0:00:11.890,0:00:16.790
我叫斯蒂芬·平克，我是哈佛大学的心理学教授。

0:00:16.790,0:00:22.680
我今天将与你谈论语言。事实上我并非语言学家，

0:00:22.680,0:00:28.160
而是认知科学家。我最感兴趣的并非语言本身，

0:00:28.160,0:00:32.490
而是语言如何作为人类心灵的一扇窗。语言是人文科学

0:00:32.490,0:00:38.030
最基本的主题之一。它是人类与其他物种最显著的差异，

0:00:38.030,0:00:45.030
对人类的分工合作是必不可少的；我们通过言语

0:00:45.030,0:00:52.239
分享知识和协调行动以达成一些了不起的成就。它给带来了

0:00:52.239,0:00:58.769
深奥的科学谜题，譬如：语言是如何在这个物种身上进化的？人脑

0:00:58.769,0:01:05.610
是怎样理解语言的？除此之外，语言还有许多实际用途，这不奇怪，

0:01:05.610,0:01:11.020
毕竟它对于生活举足轻重。语言对我们是何等自然，以至于

0:01:11.020,0:01:16.420
我们倾向于忘记它是个多么古怪与非凡的礼物。但想想你接下来

0:01:16.420,0:01:21.100
一个小时将做什么。你将在一个家伙呼气时发出声音时。

0:01:21.100,0:01:26.500
耐心地聆听。那你为何会做这样的事情？不是因为我所发出

0:01:26.500,0:01:31.750
的声音是多么地悦耳，而是因为我把信息表达在我接下来

0:01:31.750,0:01:38.329
将发出一系列特定的嘶嘶、嗡嗡、吱吱和砰砰声。

0:01:38.329,0:01:44.719
你有能力在那一连串的声音中取得那些信息，让我们得以

0:01:44.719,0:01:49.619
分享想法。现在，我们即将分享关于语言这个天赋的想法，

0:01:49.619,0:01:55.329
但我只需要用一系列稍微不同的嘶嘶与吱吱声，

0:01:55.329,0:02:01.079
就可以让你联想到无数个包罗万象的主题，从你最喜爱

0:02:01.079,0:02:06.899
的真人秀的最近发展乃至宇宙起源的理论。

0:02:06.899,0:02:13.760
这就是我对语言这个奇迹的看法，它广大的表达能力，它也是个始终让我

0:02:13.760,0:02:19.440
感到奇妙的现象，纵使我已研究语言研究了35年。

0:02:19.440,0:02:31.540
而这正是语言之科学所欲阐明的主要现象。

0:02:31.540,0:02:35.410


0:02:35.410,0:02:39.760


0:02:39.760,0:02:46.209


0:02:46.209,0:02:53.340


0:02:53.340,0:02:58.640


0:02:58.640,0:03:05.319


0:03:05.319,0:03:10.569


0:03:10.569,0:03:16.620


0:03:16.620,0:03:21.019


0:03:21.019,0:03:25.489


0:03:25.489,0:03:30.489


0:03:30.489,0:03:38.090


0:03:38.090,0:03:45.129


0:03:45.129,0:03:49.180


0:03:49.180,0:03:54.989


0:03:54.989,0:03:59.540


0:03:59.540,0:04:02.220


0:04:02.220,0:04:11.590


0:04:11.590,0:04:18.250


0:04:18.250,0:04:23.520


0:04:23.520,0:04:29.500


0:04:29.500,0:04:35.470


0:04:35.470,0:04:40.220


0:04:40.220,0:04:47.800


0:04:47.800,0:04:51.850


0:04:51.850,0:04:58.060


0:04:58.060,0:05:05.140


0:05:05.140,0:05:11.260


0:05:11.260,0:05:15.690


0:05:15.690,0:05:22.240


0:05:22.240,0:05:27.640


0:05:27.640,0:05:31.540


0:05:31.540,0:05:36.930


0:05:36.930,0:05:41.990


0:05:41.990,0:05:48.800


0:05:48.800,0:05:54.910


0:05:54.910,0:06:00.660


0:06:00.660,0:06:05.910


0:06:05.910,0:06:12.940


0:06:12.940,0:06:17.260


0:06:17.260,0:06:23.140


0:06:23.140,0:06:27.640


0:06:27.640,0:06:34.680


0:06:34.680,0:06:40.420


0:06:40.420,0:06:44.600


0:06:44.600,0:06:50.140


0:06:50.140,0:06:53.730


0:06:53.730,0:06:57.070


0:06:57.070,0:07:01.400


0:07:01.400,0:07:03.330


0:07:03.330,0:07:08.410


0:07:08.410,0:07:14.890


0:07:14.890,0:07:20.910


0:07:20.910,0:07:27.540


0:07:27.540,0:07:33.460


0:07:33.460,0:07:38.670


0:07:38.670,0:07:45.680


0:07:45.680,0:07:51.180


0:07:51.180,0:07:53.320


0:07:53.320,0:07:59.480


0:07:59.480,0:08:05.620


0:08:05.620,0:08:10.710


0:08:10.710,0:08:17.210


0:08:17.210,0:08:23.220


0:08:23.220,0:08:24.010


0:08:24.010,0:08:25.670


0:08:25.670,0:08:31.980


0:08:31.980,0:08:38.719


0:08:38.719,0:08:45.430


0:08:45.430,0:08:48.280


0:08:48.280,0:08:50.340


0:08:50.340,0:08:56.860


0:08:56.860,0:09:03.190


0:09:03.190,0:09:09.110


0:09:09.110,0:09:15.190


0:09:15.190,0:09:21.630


0:09:21.630,0:09:22.310


0:09:22.310,0:09:25.310


0:09:25.310,0:09:31.160


0:09:31.160,0:09:37.770


0:09:37.770,0:09:44.870


0:09:44.870,0:09:48.500


0:09:48.500,0:09:53.940


0:09:53.940,0:09:59.770


0:09:59.770,0:10:07.130


0:10:07.130,0:10:11.790


0:10:11.790,0:10:17.990


0:10:17.990,0:10:25.150


0:10:25.150,0:10:30.180


0:10:30.180,0:10:37.130


0:10:37.130,0:10:39.820


0:10:39.820,0:10:44.610


0:10:44.610,0:10:49.070


0:10:49.070,0:10:53.880


0:10:53.880,0:10:59.970


0:10:59.970,0:11:06.400


0:11:06.400,0:11:07.860


0:11:07.860,0:11:10.710


0:11:10.710,0:11:15.320


0:11:15.320,0:11:20.550


0:11:20.550,0:11:26.600


0:11:26.600,0:11:33.320


0:11:33.320,0:11:39.710


0:11:39.710,0:11:46.180


0:11:46.180,0:11:51.070


0:11:51.070,0:11:59.160


0:11:59.160,0:12:05.670


0:12:05.670,0:12:09.540


0:12:09.540,0:12:15.430


0:12:15.430,0:12:20.810


0:12:20.810,0:12:26.600


0:12:26.600,0:12:32.610


0:12:32.610,0:12:39.279


0:12:39.279,0:12:46.040


0:12:46.040,0:12:50.230


0:12:50.230,0:12:57.480


0:12:57.480,0:13:05.220


0:13:05.220,0:13:11.130


0:13:11.130,0:13:17.320


0:13:17.320,0:13:24.290


0:13:24.290,0:13:30.670


0:13:30.670,0:13:36.070


0:13:36.070,0:13:38.650


0:13:38.650,0:13:45.420


0:13:45.420,0:13:51.839


0:13:51.839,0:13:57.550


0:13:57.550,0:14:02.650


0:14:02.650,0:14:07.240


0:14:07.240,0:14:14.610


0:14:14.610,0:14:19.580


0:14:19.580,0:14:24.460


0:14:24.460,0:14:31.670


0:14:31.670,0:14:36.600


0:14:36.600,0:14:43.800


0:14:43.800,0:14:49.490


0:14:49.490,0:14:55.070


0:14:55.070,0:15:00.440


0:15:00.440,0:15:07.040


0:15:07.040,0:15:12.680


0:15:12.680,0:15:19.100


0:15:19.100,0:15:23.700


0:15:23.700,0:15:32.290


0:15:32.290,0:15:38.510


0:15:38.510,0:15:45.550


0:15:45.550,0:15:51.690


0:15:51.690,0:15:57.310


0:15:57.310,0:16:03.410


0:16:03.410,0:16:09.370


0:16:09.370,0:16:15.620


0:16:15.620,0:16:23.000


0:16:23.000,0:16:28.660


0:16:28.660,0:16:35.380


0:16:35.380,0:16:43.330


0:16:43.330,0:16:49.380


0:16:49.380,0:16:56.140


0:16:56.140,0:17:01.940


0:17:01.940,0:17:07.329


0:17:07.329,0:17:12.649


0:17:12.649,0:17:19.850


0:17:19.850,0:17:25.410


0:17:25.410,0:17:31.490


0:17:31.490,0:17:38.270


0:17:38.270,0:17:43.500


0:17:43.500,0:17:50.570


0:17:50.570,0:17:56.040


0:17:56.040,0:18:01.510


0:18:01.510,0:18:07.559


0:18:07.559,0:18:13.950


0:18:13.950,0:18:21.210


0:18:21.210,0:18:27.550


0:18:27.550,0:18:33.590


0:18:33.590,0:18:39.330


0:18:39.330,0:18:45.370


0:18:45.370,0:18:50.530


0:18:50.530,0:18:55.530


0:18:55.530,0:18:59.840


0:18:59.840,0:19:04.950


0:19:04.950,0:19:12.410


0:19:12.410,0:19:15.750


0:19:15.750,0:19:24.559


0:19:24.559,0:19:30.470


0:19:30.470,0:19:35.700


0:19:35.700,0:19:40.990


0:19:40.990,0:19:46.150


0:19:46.150,0:19:50.910


0:19:50.910,0:19:57.010


0:19:57.010,0:20:03.650


0:20:03.650,0:20:09.960


0:20:09.960,0:20:11.500


0:20:11.500,0:20:25.580


0:20:25.580,0:20:27.120


0:20:27.120,0:20:31.760


0:20:31.760,0:20:35.140


0:20:35.140,0:20:36.179


0:20:36.179,0:20:41.910


0:20:41.910,0:20:46.840


0:20:46.840,0:20:54.510


0:20:54.510,0:21:02.350


0:21:02.350,0:21:05.080


0:21:05.080,0:21:05.820


0:21:05.820,0:21:09.809


0:21:09.809,0:21:15.250


0:21:15.250,0:21:20.020


0:21:20.020,0:21:24.590


0:21:24.590,0:21:30.799


0:21:30.799,0:21:35.490


0:21:35.490,0:21:40.420


0:21:40.420,0:21:45.140


0:21:45.140,0:21:50.270


0:21:50.270,0:21:53.030


0:21:53.030,0:21:57.160


0:21:57.160,0:22:03.340


0:22:03.340,0:22:08.059


0:22:08.059,0:22:11.559


0:22:11.559,0:22:16.929


0:22:16.929,0:22:20.230


0:22:20.230,0:22:25.140


0:22:25.140,0:22:30.460


0:22:30.460,0:22:36.320


0:22:36.320,0:22:42.660


0:22:42.660,0:22:47.850


0:22:47.850,0:22:53.790


0:22:53.790,0:23:08.870


0:23:08.870,0:23:14.150


0:23:14.150,0:23:18.900


0:23:18.900,0:23:24.190


0:23:24.190,0:23:29.870


0:23:29.870,0:23:35.500


0:23:35.500,0:23:40.380


0:23:40.380,0:23:46.700


0:23:46.700,0:23:51.090


0:23:51.090,0:23:57.320


0:23:57.320,0:24:02.740


0:24:02.740,0:24:07.610


0:24:07.610,0:24:17.820


0:24:17.820,0:24:23.230


0:24:23.230,0:24:30.570


0:24:30.570,0:24:36.220


0:24:36.220,0:24:43.340


0:24:43.340,0:24:47.620


0:24:47.620,0:24:52.640


0:24:52.640,0:24:58.790


0:24:58.790,0:25:02.860


0:25:02.860,0:25:09.950


0:25:09.950,0:25:14.799


0:25:14.799,0:25:20.970


0:25:20.970,0:25:25.919


0:25:25.919,0:25:32.929


0:25:32.929,0:25:39.700


0:25:39.700,0:25:43.470


0:25:43.470,0:25:50.980


0:25:50.980,0:25:57.309


0:25:57.309,0:26:00.750


0:26:00.750,0:26:05.940


0:26:05.940,0:26:11.630


0:26:11.630,0:26:16.950


0:26:16.950,0:26:21.179


0:26:21.179,0:26:28.100


0:26:28.100,0:26:33.790


0:26:33.790,0:26:37.270


0:26:37.270,0:26:42.450


0:26:42.450,0:26:47.700


0:26:47.700,0:26:53.330


0:26:53.330,0:26:58.320


0:26:58.320,0:27:04.559


0:27:04.559,0:27:09.990


0:27:09.990,0:27:14.660


0:27:14.660,0:27:19.450


0:27:19.450,0:27:25.110


0:27:25.110,0:27:30.080


0:27:30.080,0:27:37.020


0:27:37.020,0:27:43.500


0:27:43.500,0:27:48.490


0:27:48.490,0:27:51.570


0:27:51.570,0:27:56.470


0:27:56.470,0:28:03.030


0:28:03.030,0:28:08.650


0:28:08.650,0:28:13.720


0:28:13.720,0:28:19.140


0:28:19.140,0:28:25.190


0:28:25.190,0:28:30.070


0:28:30.070,0:28:35.950


0:28:35.950,0:28:41.460


0:28:41.460,0:28:46.520


0:28:46.520,0:28:47.660


0:28:47.660,0:28:48.730


0:28:48.730,0:28:51.010


0:28:51.010,0:28:56.400


0:28:56.400,0:29:01.539


0:29:01.539,0:29:27.130


0:29:27.130,0:29:33.179


0:29:33.179,0:29:36.799


0:29:36.799,0:29:41.630


0:29:41.630,0:29:47.030


0:29:47.030,0:29:54.450


0:29:54.450,0:29:59.809


0:29:59.809,0:30:05.820


0:30:05.820,0:30:12.799


0:30:12.799,0:30:19.429


0:30:19.429,0:30:26.500


0:30:26.500,0:30:32.309


0:30:32.309,0:30:40.650


0:30:40.650,0:30:45.110


0:30:45.110,0:30:50.799


0:30:50.799,0:30:58.179


0:30:58.179,0:31:05.970


0:31:05.970,0:31:11.610


0:31:11.610,0:31:15.010


0:31:15.010,0:31:20.059


0:31:20.059,0:31:27.720


0:31:27.720,0:31:34.190


0:31:34.190,0:31:38.559


0:31:38.559,0:31:44.500


0:31:44.500,0:31:52.659


0:31:52.659,0:31:57.360


0:31:57.360,0:32:03.360


0:32:03.360,0:32:05.370


0:32:05.370,0:32:13.789


0:32:13.789,0:32:20.919


0:32:20.919,0:32:27.730


0:32:27.730,0:32:34.110


0:32:34.110,0:32:40.240


0:32:40.240,0:32:43.460


0:32:43.460,0:32:50.429


0:32:50.429,0:32:55.030


0:32:55.030,0:33:02.059


0:33:02.059,0:33:05.860


0:33:05.860,0:33:12.400


0:33:12.400,0:33:17.750


0:33:17.750,0:33:23.280


0:33:23.280,0:33:30.059


0:33:30.059,0:33:35.169


0:33:35.169,0:33:41.559


0:33:41.559,0:33:48.350


0:33:48.350,0:33:54.860


0:33:54.860,0:34:00.870


0:34:00.870,0:34:04.909


0:34:04.909,0:34:10.669


0:34:10.669,0:34:15.389


0:34:15.389,0:34:20.779


0:34:20.779,0:34:25.539


0:34:25.539,0:34:37.719


0:34:37.719,0:34:37.719


0:34:37.719,0:34:42.629


0:34:42.629,0:34:48.609


0:34:48.609,0:34:53.399


0:34:53.399,0:34:56.409


0:34:56.409,0:35:01.539


0:35:01.539,0:35:09.650


0:35:09.650,0:35:16.989


0:35:16.989,0:35:22.640


0:35:22.640,0:35:27.119


0:35:27.119,0:35:33.700


0:35:33.700,0:35:41.829


0:35:41.829,0:35:50.349


0:35:50.349,0:35:55.670


0:35:55.670,0:36:03.989


0:36:03.989,0:36:09.690


0:36:09.690,0:36:13.710


0:36:13.710,0:36:19.469


0:36:19.469,0:36:25.920


0:36:25.920,0:36:31.069


0:36:31.069,0:36:37.759


0:36:37.759,0:36:44.309


0:36:44.309,0:36:49.390


0:36:49.390,0:36:55.329


0:36:55.329,0:37:02.009


0:37:02.009,0:37:08.950


0:37:08.950,0:37:16.019


0:37:16.019,0:37:23.170


0:37:23.170,0:37:30.579


0:37:30.579,0:37:34.680


0:37:34.680,0:37:42.059


0:37:42.059,0:37:47.749


0:37:47.749,0:37:52.630


0:37:52.630,0:37:59.109


0:37:59.109,0:38:04.989


0:38:04.989,0:38:11.299


0:38:11.299,0:38:16.880


0:38:16.880,0:38:23.650


0:38:23.650,0:38:28.829


0:38:28.829,0:38:34.269


0:38:34.269,0:38:41.390


0:38:41.390,0:38:47.789


0:38:47.789,0:38:53.680


0:38:53.680,0:38:59.809


0:38:59.809,0:39:05.960


0:39:05.960,0:39:10.789


0:39:10.789,0:39:17.019


0:39:17.019,0:39:23.630


0:39:23.630,0:39:31.579


0:39:31.579,0:39:39.229


0:39:39.229,0:39:46.589


0:39:46.589,0:39:51.859


0:39:51.859,0:39:58.229


0:39:58.229,0:40:03.940


0:40:03.940,0:40:08.079


0:40:08.079,0:40:12.849


0:40:12.849,0:40:16.619


0:40:16.619,0:40:21.739


0:40:21.739,0:40:28.400


0:40:28.400,0:40:34.619


0:40:34.619,0:40:39.390


0:40:39.390,0:40:46.269


0:40:46.269,0:40:52.130


0:40:52.130,0:40:55.910


0:40:55.910,0:41:02.109


0:41:02.109,0:41:08.609


0:41:08.609,0:41:13.779


0:41:13.779,0:41:20.019


0:41:20.019,0:41:25.239


0:41:25.239,0:41:31.680


0:41:31.680,0:41:37.989


0:41:37.989,0:41:44.559


0:41:44.559,0:41:48.829


0:41:48.829,0:41:55.359


0:41:55.359,0:42:02.319


0:42:02.319,0:42:07.450


0:42:07.450,0:42:11.200


0:42:11.200,0:42:17.339


0:42:17.339,0:42:21.029


0:42:21.029,0:42:22.569


0:42:22.569,0:42:27.519


0:42:27.519,0:42:33.209


0:42:33.209,0:42:38.589


0:42:38.589,0:42:44.329


0:42:44.329,0:42:49.489


0:42:49.489,0:42:55.930


0:42:55.930,0:43:00.969


0:43:00.969,0:43:06.690


0:43:06.690,0:43:16.059


0:43:16.059,0:43:23.989


0:43:23.989,0:43:29.529


0:43:29.529,0:43:35.279


0:43:35.279,0:43:40.589


0:43:40.589,0:43:49.099


0:43:49.099,0:43:55.519


0:43:55.519,0:44:02.479


0:44:02.479,0:44:08.609


0:44:08.609,0:44:14.279


0:44:14.279,0:44:19.680


0:44:19.680,0:44:24.709


0:44:24.709,0:44:30.359


0:44:30.359,0:44:34.869


0:44:34.869,0:44:39.630


0:44:39.630,0:44:45.400


0:44:45.400,0:44:50.900


0:44:50.900,0:44:59.680


0:44:59.680,0:45:05.380


0:45:05.380,0:45:11.140


0:45:11.140,0:45:17.509


0:45:17.509,0:45:25.440


0:45:25.440,0:45:29.229


0:45:29.229,0:45:34.059


0:45:34.059,0:45:40.209


0:45:40.209,0:45:46.359


0:45:46.359,0:45:53.660


0:45:53.660,0:45:58.880


0:45:58.880,0:46:05.499


0:46:05.499,0:46:12.579


0:46:12.579,0:46:18.469


0:46:18.469,0:46:23.529


0:46:23.529,0:46:29.739


0:46:29.739,0:46:35.630


0:46:35.630,0:46:41.819


0:46:41.819,0:46:47.599


0:46:47.599,0:46:53.719


0:46:53.719,0:46:56.009


0:46:56.009,0:47:01.329


0:47:01.329,0:47:07.989


0:47:07.989,0:47:14.829


0:47:14.829,0:47:20.940


0:47:20.940,0:47:28.289


0:47:28.289,0:47:35.890


0:47:35.890,0:47:43.719


0:47:43.719,0:47:49.619


0:47:49.619,0:47:58.150


0:47:58.150,0:48:03.369


0:48:03.369,0:48:11.890


0:48:11.890,0:48:19.719


0:48:19.719,0:48:26.229


0:48:26.229,0:48:31.940


0:48:31.940,0:48:36.819


0:48:36.819,0:48:43.459


0:48:43.459,0:48:50.670


0:48:50.670,0:48:54.529


0:48:54.529,0:49:04.209


0:49:04.209,0:49:10.160


0:49:10.160,0:49:17.019


0:49:17.019,0:49:22.759


0:49:22.759,0:49:29.479


0:49:29.479,0:49:35.130


0:49:35.130,0:49:41.390


0:49:41.390,0:49:45.049


0:49:45.049,0:49:49.509