WEBVTT 00:00:00.939 --> 00:00:03.189 创伤的字典定义是: 00:00:03.189 --> 00:00:05.055 严重的情感打击和痛苦, 00:00:05.055 --> 00:00:07.523 由让人极度不安的经历所导致。 00:00:07.523 --> 00:00:09.771 应对创伤并没有固定的方法。 00:00:09.771 --> 00:00:12.873 但是,在《离经叛道》这部电视剧中,我们可以看到两个不同的群体, 00:00:12.873 --> 00:00:15.089 一个在柏林,一个在布鲁克林, 00:00:15.089 --> 00:00:17.671 是如何应对塑造他们人格的悲剧的。 00:00:17.671 --> 00:00:21.056 这样,我们也学习到应对我们自身创伤的办法。 00:00:22.696 --> 00:00:26.088 在布鲁克林,创伤塑造了十九岁的埃思蒂, 00:00:26.088 --> 00:00:27.990 和她所在社区的身份认知。 00:00:27.990 --> 00:00:30.673 镜头跟随与外界隔绝的 00:00:30.673 --> 00:00:32.039 哈西德派犹太教团体。 00:00:32.039 --> 00:00:34.571 这个团体由一位从如今罗马尼亚的萨图马雷县逃出的拉比建立, 00:00:34.571 --> 00:00:37.055 在20世纪30-40年代犹太人大屠杀时期。 00:00:37.055 --> 00:00:39.854 哈西德派犹太教团体不与外界之人交往。 00:00:39.854 --> 00:00:41.206 在《离经叛道》中, 00:00:41.206 --> 00:00:43.505 男女分座的 00:00:43.505 --> 00:00:44.805 逾越节晚餐餐桌首位上, 00:00:44.805 --> 00:00:47.690 一场一年一度的纪念犹太人 00:00:47.690 --> 00:00:48.889 在古埃及时期逃脱被奴役命运的仪式正在举行, 00:00:48.889 --> 00:00:51.055 埃思蒂的爷爷给出了他的理由。 00:00:51.055 --> 00:00:52.689 [爷爷]我们告诉我们自己 00:00:52.689 --> 00:00:54.258 逾越节的故事 00:00:54.258 --> 00:00:56.458 是我们铭记我们曾经的遭遇。 00:00:56.458 --> 00:00:58.282 [旁白]这部电视剧歌颂了 00:00:58.282 --> 00:01:00.290 家庭和传统之间的强力纽带, 00:01:00.290 --> 00:01:02.026 在埃思蒂的宗教团体中, 00:01:02.026 --> 00:01:03.789 宗教的习俗与祷告 00:01:03.789 --> 00:01:05.372 能够安全地进行, 00:01:05.372 --> 00:01:06.589 然而针对犹太教堂 00:01:06.589 --> 00:01:09.068 以及其它犹太人聚会场所的致命袭击, 00:01:09.068 --> 00:01:10.555 在世界各地发生着。 00:01:10.555 --> 00:01:14.252 这个宗教团体以虔诚的生活方式反抗排犹主义。 00:01:14.252 --> 00:01:16.040 我们也可以发现,在这个场景中, 00:01:16.040 --> 00:01:18.088 萨特马尔犹太人是如何利用曾经的创伤, 00:01:18.088 --> 00:01:20.757 来使得团体成员恐惧广大而卑劣的外部世界的。 00:01:20.757 --> 00:01:22.641 [爷爷]当我们信任 00:01:22.641 --> 00:01:25.958 我们的朋友和邻居时, 00:01:25.958 --> 00:01:28.409 上帝惩罚了我们。 00:01:28.409 --> 00:01:31.041 当我们忘记自己的身份时, 00:01:31.041 --> 00:01:35.508 我们招致了上帝的怒火。 00:01:35.508 --> 00:01:36.954 [旁白]犹太人大屠杀 00:01:36.954 --> 00:01:38.356 导致幸存者患上创伤后应激综合症。 00:01:38.356 --> 00:01:39.889 它的影响持续深远。 00:01:39.889 --> 00:01:42.041 作为奥斯维辛集中营的幸存者,化学家和作家, 00:01:42.041 --> 00:01:43.576 普利莫·莱维这样说道: 00:01:43.576 --> 00:01:45.340 “奥斯维辛在我们的身体之外, 00:01:45.340 --> 00:01:47.539 但它环绕在我们的四周各处,漂浮在空气中。 00:01:47.539 --> 00:01:50.789 瘟疫已经消失,但是感染性始终萦绕不散, 00:01:50.789 --> 00:01:53.007 而否认这一点将会是愚蠢的。“ 00:01:53.007 --> 00:01:55.408 这种属于一代人的心理创伤 00:01:55.408 --> 00:01:58.559 从埃思蒂家庭之树的树根深处生发,并塑造了埃思蒂的个体身份认知。 00:01:58.559 --> 00:02:01.077 她被阻止探索个人情感取向 00:02:01.077 --> 00:02:03.707 一旦它们与团体的价值观相悖。 00:02:03.707 --> 00:02:05.841 她的钢琴课遭到了如此的反对, 00:02:05.841 --> 00:02:07.696 以至于她不得不偷偷地上课。 00:02:07.696 --> 00:02:09.375 她的老师,薇薇安·卓普金, 00:02:09.375 --> 00:02:11.774 被嘲笑为“一个shiksa”,也就是“非犹太人”。 00:02:11.774 --> 00:02:14.676 但有趣的是,虽然电视剧从未提及, 00:02:14.676 --> 00:02:17.173 但是卓普金其实是一位世俗化的犹太教徒。 00:02:17.173 --> 00:02:20.028 尽管她具有犹太教信仰,她的选择 00:02:20.028 --> 00:02:21.990 在埃思蒂的团体看来并不足够“犹太”。 00:02:21.990 --> 00:02:26.480 [男声意第绪语] 00:02:26.480 --> 00:02:28.540 许多正统犹太教徒坚信 00:02:28.540 --> 00:02:30.591 抹去大屠杀创伤的方式 00:02:30.591 --> 00:02:32.140 就是进行种群恢复。 00:02:32.140 --> 00:02:34.791 2013年美国皮尤研究中心的一项研究显示 00:02:34.791 --> 00:02:38.256 正统犹太教徒拥有高达4.1的出生率, 00:02:38.256 --> 00:02:41.388 与美国国家平均出生率1.8差距显著。 00:02:41.388 --> 00:02:44.709 埃思蒂完全相信她所被灌输的东西, 00:02:44.709 --> 00:02:46.022 之后坚持声称, 00:02:46.022 --> 00:02:48.679 “我们是在重新制造失去的六百万人口。” 00:02:48.679 --> 00:02:50.662 那是大屠杀中被杀的犹太人数量。 00:02:51.452 --> 00:02:54.141 [奶奶]那么多人失去了生命。 00:02:59.535 --> 00:03:05.269 但是,不久,你就会拥有自己的孩子。 00:03:05.269 --> 00:03:07.540 [旁白]六百万可不是一个小数字。 00:03:07.540 --> 00:03:10.521 所以,除了保持房屋整洁所必须的家务, 00:03:10.521 --> 00:03:12.445 和将她的丈夫Yanky Shapiro 00:03:12.445 --> 00:03:14.624 喂饱,穿上完美熨帖的西装之外, 00:03:14.624 --> 00:03:17.256 埃思蒂的工作就是尽可能多地生孩子。 00:03:17.256 --> 00:03:19.725 [女人]你在这场婚姻中没有筹码, 00:03:19.725 --> 00:03:21.544 直到有了一个孩子,你知道我在说什么吗? 00:03:21.544 --> 00:03:24.582 [旁白]她被告知性交能给她的丈夫快感, 00:03:24.582 --> 00:03:27.308 而这继而能够给予她她想要得到的东西: 00:03:27.308 --> 00:03:29.359 也就是她被告知她想获得的……一个孩子。 00:03:29.359 --> 00:03:31.923 这种应对创伤方式的问题在于, 00:03:31.923 --> 00:03:33.941 当你凝视埃思蒂的眼睛, 00:03:33.941 --> 00:03:35.508 它创造出一种多米诺骨牌效应。 00:03:35.508 --> 00:03:37.284 有一个学术研究领域, 00:03:37.284 --> 00:03:38.597 叫做表观遗传学, 00:03:38.597 --> 00:03:39.991 它研究关于 00:03:39.991 --> 00:03:41.642 跨世代心理创伤的概念, 00:03:41.642 --> 00:03:43.809 或者说,创伤可以被世代遗传的想法。 00:03:43.809 --> 00:03:45.259 有些研究表明, 00:03:45.259 --> 00:03:47.675 DNA会对骇人的经历作出反应,进而发生改变, 00:03:47.675 --> 00:03:49.908 而这种改变,会一代代地传承下去。 00:03:49.908 --> 00:03:51.911 不管是不是通过表观遗传学, 00:03:51.911 --> 00:03:53.976 在《离经叛道》中,经历过创伤的父母 00:03:53.976 --> 00:03:56.328 无意识地给孩子造成了心理创伤。 00:03:56.328 --> 00:03:58.744 可理解的是,埃思蒂的祖父母仍然 00:03:58.744 --> 00:04:00.443 深陷于犹太人大屠杀所造成的创伤中。 00:04:00.443 --> 00:04:03.251 他们的儿子,莫蒂赛,患有精神疾病。 00:04:03.251 --> 00:04:06.261 对利思而言她的创伤主要来源于 00:04:06.261 --> 00:04:08.959 与她被设定的人生模板格格不入。 00:04:08.959 --> 00:04:11.775 埃思蒂也被她父母的痛苦所惩罚。 00:04:11.775 --> 00:04:15.260 如今她自己也成为了一名新娘,她发现这些规矩令人烦恼。 00:04:15.260 --> 00:04:17.949 [Shapiro太太]我们本就不应该点头同意这桩婚事。 00:04:17.949 --> 00:04:19.481 [Yanky Shapiro]求你了,妈妈! 00:04:19.481 --> 00:04:22.129 [Shapiro太太]苹果不会落在离数很远的地方。 00:04:22.129 --> 00:04:24.295 [旁白]当埃思蒂尝试在这件事上争辩, 00:04:24.295 --> 00:04:26.934 为了她能够在床上被取悦,而不是被伤害, 00:04:26.934 --> 00:04:29.332 她引用圣经证明上帝对这件事的意愿, 00:04:29.332 --> 00:04:30.228 她被迫闭口不言。 00:04:30.228 --> 00:04:32.948 [Yanky Shapiro]女人是不被允许阅读《塔木德》的! 00:04:32.948 --> 00:04:35.855 [旁白]塔木德是只供男人阅读的,而不是给女人看的。 00:04:35.855 --> 00:04:37.089 因为那种被称作 00:04:37.089 --> 00:04:39.503 “ Kavod Hatzibur”,或者说团体尊严的东西。 00:04:39.503 --> 00:04:42.516 埃思蒂的故事向我们展示了被社会局限的对待创伤的反应 00:04:42.516 --> 00:04:44.003 是如何不公正地使女性缄默。 00:04:44.003 --> 00:04:47.260 埃思蒂不能摆脱堂姐夫Moishe能摆脱的一半。 00:04:47.260 --> 00:04:50.159 Moishe是一个盗贼,骗子,具有攻击性的粗野之人, 00:04:50.159 --> 00:04:52.160 从不为他人考虑。 00:04:52.160 --> 00:04:54.760 然而,他的行为似乎扎根于自我憎恶。 00:04:54.760 --> 00:04:56.759 他的道德沦丧,他自身的创伤, 00:04:56.759 --> 00:04:58.378 正使他饱尝苦果, 00:04:58.378 --> 00:04:59.948 就像他自己意识到的那样,他既没有 00:04:59.948 --> 00:05:02.011 其中一个团体的承诺, 00:05:02.011 --> 00:05:03.457 又缺乏另一个团体的手段。 00:05:03.457 --> 00:05:05.178 [Moishe咯咯地笑了起来] 00:05:05.178 --> 00:05:06.560 [旁白]与此同时,Yanky, 00:05:06.560 --> 00:05:07.730 坐在Moishe身边的一位圣徒, 00:05:07.730 --> 00:05:09.074 最终治愈了心灵创伤, 00:05:09.074 --> 00:05:11.202 通过他幼稚无知的 00:05:11.202 --> 00:05:12.893 维持他的宗教团体 00:05:12.893 --> 00:05:14.770 而不择手段的诺言。 00:05:14.770 --> 00:05:18.194 在布鲁克林,我们可以看到创伤是如何, 00:05:18.194 --> 00:05:20.279 令人感到悲哀地,导致了更多的创伤。 00:05:20.279 --> 00:05:21.944 正如埃思蒂的妈妈所说: 00:05:21.944 --> 00:05:24.018 [Leah]在布鲁克林,那样多的破坏 00:05:24.018 --> 00:05:25.612 以上帝的名义被造成。 00:05:25.612 --> 00:05:27.733 所有这些规则,所有这些流言。 00:05:27.733 --> 00:05:30.443 毫无疑问,埃思蒂无法忍受这些。 00:05:30.443 --> 00:05:32.843 [旁白]柏林,与此同时, 00:05:32.843 --> 00:05:35.544 有全然不同的处理创伤的方法。 00:05:35.544 --> 00:05:42.160 [古典音乐声] 00:05:42.160 --> 00:05:43.512 《离经叛道》代表了 00:05:43.512 --> 00:05:45.311 阿道夫·希特勒曾经的据点 00:05:45.311 --> 00:05:46.824 作为一个自由的,多元化的恬静乡村, 00:05:46.824 --> 00:05:48.820 在这里人们,特别是年轻人, 00:05:48.820 --> 00:05:51.243 能够在他们乐意的时间,与喜欢的人做想做的事。 00:05:51.243 --> 00:05:52.933 作为曾经苦难的震中, 00:05:52.933 --> 00:05:54.524 柏林以欢度快乐时光的方式 00:05:54.524 --> 00:05:55.739 对抗他们过去的创伤, 00:05:55.739 --> 00:05:57.660 并且重新获得了 00:05:57.660 --> 00:05:59.944 纳粹曾经想要彻底抹除的那些特性。 00:05:59.944 --> 00:06:01.345 这正是那座 00:06:01.345 --> 00:06:04.260 上世纪20年代曾经见证过魏玛共和国黄金时代的城市, 00:06:04.260 --> 00:06:06.241 那时玛琳·迪特里希声名鹊起, 00:06:06.241 --> 00:06:08.214 卡巴莱是非常流行的娱乐方式, 00:06:08.214 --> 00:06:10.530 包豪斯派艺术运动在那时奠定基础。 00:06:10.530 --> 00:06:13.110 社会自由主义思想洋溢在公共艺术品展览中, 00:06:13.110 --> 00:06:16.278 天真而谦卑的埃思蒂为此深深着迷。 00:06:16.278 --> 00:06:18.359 她早已习惯了造成巨大创伤的性生活, 00:06:18.359 --> 00:06:20.309 它虽然在私人空间中发生, 00:06:20.309 --> 00:06:22.160 却被公开地谈论。 00:06:22.160 --> 00:06:24.178 在柏林,事实恰恰与之相反。 00:06:24.178 --> 00:06:26.877 那是因为快乐,而非生育, 00:06:26.877 --> 00:06:28.310 才是性本身的意义。 00:06:28.310 --> 00:06:30.216 埃思蒂开始意识到 00:06:30.216 --> 00:06:32.127 这世界并非非黑即白 00:06:32.127 --> 00:06:33.341 就像她被灌输的那样。 00:06:33.341 --> 00:06:36.094 [男声]你可以在吃沙拉的时候拯救罗伯特的意图。 00:06:36.094 --> 00:06:38.004 [旁白]这座城市的物理空间 00:06:38.004 --> 00:06:40.544 就是遭受创伤的地方如何自我恢复的绝佳例证。 00:06:40.544 --> 00:06:42.842 在埃思蒂和她的新朋友的第一次远足时, 00:06:42.842 --> 00:06:44.324 她大胆认定了 00:06:44.324 --> 00:06:46.044 她在布鲁克林的宗教团体究竟是什么, 00:06:46.044 --> 00:06:47.231 是地狱。 00:06:47.231 --> 00:06:49.127 [男声]当柏林墙立起来的时候, 00:06:49.127 --> 00:06:50.744 东德警卫向任何 00:06:50.744 --> 00:06:53.177 试图游过界湖奔向自由的人开枪射击。 00:06:53.177 --> 00:06:55.345 00:06:55.345 --> 00:06:58.261 00:06:58.261 --> 00:07:00.221 00:07:00.221 --> 00:07:02.845 00:07:02.845 --> 00:07:05.146 00:07:05.146 --> 00:07:07.278 00:07:07.278 --> 00:07:09.759 00:07:09.759 --> 00:07:11.142 00:07:11.142 --> 00:07:13.747 00:07:13.747 --> 00:07:16.145 00:07:16.145 --> 00:07:18.502 00:07:18.502 --> 00:07:19.746 00:07:19.746 --> 00:07:21.280 00:07:21.280 --> 00:07:23.275 00:07:23.275 --> 00:07:24.929 00:07:24.929 --> 00:07:27.249 00:07:27.249 --> 00:07:28.772 00:07:28.772 --> 00:07:30.226 00:07:30.226 --> 00:07:32.278 00:07:32.278 --> 00:07:33.761 00:07:33.761 --> 00:07:36.064 00:07:36.064 --> 00:07:38.078 00:07:38.078 --> 00:07:39.843 00:07:39.843 --> 00:07:42.378 00:07:42.378 --> 00:07:44.479 00:07:44.479 --> 00:07:47.212 00:07:47.212 --> 00:07:48.725 00:07:48.725 --> 00:07:51.027 00:07:51.027 --> 00:07:53.027 00:07:53.027 --> 00:07:54.735 00:07:54.735 --> 00:07:57.750 00:07:57.750 --> 00:07:59.495 00:07:59.495 --> 00:08:00.899 00:08:00.899 --> 00:08:03.596 00:08:03.596 --> 00:08:05.547 00:08:05.547 --> 00:08:07.566 00:08:07.566 --> 00:08:09.413 00:08:09.413 --> 00:08:11.162 00:08:11.162 --> 00:08:12.970 00:08:12.970 --> 00:08:15.538 00:08:15.538 --> 00:08:17.200 00:08:17.200 --> 00:08:18.454 00:08:18.454 --> 00:08:20.304 00:08:20.304 --> 00:08:22.263 00:08:22.263 --> 00:08:25.226 00:08:25.226 --> 00:08:27.516 00:08:27.516 --> 00:08:28.779 00:08:28.779 --> 00:08:30.762 00:08:30.762 --> 00:08:33.095 00:08:33.095 --> 00:08:35.079 00:08:35.079 --> 00:08:36.362 00:08:36.362 --> 00:08:38.649 00:08:38.649 --> 00:08:40.930 00:08:40.930 --> 00:08:42.584 00:08:42.584 --> 00:08:44.396 00:08:44.396 --> 00:08:47.047 00:08:47.047 --> 00:08:49.046 00:08:49.046 --> 00:08:52.429 00:08:52.429 --> 00:08:55.820 00:08:55.820 --> 00:08:57.081 00:08:57.081 --> 00:08:58.145 00:08:58.145 --> 00:08:59.728 00:08:59.728 --> 00:09:01.110 00:09:01.110 --> 00:09:03.178 00:09:03.178 --> 00:09:04.932 00:09:04.932 --> 00:09:07.861 00:09:07.861 --> 00:09:09.762 00:09:09.762 --> 00:09:11.894 00:09:11.894 --> 00:09:13.347 00:09:13.347 --> 00:09:15.867 00:09:15.867 --> 00:09:18.894 00:09:18.894 --> 00:09:22.310 00:09:23.452 --> 00:09:25.510 00:09:25.510 --> 00:09:27.744 00:09:27.744 --> 00:09:30.649 00:09:30.649 --> 00:09:32.795 00:09:32.795 --> 00:09:35.883 00:09:35.883 --> 00:09:38.219 00:09:38.219 --> 00:09:39.645 00:09:39.645 --> 00:09:42.946 00:09:42.946 --> 00:09:45.526 00:09:45.846 --> 00:09:47.779 00:09:47.779 --> 00:09:49.778 00:09:49.778 --> 00:09:52.829 00:09:52.829 --> 00:09:55.195 00:09:55.195 --> 00:09:57.033 00:09:57.033 --> 00:09:59.898 00:09:59.898 --> 00:10:02.162 00:10:02.162 --> 00:10:04.012 00:10:04.012 --> 00:10:05.879 00:10:05.879 --> 00:10:08.579 00:10:08.579 --> 00:10:10.363 00:10:10.363 --> 00:10:12.565 00:10:12.565 --> 00:10:14.370 00:10:14.370 --> 00:10:15.681 00:10:15.681 --> 00:10:17.428 00:10:17.428 --> 00:10:19.198 00:10:19.198 --> 00:10:20.572 00:10:20.572 --> 00:10:22.267 00:10:22.267 --> 00:10:33.815