Africa "may be considered 0:05:07.290,0:05:10.740 as absolutely unknown or completely unexplored. 0:05:10.740,0:05:13.019 All we know," says the map, "is that 0:05:13.019,0:05:16.019 its immense and arid sands are intersected 0:05:16.019,0:05:19.680 with complete collections of the most ferocious beasts 0:05:19.680,0:05:22.199 and most uncivilized men." 0:05:22.199,0:05:23.707 That's all they know. 0:05:23.708,0:05:26.208 (light music) 0:05:28.800,0:05:30.240 There was a very good reason for this. 0:05:30.240,0:05:33.300 The fact is that soldiers and explorers from Europe 0:05:33.300,0:05:34.740 who went into this area, 0:05:34.740,0:05:35.670 a lot of 'em didn't come home. 0:05:35.670,0:05:38.040 Up to 40% died from diseases 0:05:38.040,0:05:40.319 like the mosquito-borne illness, malaria. 0:05:40.319,0:05:42.959 So much so that this part of the map 0:05:42.959,0:05:45.359 became known as the White Man's Grave, 0:05:45.360,0:05:46.620 totally off limits. 0:05:46.620,0:05:48.490 But that soon changed. 0:05:48.490,0:05:51.156 (playful music) 0:05:56.790,0:05:59.370 Two giant things happen that change everything, 0:05:59.370,0:06:01.560 completely redirect what Europeans can do 0:06:01.560,0:06:02.939 with their mounting power. 0:06:02.939,0:06:04.980 First, these two French guys are able 0:06:04.980,0:06:06.480 to take the bark of this tree, 0:06:06.480,0:06:07.800 which had been used for a very long time 0:06:07.800,0:06:08.850 for a variety of purposes 0:06:08.850,0:06:11.610 and isolate a vital chemical called quinine. 0:06:11.610,0:06:15.300 It combats malaria, the major killer of Europeans in Africa. 0:06:15.300,0:06:17.310 They now have a white man's shield 0:06:17.310,0:06:19.800 to protect them from the White Man's Grave. 0:06:19.800,0:06:22.050 The door is slowly creaking open. 0:06:22.050,0:06:24.449 Second, this guy happens. 0:06:24.449,0:06:27.420 King Leopold II, he's the king of this new country 0:06:27.420,0:06:29.819 called Belgium, and it existed for like 40 years. 0:06:29.819,0:06:31.290 It's kind of a minor place in Europe, 0:06:31.290,0:06:33.330 nothing like these OG colonizers. 0:06:33.329,0:06:36.419 So it's like 1875, and King Leopold wants to play 0:06:36.420,0:06:37.290 with the big boys. 0:06:37.290,0:06:38.610 He wants a colony. 0:06:38.610,0:06:40.770 So he literally goes around and starts asking 0:06:40.769,0:06:43.319 these major colonial powers for like some of their land. 0:06:43.319,0:06:45.569 Like he goes to the OGs, Spain and Portugal, 0:06:45.569,0:06:47.069 and he's like, "Hey guys, I know you're in decline. 0:06:47.069,0:06:48.599 Can I have one of your colonies?" 0:06:48.600,0:06:49.710 And they're like, "No." 0:06:49.709,0:06:51.007 So then he goes to the British and he's like, 0:06:51.007,0:06:52.740 "Hey guys, I know you have New Guinea, 0:06:52.740,0:06:54.030 maybe you don't have any plans for it. 0:06:54.029,0:06:55.169 You could give it to me." 0:06:55.170,0:06:56.850 And they're like, "No, Leo. 0:06:56.850,0:06:59.160 Don't you realize how hard we worked to steal this land? 0:06:59.160,0:07:00.600 We're not gonna give it to you as a handout." 0:07:00.600,0:07:03.570 So King Leopold decides to take matters into his own hands. 0:07:03.569,0:07:06.689 He turns to the map and decides this part of the map, 0:07:06.689,0:07:08.939 the parts unknown, where none of the colonizers 0:07:08.939,0:07:12.240 have arrived to yet, is a prime place for his colony. 0:07:12.240,0:07:15.360 King Leopold sets his sight on the White Man's Grave. 0:07:15.360,0:07:17.460 A quick reminder that this 0:07:17.459,0:07:19.859 is kind of the fantasy of the Europeans 0:07:19.860,0:07:20.699 who haven't explored this. 0:07:20.699,0:07:22.050 In reality, at this point, 0:07:22.050,0:07:24.120 Africa looks a lot more like this. 0:07:24.120,0:07:26.370 But in the mind of King Leopold and other Europeans, 0:07:26.370,0:07:30.273 it's a big, blank canvas with unlimited possibilities. 0:07:32.670,0:07:35.550 So Leopold sends explorers to like the dead center 0:07:35.550,0:07:37.050 of this blank canvas. 0:07:37.050,0:07:38.699 And they're armed, not only with some 0:07:38.699,0:07:40.110 of the latest and greatest weapons, 0:07:40.110,0:07:42.120 but also with medicine that shields them 0:07:42.120,0:07:44.129 from these killer tropical diseases. 0:07:44.129,0:07:45.689 These Belgian explorers arrive 0:07:45.689,0:07:48.480 and are able to make agreements with the locals, 0:07:48.480,0:07:50.129 laying claimed to this land. 0:07:50.129,0:07:52.350 King Leopold now has his own little colony 0:07:52.350,0:07:54.300 in the center of the White Man's Grave. 0:07:55.410,0:07:57.393 And of course, they start mapping it. 0:07:59.910,0:08:02.220 This is a map from a bunch 0:08:02.220,0:08:04.350 of Belgian cartographers and explorers 0:08:04.350,0:08:07.830 when they first arrive to this center part of Africa. 0:08:07.829,0:08:09.539 Very little detail here at the beginning. 0:08:09.540,0:08:10.770 This is 1880. 0:08:10.769,0:08:12.329 They basically got this river, 0:08:12.329,0:08:13.229 some of the offshoots, 0:08:13.230,0:08:16.230 but they don't really know what's going on in here yet. 0:08:16.230,0:08:18.987 This becomes the frame that Leopold uses 0:08:18.987,0:08:20.867 to build his colony. 0:08:20.867,0:08:24.149 (light music) 0:08:24.149,0:08:26.069 Now of course, this freaks the French out 0:08:26.069,0:08:29.099 because they're like, "Hey, what's Belgium doing in Africa? 0:08:29.100,0:08:30.689 Why are they exploring all this land?" 0:08:30.689,0:08:32.700 So they decide to send their own explorers 0:08:32.700,0:08:34.290 to claim their own bit of land. 0:08:34.289,0:08:35.730 After all, they've got the medicine, 0:08:35.730,0:08:36.990 it's not nearly as dangerous, 0:08:36.990,0:08:38.220 and the Belgians are doing it. 0:08:38.220,0:08:40.170 Well, of course now the British are waking up. 0:08:40.169,0:08:41.490 They're sending people, too. 0:08:41.490,0:08:43.889 And even the new kid on the imperial block, 0:08:43.889,0:08:45.299 Germany is chipping in, 0:08:45.299,0:08:48.811 and now suddenly we've got a scramble on our hands. 0:08:48.812,0:08:52.229 (tense orchestral music) 0:08:53.226,0:08:54.876 "But wait," say the European powers, 0:08:54.876,0:08:56.309 "Let's learn from our mistakes. 0:08:56.309,0:08:57.449 Instead of the old days where we always 0:08:57.450,0:08:58.680 had to fight over things, 0:08:58.679,0:09:01.019 in this era of revolution and warfare, 0:09:01.019,0:09:02.519 remember that we're trying to be better 0:09:02.519,0:09:03.960 about talking to one another? 0:09:03.960,0:09:05.850 Coordinating, remember?" 0:09:05.850,0:09:07.649 So it's 1884 and all these big, 0:09:07.649,0:09:10.919 Africa hungry European empires get together in Berlin. 0:09:10.919,0:09:12.360 I mean, there's amazing painting 0:09:12.360,0:09:13.800 of just them all sitting here, 0:09:13.799,0:09:15.659 looking at this big beautiful map, 0:09:15.659,0:09:18.089 which would be like an amazing activity to do 0:09:18.090,0:09:19.889 until you realize what's actually happening here. 0:09:19.889,0:09:21.480 You've got the chancellor of Germany, 0:09:21.480,0:09:23.370 you've got the OG colonizers, 0:09:23.370,0:09:25.200 Portugal explaining this place 0:09:25.200,0:09:27.120 to Belgium and France and Italy, 0:09:27.120,0:09:29.279 and you've even got the new country, the United States 0:09:29.279,0:09:31.860 who showed up kind of new to all this imperial stuff, 0:09:31.860,0:09:34.440 but quickly learning how power really works 0:09:34.440,0:09:35.610 on the international stage. 0:09:35.610,0:09:37.590 Basically, anyone in Europe who didn't have 0:09:37.590,0:09:39.629 an empire yet got in now. 0:09:39.629,0:09:43.110 Oh, and crucially, they didn't invite any African leaders. 0:09:43.110,0:09:45.539 And to be clear, this painting isn't like exaggerated, 0:09:45.539,0:09:46.860 like it's not a political cartoon. 0:09:46.860,0:09:49.200 This is literally a bunch of European dudes 0:09:49.200,0:09:52.200 in a room in Berlin in 1884 0:09:52.200,0:09:55.020 discussing and coordinating how they're going to carve up 0:09:55.019,0:09:56.519 and take this continent. 0:09:56.519,0:09:58.769 And they decided that there was gonna be one big rule 0:09:58.769,0:10:00.360 for this new scramble for Africa. 0:10:00.360,0:10:01.259 No pretending. 0:10:01.259,0:10:04.230 None of this only on the map, fake imperialism thing 0:10:04.230,0:10:06.240 that the Pope arranged for Spain and Portugal 0:10:06.240,0:10:07.590 a few hundred years previous. 0:10:07.590,0:10:09.570 You actually have to control the land 0:10:09.570,0:10:10.500 if you're gonna claim it. 0:10:10.500,0:10:12.539 So they divide up the map on who gets what, 0:10:12.539,0:10:14.189 they leave the conference, 0:10:14.190,0:10:15.240 and they get to work. 0:10:16.470,0:10:18.660 The French start moving in quickly from West Africa. 0:10:18.659,0:10:20.519 The British begin taking over Sudan 0:10:20.519,0:10:23.129 and expanding north from down here in South Africa 0:10:23.129,0:10:24.720 to take over all of this land. 0:10:24.720,0:10:26.490 The Germans really start establishing themselves 0:10:26.490,0:10:27.899 here and over here. 0:10:27.899,0:10:29.429 Italy starts occupying all this land up here 0:10:29.429,0:10:30.779 in the north and east. 0:10:30.779,0:10:32.970 And Leopold, well, he got his colony. 0:10:32.970,0:10:34.830 77 times the size of Belgium, 0:10:34.830,0:10:36.270 here it was as a blank canvas 0:10:36.269,0:10:38.879 when they first started exploring in 1880. 0:10:38.879,0:10:40.830 Here it is 14 years later. 0:10:40.830,0:10:43.800 Little Belgium down here, giant Congo up here. 0:10:43.799,0:10:47.099 The blueprint is filled out, the conquest is complete. 0:10:47.100,0:10:49.409 With his new colony, King Leopold, of course, 0:10:49.409,0:10:50.699 went on to do horrible things, 0:10:50.700,0:10:53.370 exploiting, pillaging the resources from this place 0:10:53.370,0:10:55.440 and wreaking horrible havoc on the people. 0:10:55.440,0:10:57.270 And it is horrific and it is horrendous, 0:10:57.269,0:10:58.559 and I made a whole other video 0:10:58.559,0:10:59.639 that kind of goes into it more. 0:10:59.639,0:11:01.799 I'll link to it and go to the sources 0:11:01.799,0:11:02.879 in the description, please. 0:11:02.879,0:11:06.750 Okay. (intense orchestral music) 0:11:06.750,0:11:09.539 All of these empires were carving up this map, 0:11:09.539,0:11:11.549 coming in, mapping it very beautifully. 0:11:11.549,0:11:13.439 It's like literally the opposite of what it was. 0:11:13.440,0:11:15.210 It's unknown and now it's totally known. 0:11:15.210,0:11:16.920 Pillaging the resources, bringing it back home, 0:11:16.919,0:11:19.110 making record profits, et cetera, et cetera. 0:11:19.110,0:11:20.940 And all of this, this carving, 0:11:20.940,0:11:22.912 it happened really fast. 0:11:22.912,0:11:26.495 (intense orchestral music) 0:11:31.200,0:11:32.970 But wait a minute, hold on, pause. 0:11:32.970,0:11:35.580 How does this make any sense? 0:11:35.580,0:11:37.650 Like it made sense when it was all like on water 0:11:37.649,0:11:39.149 and there were ships and there was domination 0:11:39.149,0:11:40.649 and trading ports and all of that, 0:11:40.649,0:11:42.990 but this, this is an incredibly, 0:11:42.990,0:11:45.659 logistically ambitious thing to do. 0:11:45.659,0:11:47.399 Like this was actually a central question for me 0:11:47.399,0:11:49.199 that led me to make this series 0:11:49.200,0:11:51.990 because I just didn't understand how these countries, 0:11:51.990,0:11:53.610 in a matter of a few years, 0:11:53.610,0:11:57.419 could completely carve up the second largest continent? 0:11:57.419,0:11:58.829 Well, the answer to that question 0:11:58.830,0:12:00.120 isn't that surprising. 0:12:00.120,0:12:01.919 These Europeans now had a leg up. 0:12:01.919,0:12:03.440 They had new tools. 0:12:03.441,0:12:05.759 (upbeat music) 0:12:05.759,0:12:08.370 Remember they had invented capitalism to make them rich. 0:12:08.370,0:12:10.409 That gave them time to do science, 0:12:10.409,0:12:12.329 which gave them technology that they used 0:12:12.330,0:12:15.090 to make their capitalism better and more effective, 0:12:15.090,0:12:16.110 more productive. 0:12:16.110,0:12:19.080 This cycle repeated itself over and over and over, 0:12:19.080,0:12:20.850 giving Europeans a further 0:12:20.850,0:12:22.920 and further leg up technologically, 0:12:22.919,0:12:26.099 until soon they had stuff like this, a steamboat. 0:12:26.100,0:12:27.659 You didn't have to worry about the wind anymore 0:12:27.659,0:12:28.492 to keep going. 0:12:28.493,0:12:31.182 You could just steam your way all the way up African rivers. 0:12:31.182,0:12:32.177 - Or the old African queen. 0:12:32.177,0:12:35.970 - Or the railroad, quick way to transport food and troops. 0:12:35.970,0:12:37.080 Like you can see this map, 0:12:37.080,0:12:39.960 all of this red is either railroads that they put in 0:12:39.960,0:12:42.330 or railroads that they were constructing at this time. 0:12:42.330,0:12:43.800 This allowed Europeans to level up, 0:12:43.799,0:12:45.779 not just in Africa, but everywhere. 0:12:45.779,0:12:47.759 I mean, here they are in India. 0:12:47.759,0:12:50.909 The British quickly taking over this entire subcontinent 0:12:50.909,0:12:53.459 of what today's India and Pakistan and Bangladesh 0:12:53.460,0:12:56.040 with this massive complex rail system 0:12:56.039,0:12:58.469 that they built basically in no time. 0:12:58.470,0:13:00.240 They also invented the telegraph, 0:13:00.240,0:13:02.639 which could now relay messages in a matter of minutes 0:13:02.639,0:13:03.840 instead of weeks. 0:13:03.840,0:13:06.120 I mean, this political cartoon really personifies 0:13:06.120,0:13:07.620 how powerful this was. 0:13:07.620,0:13:10.547 And of course, what we've been looking at this whole time. 0:13:10.547,0:13:13.129 (upbeat music) 0:13:15.110,0:13:16.932 They made maps. 0:13:16.932,0:13:17.909 (orchestral music) 0:13:17.909,0:13:20.909 Big, beautiful juicy maps showing the geography 0:13:20.909,0:13:24.269 and the people and all of the land that they had conquered. 0:13:24.269,0:13:25.500 In addition to technology, 0:13:25.500,0:13:27.450 these empires had also perfected the art 0:13:27.450,0:13:29.610 of allying with local power holders 0:13:29.610,0:13:31.627 and turning the people against each other. 0:13:31.626,0:13:32.849 "Divide and conquer," 0:13:32.850,0:13:35.220 which allowed a small group of Europeans 0:13:35.220,0:13:37.290 to control millions of locals. 0:13:37.289,0:13:40.464 And of course, they had these. 0:13:40.465,0:13:43.382 (orchestral music) 0:13:45.779,0:13:47.399 These refined killing machines 0:13:47.399,0:13:49.559 that allowed small groups of European soldiers 0:13:49.559,0:13:52.709 to rip through truly formidable African armies. 0:13:52.710,0:13:54.540 Like look at this painting from Sudan 0:13:54.539,0:13:56.099 where the British used their guns 0:13:56.100,0:13:59.580 to slaughter 10,000 enemies with just a few hundred losses. 0:13:59.580,0:14:01.590 And hear this casual caption 0:14:01.590,0:14:03.187 showing that these savages were now 0:14:03.187,0:14:06.000 "mowed down by these modern weapons of war, 0:14:06.000,0:14:08.307 clearing way for civilization." 0:14:10.830,0:14:12.450 Now, it wasn't this easy everywhere. 0:14:12.450,0:14:13.980 Descendants of white Dutch settlers 0:14:13.980,0:14:15.629 held off the British for a long time 0:14:15.629,0:14:16.799 down here in South Africa, 0:14:16.799,0:14:19.109 and the Ethiopians were able to hold off the Italians 0:14:19.110,0:14:20.310 from conquering their land, 0:14:20.309,0:14:23.909 making it the only place in Africa to never be colonized. 0:14:23.909,0:14:25.889 But listen, in the midst of all this bloodshed, 0:14:25.889,0:14:28.230 we have to talk about something that doesn't fit cleanly 0:14:28.230,0:14:30.000 into our narrative of good versus evil. 0:14:30.000,0:14:32.490 Because the presence of these Europeans in this continent 0:14:32.490,0:14:34.409 also brought really positive things. 0:14:34.409,0:14:36.000 Remember those French dudes that discovered 0:14:36.000,0:14:37.139 the treatment for malaria? 0:14:37.139,0:14:38.699 Well that was tested in the field 0:14:38.700,0:14:40.740 in French Algeria, a colony. 0:14:40.740,0:14:42.659 It changed medicine forever, 0:14:42.659,0:14:45.299 giving us our modern understanding of mosquitoes 0:14:45.299,0:14:47.429 and the diseases they spread. 0:14:47.429,0:14:50.009 This scramble into Africa helped push forward 0:14:50.009,0:14:53.100 our understanding of health and disease and medicine. 0:14:53.100,0:14:55.529 These and tons of other medical developments 0:14:55.529,0:14:57.659 help these Europeans conquer land, 0:14:57.659,0:15:01.439 but it also brought innovation that we still use today 0:15:01.440,0:15:03.933 that has saved countless lives. 0:15:03.932,0:15:06.432 (light music) 0:15:08.370,0:15:11.580 Okay, so technology was a major defining factor, 0:15:11.580,0:15:12.840 but it wasn't just technology. 0:15:12.840,0:15:14.519 Once again, we see in this chapter 0:15:14.519,0:15:15.750 what we saw in other chapters. 0:15:15.750,0:15:17.669 That Europeans had to develop new, 0:15:17.669,0:15:19.889 sophisticated mental inventions 0:15:19.889,0:15:21.600 that allowed this all to go down. 0:15:21.600,0:15:23.519 The popular story that they were telling themselves 0:15:23.519,0:15:26.069 at this time was that all civilization 0:15:26.070,0:15:28.890 could be ranked according to the level of development. 0:15:28.889,0:15:30.659 And look, according to this analysis, 0:15:30.659,0:15:32.279 they placed themselves at the top 0:15:32.279,0:15:33.899 and they could tell themselves very easily 0:15:33.899,0:15:36.029 that they were the enlightened people of the world. 0:15:36.029,0:15:37.709 This new colonizing story 0:15:37.710,0:15:40.379 was the most sophisticated and tantalizing yet, 0:15:40.379,0:15:41.820 and it's one that's still kind of embedded 0:15:41.820,0:15:43.020 in a lot of our brains still. 0:15:43.019,0:15:45.480 That the enlightened civilization had a burden 0:15:45.480,0:15:48.000 to bring civilization to the rest of the world. 0:15:48.000,0:15:49.889 And for that, they kind of needed 0:15:49.889,0:15:51.600 to stay on top and control. 0:15:51.600,0:15:52.560 And the reason why this story 0:15:52.559,0:15:54.029 was so believable and tantalizing 0:15:54.029,0:15:55.529 is because at this time 0:15:55.529,0:15:59.279 it was being blended with actual real objective science 0:15:59.279,0:16:00.779 that was being done by Europeans. 0:16:00.779,0:16:02.579 Like this guy, Charles Darwin, 0:16:02.580,0:16:04.200 someone who changed the way that we think 0:16:04.200,0:16:05.370 about the natural world. 0:16:05.370,0:16:07.769 He had just put out a book about how animals evolved 0:16:07.769,0:16:10.590 into hierarchies with different capabilities and traits. 0:16:10.590,0:16:12.960 Well, if that applies to all animals, 0:16:12.960,0:16:15.509 then it must apply to humans themselves 0:16:15.509,0:16:17.730 and their societies and their civilizations. 0:16:17.730,0:16:19.649 So then they go out into the field with their maps 0:16:19.649,0:16:21.179 and they start gathering observations 0:16:21.179,0:16:22.919 that confirm this story. 0:16:22.919,0:16:24.809 And soon, they're measuring people's skulls 0:16:24.809,0:16:25.829 all around the world. 0:16:25.830,0:16:26.910 They're keeping notes, 0:16:26.909,0:16:28.829 they're developing theories and terms, 0:16:28.830,0:16:30.270 they're writing academic papers, 0:16:30.269,0:16:32.850 all of this to define a pretend set 0:16:32.850,0:16:34.769 of pseudo-scientific ideas, 0:16:34.769,0:16:37.289 the idea that we're all part of a different race, 0:16:37.289,0:16:39.750 all with different natural capabilities. 0:16:39.750,0:16:42.450 And that is what must explain 0:16:42.450,0:16:45.180 why some people have the resources and the technology 0:16:45.179,0:16:46.349 and others do not. 0:16:46.350,0:16:49.170 Like the previous stories that Europeans told themselves, 0:16:49.169,0:16:50.969 this one was intoxicating. 0:16:50.970,0:16:52.920 Think of all the generations that passed 0:16:52.919,0:16:54.329 where this story could be ingrained 0:16:54.330,0:16:56.280 into the minds of the people. 0:16:56.279,0:16:58.379 But again, remember that I'm not saying 0:16:58.379,0:17:00.149 that these Europeans are telling themselves 0:17:00.149,0:17:01.199 this story every day. 0:17:01.200,0:17:02.580 We're now talking about the great, great, 0:17:02.580,0:17:05.549 great grandchildren of like the original colonizers. 0:17:05.549,0:17:08.759 The individual people didn't have the grand plan in mind 0:17:08.759,0:17:10.109 to go carve up Africa. 0:17:10.109,0:17:12.179 They were just responding to what they knew, 0:17:12.180,0:17:13.860 what they'd been told was real, 0:17:13.859,0:17:15.779 what they wanted to believe. 0:17:15.779,0:17:17.250 It was a way of life. 0:17:17.250,0:17:18.930 It was a way of thinking. 0:17:18.930,0:17:20.670 And if we think that we're somehow exempt 0:17:20.670,0:17:23.130 from a similar type of mental model that we don't see 0:17:23.130,0:17:25.170 but that dictates our behavior, 0:17:25.170,0:17:26.130 we're tricking ourselves. 0:17:26.130,0:17:27.810 I mean, listen to one of these British imperialists, 0:17:27.809,0:17:29.159 Cecil Rhodes. 0:17:29.160,0:17:31.860 He says, "We happen to be the best people in the world 0:17:31.859,0:17:34.139 with the highest ideals of decency and justice, 0:17:34.140,0:17:35.400 liberty and peace. 0:17:35.400,0:17:37.350 And the more of the world we inhabit, 0:17:37.349,0:17:39.569 the better it is for humanity." 0:17:39.569,0:17:42.598 Okay, Cecil has made up his mind. 0:17:42.598,0:17:43.649 (orchestral music) 0:17:43.650,0:17:45.269 Okay, so let's look at the map 0:17:45.269,0:17:47.129 in like the early 1900s. 0:17:47.130,0:17:48.660 Africa looks like this, 0:17:48.660,0:17:51.029 completely carved up by European powers. 0:17:51.029,0:17:52.559 Over here, the Dutch had conquered 0:17:52.559,0:17:54.329 the entire Indonesian archipelago. 0:17:54.329,0:17:55.859 The French completely taking over 0:17:55.859,0:17:57.299 this part of Southeast Asia. 0:17:57.299,0:18:00.029 But the real kingpin in all of this taking over land stuff 0:18:00.029,0:18:01.349 was the British Empire. 0:18:01.349,0:18:03.659 In addition to all this stuff they had in Africa, 0:18:03.660,0:18:06.509 they occupied the huge Indian subcontinent. 0:18:06.509,0:18:08.309 They also had a few of these important ports 0:18:08.309,0:18:10.079 like Hong Kong and Singapore. 0:18:10.079,0:18:12.359 I mean, I can't go over all of the stuff they took over 0:18:12.359,0:18:13.439 'cause it's just too much. 0:18:13.440,0:18:14.279 At the peak of their empire, 0:18:14.279,0:18:16.559 they ruled over 412 million people, 0:18:16.559,0:18:18.299 which was a ton for that time. 0:18:18.299,0:18:21.690 Their domination had spread to almost 25% of the globe, 0:18:21.690,0:18:25.320 making Britain this rainy set of islands in Europe 0:18:25.319,0:18:27.779 the biggest empire that ever existed. 0:18:27.779,0:18:29.670 In doing so, they spread their people, 0:18:29.670,0:18:31.769 their ideas, their economic system, 0:18:31.769,0:18:34.680 their fringe language to every corner of the world, 0:18:34.680,0:18:36.029 including where I'm sitting right now. 0:18:36.029,0:18:38.160 Because remember, the US is just one expression 0:18:38.160,0:18:39.120 of the British Empire, 0:18:39.119,0:18:40.619 the branch of the empire that went on 0:18:40.619,0:18:42.419 to become the most powerful country in the world 0:18:42.420,0:18:45.000 to influence how the world order would look. 0:18:45.000,0:18:49.435 By 1914, Europe had successfully taken over the world. 0:18:49.435,0:18:51.269 (light music) 0:18:51.269,0:18:53.639 They were deathly rich compared to the rest of the globe. 0:18:53.640,0:18:56.220 And their ideas, both good and bad, 0:18:56.220,0:18:58.650 were deeply embedded in the international system. 0:18:58.650,0:19:00.540 But suddenly, all of this technology, 0:19:00.539,0:19:03.450 all this industrialization that made them so effective, 0:19:03.450,0:19:05.819 turned away from conquering faraway lands 0:19:05.819,0:19:07.928 and was turned on each other. 0:19:07.929,0:19:09.158 (cannon explodes) 0:19:09.157,0:19:11.069 (orchestral music) 0:19:11.069,0:19:13.649 Over the next 30 years, hundreds of millions of people 0:19:13.650,0:19:16.860 are killed in the two most destructive wars ever 0:19:16.859,0:19:18.659 made possible by all the same things 0:19:18.660,0:19:20.790 that allow Europeans to take over the world, 0:19:20.789,0:19:22.920 sophisticated weapons in technology 0:19:22.920,0:19:25.140 that Europeans are now turning on each other. 0:19:25.140,0:19:27.300 The so-called sophisticated race 0:19:27.299,0:19:29.099 is now slaughtering one another 0:19:29.099,0:19:30.929 on an unprecedented scale. 0:19:30.930,0:19:32.700 These wars didn't do the image 0:19:32.700,0:19:35.069 of the civilized Europeans any good. 0:19:35.069,0:19:38.039 And Western-schooled local elites decided that 0:19:38.039,0:19:41.039 they didn't wanna be ruled by foreign forces anymore. 0:19:41.039,0:19:44.220 They were able to rally their people around common language 0:19:44.220,0:19:46.950 and birth to national identity that didn't include 0:19:46.950,0:19:49.440 being ruled by white people from some faraway continent. 0:19:49.440,0:19:51.269 And they pushed the colonists out, 0:19:51.269,0:19:54.150 sometimes peacefully, but most often with force. 0:19:54.150,0:19:57.480 The Europeans had built this insane global project 0:19:57.480,0:19:59.099 for more than 400 years, 0:19:59.099,0:20:01.905 and yet they saw it crumble in a matter of decades. 0:20:01.905,0:20:05.490 (tense orchestral music) 0:20:05.490,0:20:09.779 So, today, the map has been severely redrawn. 0:20:09.779,0:20:12.480 Former colonies are now mostly independent countries. 0:20:12.480,0:20:15.480 There are still a ton of weird, idiosyncratic holdovers 0:20:15.480,0:20:16.500 from the colonial period. 0:20:16.500,0:20:17.880 I've talked about those many times 0:20:17.880,0:20:19.830 and I will continue to talk about them. 0:20:20.932,0:20:23.432 (light music) 0:20:24.480,0:20:25.920 I wanna finish this up, 0:20:25.920,0:20:28.230 finish this video and finish this series up 0:20:28.230,0:20:29.640 with my last thought here, 0:20:29.640,0:20:32.919 which is something that the map doesn't tell us much about. 0:20:32.919,0:20:36.240 (light music) 0:20:36.240,0:20:38.970 Even though all these countries became independent 0:20:38.970,0:20:41.579 and they can claim their own sovereignty, their own borders, 0:20:41.579,0:20:43.109 their colonizers are gone. 0:20:43.109,0:20:44.159 They didn't actually. 0:20:44.160,0:20:45.570 Not only were there loads of borders 0:20:45.569,0:20:47.700 that were literally drawn by colonizers, 0:20:47.700,0:20:50.850 I mean, see basically all of my previous work. 0:20:50.849,0:20:51.682 But by the end of this 0:20:51.682,0:20:55.079 it was the Europeans that had tied the whole world up 0:20:55.079,0:20:57.240 into an interconnected system 0:20:57.240,0:20:59.370 that still kind of echoed the old one. 0:20:59.369,0:21:01.589 The Dutch invention of the shareholder corporation 0:21:01.589,0:21:02.459 didn't go away. 0:21:02.460,0:21:04.376 Private companies didn't suddenly stop looking 0:21:04.376,0:21:06.480 for the same far off places 0:21:06.480,0:21:08.730 to find resources, to find labor, 0:21:08.730,0:21:11.610 to feed increasing demand among their people back home. 0:21:11.609,0:21:13.919 And European rulers and their offspring 0:21:13.920,0:21:17.759 didn't stop using their big metal guns and their technology 0:21:17.759,0:21:20.279 to get what they wanted In faraway lands. 0:21:20.279,0:21:22.019 Occasionally talking to each other 0:21:22.019,0:21:24.389 and occasionally fighting with each other. 0:21:24.390,0:21:27.000 Fighting to control land, to control people, 0:21:27.000,0:21:29.490 to control ideas, and perhaps most powerfully, 0:21:29.490,0:21:33.480 the idea that our enlightened way was indeed the best way. 0:21:33.480,0:21:35.730 - We will stand with the new leaders of Iraq 0:21:35.730,0:21:37.950 as they establish a government of, 0:21:37.950,0:21:41.580 by, and for the Iraqi people. 0:21:41.579,0:21:43.600 - Certainly it has not gone away. 0:21:43.601,0:21:46.050 (light music) 0:21:46.049,0:21:47.759 And yet, if it were only that simple, 0:21:47.759,0:21:49.920 a simple narrative of good and bad, 0:21:49.920,0:21:51.779 greedy Europeans take over the world 0:21:51.779,0:21:53.190 and do anything to stay ahead, 0:21:53.190,0:21:55.080 that would be a lot easier in some ways, 0:21:55.079,0:21:56.099 but it's not. 0:21:56.099,0:21:57.689 Europe taking over the world 0:21:57.690,0:22:00.690 has also thrust humanity into an age of peace 0:22:00.690,0:22:03.299 and prosperity where people live longer, 0:22:03.299,0:22:05.009 suffer less in a lot of ways, 0:22:05.009,0:22:06.269 have more food to eat. 0:22:06.269,0:22:07.650 I mean, the very moral lens 0:22:07.650,0:22:09.240 that you and I are using right now 0:22:09.240,0:22:11.940 to evaluate the good and bad of this history, 0:22:11.940,0:22:14.400 that was a lens that was cultivated and developed 0:22:14.400,0:22:16.410 by the same cultures that pillaged 0:22:16.410,0:22:18.990 and subjugated their way around the planet. 0:22:18.990,0:22:21.120 These ideals of justice and equality 0:22:21.119,0:22:23.309 and human rights and representation, 0:22:23.309,0:22:25.799 social equality and self-determination, 0:22:25.799,0:22:28.200 those ideas permeated the globe 0:22:28.200,0:22:30.750 alongside the colonizers who carved it up. 0:22:30.750,0:22:34.140 And yet, it was this conquest that put these people 0:22:34.140,0:22:35.880 on top of the whole system 0:22:35.880,0:22:39.420 giving us the power and the advantage, 0:22:39.420,0:22:42.115 the default power holders in our world. 0:22:42.115,0:22:45.531 (light orchestral music) 0:22:48.779,0:22:51.029 These three parts have been a story 0:22:51.029,0:22:53.670 of how an isolated group of farming people, 0:22:53.670,0:22:55.230 some of them my ancestors, 0:22:55.230,0:22:57.120 left their shores to explore, 0:22:57.119,0:22:59.429 discovering a vast world that eventually 0:22:59.430,0:23:01.080 they would find a way to control. 0:23:01.079,0:23:03.059 And in the process, setting the rules 0:23:03.059,0:23:04.502 for how things work today. 0:23:06.059,0:23:07.919 What's slightly scary to me about this 0:23:07.920,0:23:10.769 is how easy it is to look back on this whole history 0:23:10.769,0:23:12.539 and feel like it was gonna happen 0:23:12.539,0:23:13.619 this way no matter what, 0:23:13.619,0:23:14.549 that it was inevitable. 0:23:14.549,0:23:16.559 That of course Europeans took over the world. 0:23:16.559,0:23:17.609 They were always more adept, 0:23:17.609,0:23:19.199 they were bound to control the planet. 0:23:19.200,0:23:20.400 But if there's anything I've learned 0:23:20.400,0:23:23.340 diving into this broad tour through European imperialism 0:23:23.339,0:23:26.069 is that this idea is just hindsight bias. 0:23:26.069,0:23:29.129 This didn't happen because of some superior DNA 0:23:29.130,0:23:32.580 or because God wanted these people to take over the world, 0:23:32.579,0:23:34.949 but rather it happened to because a bunch of people 0:23:34.950,0:23:36.690 happened to be at the right place 0:23:36.690,0:23:38.610 that allowed them to start a chain 0:23:38.609,0:23:40.289 of millions of little decisions 0:23:40.289,0:23:42.240 that pushed them to do whatever they could 0:23:42.240,0:23:44.579 to procure more and more resources. 0:23:44.579,0:23:47.220 They got ahead because of lucky circumstances. 0:23:47.220,0:23:48.990 And yet today in our modern world, 0:23:48.990,0:23:52.200 we continue to do whatever we need to to stay ahead 0:23:52.200,0:23:54.029 while simultaneously believing 0:23:54.029,0:23:56.215 that it was always gonna happen this way. 0:23:56.215,0:23:58.715 (light music) 0:24:13.890,0:24:14.883 It's over. 0:24:15.960,0:24:16.793 It's over. 0:24:16.792,0:24:18.269 I mean, the series is over, 0:24:18.269,0:24:20.400 but the year is over. 0:24:20.400,0:24:21.900 I deserve this. 0:24:21.900,0:24:24.120 Not only is it the end of the Europe series, 0:24:24.119,0:24:25.229 it's the end of the year 0:24:25.230,0:24:27.210 and what a year it has been. 0:24:27.210,0:24:30.240 By the way, this video is not sponsored by anyone, 0:24:30.240,0:24:31.559 probably because we're in a recession. 0:24:31.559,0:24:33.419 And so I'm gonna take this time 0:24:33.420,0:24:36.779 to just reflect a little bit on what this year has meant 0:24:36.779,0:24:38.759 for me as a storyteller and a journalist 0:24:38.759,0:24:42.180 and for our team and what we are gonna do next. 0:24:42.180,0:24:43.980 I think for me, the big thing I learned this year 0:24:43.980,0:24:48.329 was that we can build a big operation. 0:24:48.329,0:24:49.679 Like for a long time it was just me 0:24:49.680,0:24:51.390 kind of pushing buttons on a laptop 0:24:51.390,0:24:52.740 and like making stories. 0:24:52.740,0:24:54.900 And this year, it actually became a team. 0:24:54.900,0:24:56.730 We now have lots and lots of people 0:24:56.730,0:24:59.490 making really, really cool stuff, a very talented team. 0:24:59.490,0:25:02.579 And we're doing journalism on a level that we've never done. 0:25:02.579,0:25:06.419 We go really deep on every fact that we say on this channel, 0:25:06.420,0:25:07.830 and that requires a lot of work. 0:25:07.829,0:25:09.269 Sometimes that feels really tiresome, 0:25:09.269,0:25:11.460 but a lot of the time that feels exciting. 0:25:11.460,0:25:14.819 That we on YouTube can be doing like hardcore journalism 0:25:14.819,0:25:16.439 and fun stuff too, obviously. 0:25:16.440,0:25:18.870 We got to do a few in the field documentaries this year, 0:25:18.869,0:25:20.129 which was really amazing. 0:25:20.130,0:25:23.790 I went to Paris and Korea and Switzerland. 0:25:23.789,0:25:25.889 We printed a lot of amazing maps 0:25:25.890,0:25:28.560 and showed you what maps were like over the years 0:25:28.559,0:25:29.819 and what they were used for. 0:25:29.819,0:25:32.639 Oh, and my hair got really long 0:25:32.640,0:25:34.080 'cause I decided for the first time in my life 0:25:34.079,0:25:34.980 not to cut it, 0:25:34.980,0:25:38.490 and that's making my whole no shampoo thing 0:25:38.490,0:25:39.690 a little more complicated. 0:25:39.690,0:25:41.279 Maybe I'll make a video about that. 0:25:41.279,0:25:44.403 Anyway. (romantic music) 0:25:47.250,0:25:48.809 I eat a lot of Doritos. 0:25:48.809,0:25:50.759 Like a lot of Doritos. 0:25:50.759,0:25:52.230 Like I really like Doritos, 0:25:52.230,0:25:53.730 even after I know how they're made. 0:25:53.730,0:25:55.890 But in my mind, this is kind of just the beginning. 0:25:55.890,0:25:57.360 Like I want this to be the beginning. 0:25:57.359,0:25:58.956 I want like four years from now to look back and be like, 0:25:58.957,0:25:59.790 "Oh yeah, 2022. 0:25:59.789,0:26:01.769 That was the year that we really started to ramp up." 0:26:01.769,0:26:02.700 And that gets me to the thing 0:26:02.700,0:26:04.769 that I'm really excited about that we launched this year, 0:26:04.769,0:26:07.170 which is a community on Patreon called The Newsroom. 0:26:07.170,0:26:09.440 A place where people like you support us 0:26:09.440,0:26:10.620 in what we're trying to do here 0:26:10.619,0:26:11.639 and allow us to grow. 0:26:11.640,0:26:14.730 More and more, and especially during economic downturn 0:26:14.730,0:26:16.410 and unpredictability, 0:26:16.410,0:26:19.620 this work that we do relies on community support, 0:26:19.619,0:26:22.289 on people like you showing up and supporting us. 0:26:22.289,0:26:24.329 And it's our Newsroom supporters that are allowing us 0:26:24.329,0:26:26.339 to do better work, to do more of it, 0:26:26.339,0:26:27.750 and I'm very grateful for that. 0:26:27.750,0:26:30.873 In addition to supporting independent journalism, 0:26:32.347,0:26:33.181 Newsroom members also get access to a bunch of cool stuff, 0:26:33.181,0:26:34.230 like a behind the scenes vlog, 0:26:34.230,0:26:35.519 an extra video every month. 0:26:35.519,0:26:37.500 There's a lot of really talented, 0:26:37.500,0:26:38.970 interesting people behind the scenes. 0:26:38.970,0:26:41.339 And every month you get a vlog where you see 0:26:41.339,0:26:42.329 how it's all done. 0:26:42.329,0:26:45.210 You get access to music from our composer Tom Fox. 0:26:45.210,0:26:47.250 You get access to my scripts. 0:26:47.250,0:26:50.160 Like occasionally we do Q&As where we get to chat. 0:26:50.160,0:26:52.380 I do polls where I get story ideas. 0:26:52.380,0:26:54.810 It's become a really cool community of supporters 0:26:54.809,0:26:57.599 and just a kind of a sounding board for cool ideas. 0:26:57.599,0:26:58.679 Oh, and here's a big one. 0:26:58.680,0:27:01.080 We've started publishing our videos over on Nebula, 0:27:01.079,0:27:02.849 which is a creator-owned platform 0:27:02.849,0:27:05.519 where you can get our videos a week early. 0:27:05.519,0:27:07.680 There's a link in my description that explains all that. 0:27:07.680,0:27:08.940 If you wanna support the channel 0:27:08.940,0:27:10.680 and you're like a production person, 0:27:10.680,0:27:12.600 then we have LUTS and Presets, 0:27:12.599,0:27:14.730 which help us color our videos and photos. 0:27:14.730,0:27:16.380 And if you don't wanna support the channel 0:27:16.380,0:27:18.030 and you just wanna keep watching, 0:27:18.029,0:27:18.990 that's fine, too. 0:27:18.990,0:27:21.150 I'm not here to tell you to give me money. 0:27:21.150,0:27:23.730 I'm here to make cool stories 0:27:23.730,0:27:26.160 and I hope that you're learning from these videos 0:27:26.160,0:27:28.200 and I appreciate you being here in the first place. 0:27:28.200,0:27:32.220 So, let's raise a glass to a wonderful year 0:27:32.220,0:27:35.759 of learning and growth and amazing stories, 0:27:35.759,0:27:39.569 and look forward to a 2023 that I hope 0:27:39.569,0:27:41.819 is gonna be full of even more growth. 0:27:41.819,0:27:44.970 Not only growth in the number of people that are here, 0:27:44.970,0:27:47.730 but also a growth in our desire 0:27:47.730,0:27:49.829 to like understand this world, 0:27:49.829,0:27:53.009 to understand the story of how we all got here 0:27:53.009,0:27:54.660 and how it works today. 0:27:54.660,0:27:56.820 I will continue to be the curious storyteller 0:27:56.819,0:27:58.559 who tries to bring those stories to you 0:27:58.559,0:28:00.210 in the best way possible. 0:28:00.210,0:28:02.490 I appreciate all of those who are here supporting, 0:28:02.490,0:28:07.200 and cheers to a great 2023 of curiosity 0:28:07.200,0:28:08.370 and a lot of maps. 0:28:08.369,0:28:09.989 Bye everyone. 0:28:09.990,0:28:13.073 (light upbeat music) 0:28:18.471,0:28:21.054 (gentle music)