0:00:04.000,0:00:08.000 Alright. I'm going to show you a couple of images 0:00:08.000,0:00:11.000 from a very diverting paper 0:00:11.000,0:00:15.000 in The Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 0:00:15.000,0:00:18.000 I'm going to go way out on a limb and say that it is the most diverting paper 0:00:18.000,0:00:21.000 ever published in The Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 0:00:21.000,0:00:26.000 The title is "Observations of In-Utero Masturbation." 0:00:26.000,0:00:29.000 (Laughter) 0:00:29.000,0:00:33.000 Okay. Now on the left you can see the hand -- that's the big arrow -- 0:00:33.000,0:00:36.000 and the penis on the right. The hand hovering. 0:00:36.000,0:00:38.000 And over here we have, 0:00:38.000,0:00:41.000 in the words of radiologist Israel Meisner, 0:00:41.000,0:00:46.000 "The hand grasping the penis in a fashion resembling masturbation movements." 0:00:46.000,0:00:48.000 Bear in mind this was an ultrasound, 0:00:48.000,0:00:50.000 so it would have been moving images. 0:00:50.000,0:00:53.000 Orgasm is a reflex of the autonomic nervous system. 0:00:53.000,0:00:55.000 Now this is the part of the nervous system 0:00:55.000,0:00:58.000 that deals with the things that we don't consciously control, 0:00:58.000,0:01:02.000 like digestion, heart rate and sexual arousal. 0:01:02.000,0:01:04.000 And the orgasm reflex can be triggered 0:01:04.000,0:01:08.000 by a surprisingly broad range of input. 0:01:08.000,0:01:11.000 Genital stimulation. Duh. 0:01:11.000,0:01:13.000 But also Kinsey interviewed a woman 0:01:13.000,0:01:16.000 who could be brought to orgasm 0:01:16.000,0:01:19.000 by having someone stroke her eyebrow. 0:01:19.000,0:01:21.000 People with spinal cord injuries, 0:01:21.000,0:01:23.000 like paraplegias, quadriplegias, 0:01:23.000,0:01:26.000 will often develop a very, very sensitive area 0:01:26.000,0:01:28.000 right above the level of their injury, 0:01:28.000,0:01:30.000 wherever that is. 0:01:30.000,0:01:33.000 There is such a thing as a knee orgasm in the literature. 0:01:33.000,0:01:37.000 I think the most curious one that I came across 0:01:37.000,0:01:39.000 was a case report of a woman 0:01:39.000,0:01:43.000 who had an orgasm every time she brushed her teeth. 0:01:43.000,0:01:46.000 (Laughter) 0:01:46.000,0:01:49.000 This was something in the complex 0:01:49.000,0:01:53.000 sensory-motor action of brushing her teeth 0:01:53.000,0:01:55.000 was triggering orgasm. 0:01:55.000,0:01:58.000 And she went to a neurologist who was fascinated. 0:01:58.000,0:02:01.000 He checked to see if it was something in the toothpaste, 0:02:01.000,0:02:04.000 but no -- it happened with any brand. 0:02:04.000,0:02:06.000 They stimulated her gums 0:02:06.000,0:02:08.000 with a toothpick, to see if that was doing it. 0:02:08.000,0:02:12.000 No. It was the whole, you know, motion. 0:02:12.000,0:02:15.000 And the amazing thing to me is that 0:02:15.000,0:02:17.000 now you would think this woman would like have 0:02:17.000,0:02:19.000 excellent oral hygiene. 0:02:19.000,0:02:23.000 (Laughter) 0:02:23.000,0:02:25.000 Sadly she -- this is what it said in the journal paper -- 0:02:25.000,0:02:28.000 "She believed that she was possessed by demons 0:02:28.000,0:02:31.000 and switched to mouthwash for her oral care." 0:02:31.000,0:02:33.000 It's so sad. 0:02:33.000,0:02:34.000 (Laughter) 0:02:34.000,0:02:37.000 I interviewed, when I was working on the book, 0:02:37.000,0:02:41.000 I interviewed a woman who can think herself to orgasm. 0:02:41.000,0:02:44.000 She was part of a study at Rutgers University. 0:02:44.000,0:02:46.000 You gotta love that. Rutgers. 0:02:46.000,0:02:49.000 So I interviewed her in Oakland, 0:02:49.000,0:02:51.000 in a sushi restaurant. 0:02:51.000,0:02:54.000 And I said, "So, could you do it right here?" 0:02:54.000,0:02:57.000 And she said, "Yeah, but you know I'd rather finish my meal if you don't mind." 0:02:57.000,0:02:59.000 (Laughter) 0:02:59.000,0:03:01.000 But afterwards she was kind enough to demonstrate 0:03:01.000,0:03:03.000 on a bench outside. 0:03:03.000,0:03:05.000 It was remarkable. It took about one minute. 0:03:05.000,0:03:08.000 And I said to her, 0:03:08.000,0:03:11.000 "Are you just doing this all the time?" 0:03:11.000,0:03:12.000 (Laughter) 0:03:12.000,0:03:17.000 She said, "No. Honestly when I get home I'm usually too tired." 0:03:17.000,0:03:20.000 (Laughter) 0:03:20.000,0:03:23.000 She said that the last time she had done it 0:03:23.000,0:03:25.000 was on the Disneyland tram. 0:03:25.000,0:03:27.000 (Laughter) 0:03:27.000,0:03:30.000 The headquarters for orgasm, along the spinal nerve, 0:03:30.000,0:03:36.000 is something called the sacral nerve root, which is back here. 0:03:36.000,0:03:39.000 And if you trigger, if you stimulate with an electrode, 0:03:39.000,0:03:43.000 the precise spot, you will trigger an orgasm. 0:03:43.000,0:03:47.000 And it is a fact that you can trigger spinal reflexes 0:03:47.000,0:03:49.000 in dead people -- 0:03:49.000,0:03:52.000 a certain kind of dead person, a beating-heart cadaver. 0:03:52.000,0:03:54.000 Now this is somebody who is brain-dead, 0:03:54.000,0:03:56.000 legally dead, definitely checked out, 0:03:56.000,0:03:58.000 but is being kept alive on a respirator, 0:03:58.000,0:04:00.000 so that their organs will be oxygenated 0:04:00.000,0:04:02.000 for transplantation. 0:04:02.000,0:04:05.000 Now in one of these brain-dead people, 0:04:05.000,0:04:07.000 if you trigger the right spot, 0:04:07.000,0:04:10.000 you will see something every now and then. 0:04:10.000,0:04:12.000 There is a reflex called the Lazarus reflex. 0:04:12.000,0:04:18.000 And this is -- I'll demonstrate as best I can, not being dead. 0:04:18.000,0:04:20.000 It's like this. You trigger the spot. 0:04:20.000,0:04:25.000 The dead guy, or gal, goes ... like that. 0:04:25.000,0:04:28.000 Very unsettling for people working in pathology labs. 0:04:28.000,0:04:29.000 (Laughter) 0:04:29.000,0:04:34.000 Now if you can trigger the Lazarus reflex in a dead person, 0:04:34.000,0:04:37.000 why not the orgasm reflex? 0:04:37.000,0:04:41.000 I asked this question to a brain death expert, 0:04:41.000,0:04:44.000 Stephanie Mann, who was foolish enough to return my emails. 0:04:44.000,0:04:45.000 (Laughter) 0:04:45.000,0:04:48.000 I said, "So, could you conceivably 0:04:48.000,0:04:50.000 trigger an orgasm in a dead person?" 0:04:50.000,0:04:52.000 She said, "Yes, if the sacral nerve is being oxygenated, 0:04:52.000,0:04:56.000 you conceivably could." 0:04:56.000,0:05:00.000 Obviously it wouldn't be as much fun for the person. 0:05:00.000,0:05:02.000 But it would be an orgasm -- 0:05:02.000,0:05:03.000 (Laughter) 0:05:03.000,0:05:05.000 nonetheless. 0:05:05.000,0:05:08.000 I actually suggested to -- there is a researcher at the University of Alabama 0:05:08.000,0:05:10.000 who does orgasm research. 0:05:10.000,0:05:12.000 I said to her, "You should do an experiment. 0:05:12.000,0:05:15.000 You know? You can get cadavers if you work at a university." 0:05:15.000,0:05:17.000 I said, "You should actually do this." 0:05:17.000,0:05:20.000 She said, "You get the human subjects review board approval for this one." 0:05:20.000,0:05:22.000 (Laughter) 0:05:22.000,0:05:25.000 According to 1930s marriage manual author, 0:05:25.000,0:05:27.000 Theodoor van de Velde, 0:05:27.000,0:05:31.000 a slight seminal odor can be detected on the breath of a woman 0:05:31.000,0:05:35.000 within about an hour after sexual intercourse. 0:05:35.000,0:05:39.000 Theodoor van de Velde was something of a semen connoisseur. 0:05:39.000,0:05:41.000 (Laughter) 0:05:41.000,0:05:43.000 This is a guy writing a book, "Ideal Marriage," you know. 0:05:43.000,0:05:46.000 Very heavy hetero guy. 0:05:46.000,0:05:48.000 But he wrote in this book, "Ideal Marriage" -- 0:05:48.000,0:05:52.000 he said that he could differentiate between the semen of a young man, 0:05:52.000,0:05:56.000 which he said had a fresh, exhilarating smell, 0:05:56.000,0:05:58.000 and the semen of mature men, 0:05:58.000,0:06:00.000 whose semen smelled quote, 0:06:00.000,0:06:03.000 "Remarkably like that of the flowers of the Spanish chestnut. 0:06:03.000,0:06:05.000 Sometimes quite freshly floral, 0:06:05.000,0:06:07.000 and then again sometimes extremely pungent." 0:06:07.000,0:06:12.000 (Laughter) 0:06:12.000,0:06:15.000 Okay. In 1999, in the state of Israel, 0:06:15.000,0:06:17.000 a man began hiccupping. 0:06:17.000,0:06:20.000 And this was one of those cases that went on and on. 0:06:20.000,0:06:22.000 He tried everything his friends suggested. 0:06:22.000,0:06:24.000 Nothing seemed to help. 0:06:24.000,0:06:27.000 Days went by. At a certain point, the man, 0:06:27.000,0:06:30.000 still hiccupping, had sex with his wife. 0:06:30.000,0:06:32.000 And lo and behold, the hiccups went away. 0:06:32.000,0:06:36.000 He told his doctor, who published a case report 0:06:36.000,0:06:39.000 in a Canadian medical journal under the title, 0:06:39.000,0:06:41.000 "Sexual Intercourse as a Potential Treatment 0:06:41.000,0:06:44.000 for Intractable Hiccups." 0:06:44.000,0:06:47.000 I love this article because at a certain point they suggested 0:06:47.000,0:06:51.000 that unattached hiccuppers could try masturbation. 0:06:51.000,0:06:52.000 (Laughter) 0:06:52.000,0:06:56.000 I love that because there is like a whole demographic: unattached hiccuppers. 0:06:56.000,0:06:58.000 (Laughter) 0:06:58.000,0:07:04.000 Married, single, unattached hiccupper. 0:07:04.000,0:07:07.000 In the 1900s, early 1900s 0:07:07.000,0:07:09.000 gynecologists, a lot of gynecologists believed 0:07:09.000,0:07:12.000 that when a woman has an orgasm 0:07:12.000,0:07:17.000 the contractions serve to suck the semen up through the cervix 0:07:17.000,0:07:19.000 and sort of deliver it really quickly to the egg, 0:07:19.000,0:07:22.000 thereby upping the odds of conception. 0:07:22.000,0:07:24.000 It was called the "upsuck" theory. 0:07:24.000,0:07:26.000 (Laughter) 0:07:26.000,0:07:31.000 If you go all the way back to Hippocrates, 0:07:31.000,0:07:34.000 physicians believed that orgasm in women was not just 0:07:34.000,0:07:37.000 helpful for conception, but necessary. 0:07:37.000,0:07:41.000 Doctors back then were routinely telling men 0:07:41.000,0:07:45.000 the importance of pleasuring their wives. 0:07:45.000,0:07:47.000 Marriage-manual author and semen-sniffer 0:07:47.000,0:07:49.000 Theodoor van de Velde -- 0:07:49.000,0:07:50.000 (Laughter) 0:07:50.000,0:07:53.000 has a line in his book. 0:07:53.000,0:07:57.000 I loved this guy. I got a lot of mileage out of Theodoor van de Velde. 0:07:57.000,0:07:59.000 He had this line in his book 0:07:59.000,0:08:02.000 that supposedly comes from the Habsburg Monarchy, 0:08:02.000,0:08:05.000 where there was an empress Maria Theresa, 0:08:05.000,0:08:07.000 who was having trouble conceiving. 0:08:07.000,0:08:10.000 And apparently the royal court physician said to her, 0:08:10.000,0:08:12.000 "I am of the opinion 0:08:12.000,0:08:14.000 that the vulva of your most sacred majesty 0:08:14.000,0:08:17.000 be titillated for some time prior to intercourse." 0:08:17.000,0:08:18.000 (Laughter) 0:08:18.000,0:08:22.000 It's apparently, I don't know, on the record somewhere. 0:08:22.000,0:08:26.000 Masters and Johnson: now we're moving forward to the 1950s. 0:08:26.000,0:08:29.000 Masters and Johnson were upsuck skeptics, 0:08:29.000,0:08:32.000 which is also really fun to say. 0:08:32.000,0:08:34.000 They didn't buy it. 0:08:34.000,0:08:36.000 And they decided, being Masters and Johnson, 0:08:36.000,0:08:38.000 that they would get to the bottom of it. 0:08:38.000,0:08:41.000 They brought women into the lab -- I think it was five women -- 0:08:41.000,0:08:44.000 and outfitted them with cervical caps 0:08:44.000,0:08:47.000 containing artificial semen. 0:08:47.000,0:08:49.000 And in the artificial semen 0:08:49.000,0:08:51.000 was a radio-opaque substance, 0:08:51.000,0:08:54.000 such that it would show up on an X-ray. 0:08:54.000,0:08:56.000 This is the 1950s. 0:08:56.000,0:09:00.000 Anyway these women sat in front of an X-ray device. 0:09:00.000,0:09:02.000 And they masturbated. 0:09:02.000,0:09:06.000 And Masters and Johnson looked to see if the semen was being sucked up. 0:09:06.000,0:09:08.000 Did not find any evidence of upsuck. 0:09:08.000,0:09:12.000 You may be wondering, "How do you make artificial semen?" 0:09:12.000,0:09:17.000 (Laughter) 0:09:17.000,0:09:19.000 I have an answer for you. I have two answers. 0:09:19.000,0:09:22.000 You can use flour and water, or cornstarch and water. 0:09:22.000,0:09:26.000 I actually found three separate recipes in the literature. 0:09:26.000,0:09:27.000 (Laughter) 0:09:27.000,0:09:29.000 My favorite being the one that says -- 0:09:29.000,0:09:31.000 you know, they have the ingredients listed, 0:09:31.000,0:09:33.000 and then in a recipe it will say, for example, 0:09:33.000,0:09:35.000 "Yield: two dozen cupcakes." 0:09:35.000,0:09:38.000 This one said, "Yield: one ejaculate." 0:09:38.000,0:09:41.000 (Laughter) 0:09:41.000,0:09:43.000 There's another way that orgasm might boost fertility. 0:09:43.000,0:09:45.000 This one involves men. 0:09:45.000,0:09:47.000 Sperm that sit around in the body for a week or more 0:09:47.000,0:09:50.000 start to develop abnormalities 0:09:50.000,0:09:52.000 that make them less effective at head-banging their way 0:09:52.000,0:09:54.000 into the egg. 0:09:54.000,0:09:56.000 British sexologist Roy Levin 0:09:56.000,0:09:58.000 has speculated that this is perhaps why men 0:09:58.000,0:10:02.000 evolved to be such enthusiastic and frequent masturbators. 0:10:02.000,0:10:04.000 He said, "If I keep tossing myself off 0:10:04.000,0:10:06.000 I get fresh sperm being made." 0:10:06.000,0:10:10.000 Which I thought was an interesting idea, theory. 0:10:10.000,0:10:12.000 So now you have an evolutionary excuse. 0:10:12.000,0:10:16.000 (Laughter) 0:10:16.000,0:10:19.000 Okay. 0:10:19.000,0:10:21.000 (Laughter) 0:10:21.000,0:10:26.000 Alrighty. There is considerable evidence for upsuck in the animal kingdom -- 0:10:26.000,0:10:28.000 pigs, for instance. 0:10:28.000,0:10:32.000 In Denmark, the Danish National Committee for Pig Production 0:10:32.000,0:10:34.000 found out that if you 0:10:34.000,0:10:38.000 sexually stimulate a sow while you artificially inseminate her, 0:10:38.000,0:10:41.000 you will see a six-percent increase in the farrowing rate, 0:10:41.000,0:10:44.000 which is the number of piglets produced. 0:10:44.000,0:10:47.000 So they came up with this plan, this five-point stimulation plan 0:10:47.000,0:10:49.000 for the sows. 0:10:49.000,0:10:52.000 And they had the farmers -- there is posters they put in the barn, 0:10:52.000,0:10:54.000 and they have a DVD. 0:10:54.000,0:10:56.000 And I got a copy of this DVD. 0:10:56.000,0:10:57.000 (Laughter) 0:10:57.000,0:11:01.000 This is my unveiling, because I am going to show you a clip. 0:11:01.000,0:11:03.000 (Laughter) 0:11:03.000,0:11:05.000 So uh, okay. 0:11:05.000,0:11:08.000 Now here we go in to the -- la la la, off to work. 0:11:08.000,0:11:11.000 It all looks very innocent. 0:11:11.000,0:11:13.000 He's going to be doing things with his hands 0:11:13.000,0:11:17.000 that the boar would use his snout, lacking hands. Okay. 0:11:17.000,0:11:20.000 (Laughter) 0:11:20.000,0:11:25.000 This is it. The boar has a very odd courtship repertoire. 0:11:25.000,0:11:29.000 (Laughter) 0:11:29.000,0:11:31.000 This is to mimic the weight of the boar. 0:11:31.000,0:11:34.000 (Laughter) 0:11:34.000,0:11:37.000 You should know, the clitoris of the pig, inside the vagina. 0:11:37.000,0:11:40.000 So this may be sort of titillating for her. Here we go. 0:11:40.000,0:12:02.000 (Laughter) 0:12:02.000,0:12:04.000 And the happy result. 0:12:04.000,0:12:06.000 (Applause) 0:12:06.000,0:12:08.000 I love this video. 0:12:08.000,0:12:10.000 There is a point in this video, towards the beginning 0:12:10.000,0:12:12.000 where they zoom in for a close up of his hand with his wedding ring, 0:12:12.000,0:12:17.000 as if to say, "It's okay, it's just his job. He really does like women." 0:12:17.000,0:12:21.000 (Laughter) 0:12:21.000,0:12:24.000 Okay. Now I said -- when I was in Denmark, my host was named Anne Marie. 0:12:24.000,0:12:30.000 And I said, "So why don't you just stimulate the clitoris of the pig? 0:12:30.000,0:12:32.000 Why don't you have the farmers do that? 0:12:32.000,0:12:34.000 That's not one of your five steps." 0:12:34.000,0:12:36.000 She said -- I have to read you what she said, because I love it. 0:12:36.000,0:12:38.000 She said, "It was a big hurdle 0:12:38.000,0:12:41.000 just to get farmers to touch underneath the vulva. 0:12:41.000,0:12:44.000 So we thought, let's not mention the clitoris right now." 0:12:44.000,0:12:49.000 (Laughter) 0:12:49.000,0:12:52.000 Shy but ambitious pig farmers, however, can purchase a -- this is true -- 0:12:52.000,0:12:54.000 a sow vibrator, 0:12:54.000,0:12:56.000 that hangs on the sperm feeder tube to vibrate. 0:12:56.000,0:12:59.000 Because, as I mentioned, 0:12:59.000,0:13:01.000 the clitoris is inside the vagina. 0:13:01.000,0:13:04.000 So possibly, you know, a little more arousing than it looks. 0:13:04.000,0:13:06.000 And I also said to her, 0:13:06.000,0:13:08.000 "Now these sows. I mean, you may have noticed there, 0:13:08.000,0:13:11.000 The sow doesn't look to be in the throes of ecstasy." 0:13:11.000,0:13:13.000 And she said, you can't make that conclusion, 0:13:13.000,0:13:16.000 because animals don't register 0:13:16.000,0:13:18.000 pain or pleasure on their faces in the same way that we do. 0:13:18.000,0:13:22.000 They tend to -- pigs, for example, are more like dogs. 0:13:22.000,0:13:25.000 They use the upper half of the face; the ears are very expressive. 0:13:25.000,0:13:28.000 So you're not really sure what's going on with the pig. 0:13:28.000,0:13:32.000 Primates, on the other hand, we use our mouths more. 0:13:32.000,0:13:36.000 This is the ejaculation face of the stump-tailed macaque. 0:13:36.000,0:13:38.000 (Laughter) 0:13:38.000,0:13:42.000 And, interestingly, this has been observed in female macaques, 0:13:42.000,0:13:46.000 but only when mounting another female. 0:13:46.000,0:13:49.000 (Laughter) 0:13:49.000,0:13:51.000 Masters and Johnson, in the 1950s, they decided, 0:13:51.000,0:13:56.000 okay, we're going to figure out the entire human sexual response cycle, 0:13:56.000,0:13:59.000 from arousal, all the way through orgasm, in men and women -- 0:13:59.000,0:14:01.000 everything that happens in the human body. 0:14:01.000,0:14:04.000 Okay, with women, a lot of this is happening inside. 0:14:04.000,0:14:06.000 This did not stop Masters and Johnson. 0:14:06.000,0:14:11.000 They developed an artificial coition machine. 0:14:11.000,0:14:14.000 This is basically a penis camera on a motor. 0:14:14.000,0:14:16.000 There is a phallus, 0:14:16.000,0:14:19.000 clear acrylic phallus, with a camera and a light source, 0:14:19.000,0:14:22.000 attached to a motor that is kind of going like this. 0:14:22.000,0:14:25.000 And the woman would have sex with it. 0:14:25.000,0:14:27.000 That is what they would do. Pretty amazing. 0:14:27.000,0:14:29.000 Sadly, this device has been dismantled. 0:14:29.000,0:14:31.000 This just kills me, not because I wanted to use it -- 0:14:31.000,0:14:34.000 I wanted to see it. 0:14:34.000,0:14:37.000 (Laughter) 0:14:37.000,0:14:40.000 One fine day 0:14:40.000,0:14:43.000 Alfred Kinsey decided 0:14:43.000,0:14:48.000 to calculate the average distance traveled by ejaculated semen. 0:14:48.000,0:14:50.000 This was not idle curiosity. 0:14:50.000,0:14:54.000 Doctor Kinsey had heard -- 0:14:54.000,0:14:57.000 and there was a theory kind of going around at the time, this being the 1940s -- 0:14:57.000,0:14:59.000 that the force with which 0:14:59.000,0:15:01.000 semen is thrown against the cervix 0:15:01.000,0:15:04.000 was a factor in fertility. 0:15:04.000,0:15:07.000 Kinsey thought it was bunk, so he got to work. 0:15:07.000,0:15:10.000 He got together in his lab 0:15:10.000,0:15:15.000 300 men, a measuring tape, and a movie camera. 0:15:15.000,0:15:17.000 (Laughter) 0:15:17.000,0:15:19.000 And in fact he found 0:15:19.000,0:15:22.000 that in three quarters of the men 0:15:22.000,0:15:24.000 the stuff just kind of slopped out. 0:15:24.000,0:15:28.000 It wasn't spurted or thrown or ejected under great force. 0:15:28.000,0:15:32.000 However, the record holder 0:15:32.000,0:15:34.000 landed just shy of the eight-foot mark, which is impressive. 0:15:34.000,0:15:36.000 (Laughter) 0:15:36.000,0:15:37.000 (Applause) 0:15:37.000,0:15:39.000 Yes. Exactly. 0:15:39.000,0:15:40.000 (Laughter) 0:15:40.000,0:15:43.000 Sadly, he's anonymous. His name is not mentioned. 0:15:43.000,0:15:47.000 In his write-up, 0:15:47.000,0:15:49.000 in his write-up of this experiment in his book, 0:15:49.000,0:15:52.000 Kinsey wrote, 0:15:52.000,0:15:56.000 "Two sheets were laid down to protect the oriental carpets." 0:15:56.000,0:15:58.000 (Laughter) 0:15:58.000,0:16:00.000 Which is my second favorite line 0:16:00.000,0:16:02.000 in the entire oeuvre of Alfred Kinsey. 0:16:02.000,0:16:06.000 My favorite being, "Cheese crumbs spread before a pair of copulating rats 0:16:06.000,0:16:09.000 will distract the female, but not the male." 0:16:09.000,0:16:11.000 (Laughter) 0:16:11.000,0:16:13.000 Thank you very much. 0:16:13.000,0:16:17.000 (Applause) 0:16:17.000,0:16:19.000 Thanks!