[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.44,0:00:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word concussion evokes a fear\Nthese days more so than it ever has,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.12,0:00:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know this personally.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.52,0:00:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I played 10 years of football,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.20,0:00:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was struck in the head thousands of times,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.64,0:00:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have to tell you, though,\Nwhat was much worse than that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.32,0:00:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a pair of bike accidents I had\Nwhere I suffered concussions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.12,0:00:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm still dealing with the effects\Nof the most recent one
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.08,0:00:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today as I stand in front of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.64,0:00:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a fear around concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.12,0:00:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that does have some evidence behind it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.60,0:00:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is information\Nthat a repeated history of concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.96,0:00:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead to early dementia,\Nsuch as Alzheimer's,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.28,0:00:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.36,0:00:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the subject\Nof the Will Smith movie "Concussion."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.56,0:00:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so everybody is caught up in football\Nand what they see in the military,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.16,0:00:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you may not know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.52,0:00:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bike riding is the leading cause\Nof concussion for kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.84,0:00:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sports-related concussion, that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.04,0:01:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so another thing\Nthat I should tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.64,0:01:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you may not know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.88,0:01:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the helmets that are worn\Nin bicycling and football
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.84,0:01:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.52,0:01:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not designed or tested
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.12,0:01:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how well they can protect\Nyour children against concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.20,0:01:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in fact designed and tested
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.96,0:01:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their ability to protect\Nagainst skull fracture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.84,0:01:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I get this question\Nall the time from parents,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.48,0:01:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they ask me,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.08,0:01:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would you let your own child\Nplay football?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.40,0:01:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, "Should I let my child play soccer?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.60,0:01:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that as a field,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.52,0:01:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're a long way from giving an answer\Nwith any kind of confidence there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.44,0:01:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I look at that question\Nfrom a bit of a different lens,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.04,0:01:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to know,\Nhow can we prevent concussion?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.80,0:01:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that even possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.48,0:01:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most experts think that it's not,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.52,0:01:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the work that we're doing in my lab
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.76,0:02:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is starting to reveal more\Nof the details around concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.16,0:02:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can have\Na better understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.96,0:02:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason we're able\Nto prevent skull fracture with helmets
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.84,0:02:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because it's pretty simple.\NWe know how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.32,0:02:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concussion has been\Nmuch more of a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.28,0:02:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to give you a sense of what might\Nbe happening in a concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.24,0:02:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to show you the video here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.20,0:02:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you see when you type into Google,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.76,0:02:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What is a concussion?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.20,0:02:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The CDC website comes up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.88,0:02:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this video essentially\Ntells the whole story.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.36,0:02:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is the head moves forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.80,0:02:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain lags behind,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.88,0:02:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the brain catches up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.32,0:02:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smashes into the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.60,0:02:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it rebounds off the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.80,0:02:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then proceeds to run\Ninto the other side of the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.32,0:02:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you'll notice is highlighted\Nin this video from the CDC,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.96,0:02:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'll note was funded by the NFL,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.44,0:02:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the outer surface of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.40,0:02:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it was to have\Nsmashed into the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.72,0:02:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks like it's been damaged or injured,\Nso it's on the outer surface of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.68,0:03:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I'd like to do with this video
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.68,0:03:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to tell you that there are\Nsome aspects that are probably right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.40,0:03:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicative of what the scientists\Nthink happens with concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.44,0:03:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's probably more\Nthat's wrong with this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.08,0:03:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that I do agree with,\Nand I think most experts would,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.36,0:03:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain\Ndoes have these dynamics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.40,0:03:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does lag behind the skull
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.80,0:03:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then catch up and move\Nback and forth and oscillate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.48,0:03:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we think is true.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.76,0:03:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the amount of motion\Nyou see in the brain in this video
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.08,0:03:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is probably not right at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.68,0:03:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's very little room\Nin the cranial vault,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.12,0:03:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only a few millimeters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.84,0:03:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's filled entirely\Nwith cerebral spinal fluid,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.04,0:03:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which acts as a protective layer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.24,0:03:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the brain as a whole probably\Nmoves very little inside the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.52,0:03:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other problem with this video
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.60,0:03:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain is shown
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.36,0:03:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a kind of rigid whole\Nas it moves around,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.48,0:03:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's not true either.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.72,0:03:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain is one of the softest\Nsubstances in your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.16,0:03:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can think of it\Nkind of like jello.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.20,0:04:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as your head is moving back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.36,0:04:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain is twisting\Nand turning and contorting,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.24,0:04:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the tissue is getting stretched,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.48,0:04:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so most experts I think would agree
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.52,0:04:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that concussion is not likely\Nto be something that's happening
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.68,0:04:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this outer surface of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.52,0:04:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather it's something\Nthat's much deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.64,0:04:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the center of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.28,0:04:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the way that we're\Napproaching this problem
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.88,0:04:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand\Nthe mechanisms of concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.24,0:04:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to figure out if we can prevent it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.12,0:04:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we are using a device like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.96,0:04:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a mouthguard.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.96,0:04:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has sensors in it\Nthat are essentially the same
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.88,0:04:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are in your cell phone:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.24,0:04:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accelerometers, gyroscopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.60,0:04:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when someone is struck in the head,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.52,0:04:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can tell you how their head moved
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.08,0:04:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a thousand samples per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.76,0:04:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The principle behind\Nthe mouthguard is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.48,0:04:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it fits onto your teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.76,0:04:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your teeth are one of the hardest\Nsubstances in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.84,0:04:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it rigidly couples to your skull
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.92,0:04:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gives you the most precise\Npossible measurement
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.36,0:05:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how the skull moves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.32,0:05:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have tried\Nother approaches, with helmets.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.88,0:05:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've looked at other sensors\Nthat go on your skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.28,0:05:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they all simply move around too much,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.92,0:05:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we found that this\Nis the only reliable way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.64,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take a good measurement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.40,0:05:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now that we've got this device,\Nwe can go beyond studying cadavers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.72,0:05:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can only\Nlearn so much about concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.16,0:05:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from studying a cadaver,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.40,0:05:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we want to learn\Nand study live humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.20,0:05:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where can we find\Na group of willing volunteers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.12,0:05:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go out and smash their heads\Ninto each other on a regular basis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.40,0:05:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sustain concussion?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.64,0:05:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I was one of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.56,0:05:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's your local friendly\NStanford football team.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.64,0:05:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is our laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.28,0:05:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to show you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first concussion\Nwe measured with this device.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.20,0:05:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that I should point out\Nis the device has this gyroscope in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.48,0:05:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that allows you\Nto measure the rotation of the head.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.24,0:05:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most experts think\Nthat that's the critical factor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.64,0:06:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might start to tell us\Nwhat is happening in concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.52,0:06:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So please watch this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.28,0:06:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: Cougars bring\Nextra people late, but Luck has time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.72,0:06:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Winslow is crushed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.12,0:06:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: I hope he's all right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.72,0:06:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience roars)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.56,0:06:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: Top of your screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.04,0:06:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see him come on\Njust this little post route,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.48,0:06:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get separation, safety.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.24,0:06:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There it comes at you in real speed.\NYou'll hear this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.64,0:06:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Announcer: The hit delivered by --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.72,0:06:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David Camarillo: Sorry, three times\Nis probably a little excessive there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.20,0:06:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you get the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.48,0:06:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you look at just the film here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.32,0:06:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty much the only thing you can see\Nis he got hit really hard and he was hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.16,0:06:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we extract the data
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.84,0:06:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the mouthguard that he was wearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.86,0:06:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see much more detail,\Nmuch richer information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.60,0:06:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that we noticed here
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.04,0:07:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he was struck\Nin the lower left side of his face mask.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.12,0:07:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that did something first\Nthat was a little counterintuitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.32,0:07:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His head did not move to the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.04,0:07:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it rotated first to the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then as the neck began to compress,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.88,0:07:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the force of the blow caused it\Nto whip back to the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.00,0:07:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this left-right motion\Nwas sort of a whiplash type phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.88,0:07:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think that is probably\Nwhat led to the brain injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.32,0:07:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this device is only limited in such\Nthat it can measure the skull motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.12,0:07:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we really want to know\Nis what's happening inside of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.56,0:07:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we collaborate with\NSvein Kleiven's group in Sweden.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.08,0:07:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've developed a finite element\Nmodel of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.68,0:07:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is a simulation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.80,0:07:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the data from our mouthguard\Nfrom the injury I just showed you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.16,0:07:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you see is the brain --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.20,0:07:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a cross-section right in the front
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.64,0:07:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain twisting\Nand contorting as I mentioned.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.44,0:07:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see this doesn't\Nlook a lot like the CDC video.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.36,0:07:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the colors that you're looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.24,0:07:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are how much the brain tissue\Nis being stretched,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.40,0:08:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the red is 50 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.12,0:08:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means the brain has been stretched\Nto 50 percent of its original length,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.80,0:08:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tissue in that particular area.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.52,0:08:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the main thing I want to draw\Nyour attention to is this red spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.80,0:08:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the red spot is very close\Nto the center of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.28,0:08:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and relatively speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.56,0:08:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't see a lot of colors like that\Non the exterior surface
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.24,0:08:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the CDC video showed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.96,0:08:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, to explain a little more detail
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.72,0:08:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we think\Nconcussion might be happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.36,0:08:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one thing I should mention
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.68,0:08:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we and others have observed\Nthat a concussion is more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.92,0:08:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're struck and your head\Nrotates in this direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.92,0:08:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is more common\Nin sports like football,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.20,0:08:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this seems to be more dangerous.\NSo what might be happening there?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.56,0:08:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one thing that you'll notice\Nin the human brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.60,0:08:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is different than other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.36,0:08:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we have these two very large lobes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.84,0:08:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the right brain\Nand the left brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.08,0:08:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the key thing\Nto notice in this figure here
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.16,0:08:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that right down the center\Nof the right brain and the left brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.44,0:09:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a large fissure\Nthat goes deep into the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.40,0:09:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in that fissure,\Nwhat you can't see in this image,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.28,0:09:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll have to trust me,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.52,0:09:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a fibrous sheet of tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.24,0:09:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called the falx,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.48,0:09:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it runs from the front of your head\Nall the way to the back of your head,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.16,0:09:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's quite stiff.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.40,0:09:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what that allows for\Nis when you're struck
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.88,0:09:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your head rotates\Nin this left-right direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.96,0:09:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces can rapidly transmit\Nright down to the center of your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.76,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what's there\Nat the bottom of this fissure?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.12,0:09:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the wiring of your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.64,0:09:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact this red bundle\Nhere at the bottom of that fissure
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.28,0:09:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the single largest fiber bundle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.28,0:09:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is the wiring that connects\Nthe right and left sides of your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.28,0:09:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called the corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.48,0:09:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think that this might be
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.44,0:09:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most common\Nmechanisms of concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.28,0:09:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as the forces move down,\Nthey strike the corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it causes a dissociation\Nbetween your right and your left brain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could explain some\Nof the symptoms of concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.68,0:10:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This finding is also consistent\Nof what we've seen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.52,0:10:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this brain disease that I mentioned,\Nchronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.56,0:10:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is an image of a middle-aged\Nex-professional football player,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.12,0:10:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the thing that I want to point out\Nis if you look at the corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.12,0:10:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll page back here so you can see\Nthe size of a normal corpus callosum
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.08,0:10:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the size of the person here\Nwho has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.52,0:10:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is greatly atrophied.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.08,0:10:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same goes\Nfor all of the space in the ventricles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.44,0:10:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ventricles are much larger.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.24,0:10:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so all of this tissue\Nnear the center of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.80,0:10:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has died off over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.04,0:10:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're learning\Nis indeed consistent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.52,0:10:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there is some good news here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.20,0:10:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I hope to give you a sense\Nof hope by the end of this talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.68,0:10:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that we've noticed,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.80,0:10:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically about\Nthis mechanism of injury,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.08,0:10:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is although there's a rapid transmission\Nof the forces down this fissure,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.16,0:10:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it still takes a defined amount of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.48,0:11:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we think is that if we can\Nslow the head down just enough
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.84,0:11:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the brain\Ndoes not lag behind the skull
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.08,0:11:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead it moves\Nin synchrony with the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.68,0:11:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we might be able to prevent\Nthis mechanism of concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.96,0:11:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how can we slow the head down?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.64,0:11:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.40,0:11:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A gigantic helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.44,0:11:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with more space, you have more time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.32,0:11:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a bit of a joke,\Nbut some of you may have seen this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.44,0:11:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is bubble soccer,\Nand it's a real sport.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.76,0:11:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I saw some young adults
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.44,0:11:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing this sport down the street\Nfrom my house the other day,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.44,0:11:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as far as I know\Nthere have been no reported concussions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.36,0:11:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.40,0:11:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in all seriousness,\Nthis principle does work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.84,0:11:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this has gone too far.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.24,0:11:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't something that's practical\Nfor bike riding or playing football,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.52,0:11:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we are collaborating\Nwith a company in Sweden called Hรถvding.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.92,0:11:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of you may have seen their work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.28,0:12:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're using the same principle\Nof air to give you some extra space
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.68,0:12:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.32,0:12:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kids, don't try this at home please.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.68,0:12:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stuntman does not have a helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.20,0:12:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He instead has a neck collar,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.48,0:12:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this neck collar has sensors in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.08,0:12:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same type of sensors\Nthat are in our mouthguard,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.68,0:12:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it detects when he's likely\Nto have a fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.84,0:12:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's an airbag\Nthat explodes and triggers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.20,0:12:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same way that an airbag\Nworks in your car, essentially.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.00,0:12:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the experiments\Nwe've done in my lab with their device,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.96,0:12:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that it can greatly reduce\Nthe risk of concussion in some scenarios
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.72,0:12:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to a normal bicycle helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.88,0:12:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a pretty exciting development,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.72,0:12:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in order for us to actually realize\Nthe benefits of technology
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.44,0:12:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can prevent concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.32,0:12:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it needs to meet regulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.28,0:12:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this device is for sale in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.16,0:12:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is not for sale in the US,\Nand probably won't be any time soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.88,0:13:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wanted to tell you why.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.44,0:13:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are some good reasons and then\Nthere are some not so good reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.24,0:13:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bike helmets are federally regulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.48,0:13:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Consumer Product Safety Commission\Nhas been given jurisdiction
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.24,0:13:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to approve any bike helmet for sale,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.12,0:13:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the test they use.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.60,0:13:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is back to what I was telling you\Nat the beginning about skull fracture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.28,0:13:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what this test is for.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.72,0:13:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's an important thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.48,0:13:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can save your life,\Nbut it's not sufficient, I would say.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.36,0:13:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, one thing\Nthis test doesn't evaluate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.12,0:13:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it doesn't tell you\Nis that airbag going to trigger
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.96,0:13:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the right time and place,\Nand not trigger when it doesn't need to?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.88,0:13:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, it's not going to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.96,0:13:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this helmet likely\Nto prevent concussion or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.36,0:13:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at football helmets,\Nwhich aren't regulated,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.12,0:13:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they still have a very similar test.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.52,0:13:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not regulated\Nby the government, anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.80,0:13:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have an industry body,\Nwhich is the way most industries work.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.96,0:13:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this industry body, I can tell you,\Nhas been quite resistant
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.00,0:13:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to updating their standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.40,0:13:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in my lab, we are working on not only\Nthe mechanism of concussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.68,0:14:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we want to understand\Nhow can we have better test standards?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.16,0:14:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we hope that the government\Ncan use this type of information
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.72,0:14:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to encourage innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.48,0:14:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by letting consumers know
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.12,0:14:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how protected are you with a given helmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.92,0:14:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to bring this back finally\Nto the original question I asked,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.32,0:14:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, would I feel comfortable\Nletting my child play football
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.68,0:14:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ride a bicycle?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.44,0:14:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this might be just a result\Nof my own traumatic experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.80,0:14:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm much more nervous\Nabout my daughter Rose riding a bicycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.92,0:14:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she's a year and a half old,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.60,0:14:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's already, well, wants to anyway,\Nrace down the streets of San Francisco.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.08,0:14:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the bottom\Nof one of these streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.44,0:14:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so my personal goal\Nis to -- and I believe this is possible --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.68,0:14:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to further develop these technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.76,0:14:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, we're working\Non something in my lab in particular
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.76,0:14:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really makes optimal use\Nof the given space of the helmet,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.74,0:14:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I am confident\Nthat we will be able to,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.24,0:14:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before she's ready to ride a two-wheeler,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.48,0:15:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have something available
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.88,0:15:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can in fact really reduce\Nthe risk of concussion
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.24,0:15:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and comply with regulatory bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.40,0:15:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what I'd like to do --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.04,0:15:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know that this is for some of you\Nof more immediate nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.44,0:15:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got a couple years here --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.12,0:15:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be able to tell parents\Nand grandparents when I'm asked,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.28,0:15:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is safe and healthy for your children\Nto engage in these activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.72,0:15:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm very fortunate\Nto have a wonderful team at Stanford
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.56,0:15:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's working hard on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.48,0:15:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope to come back in a few years\Nwith the final story,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.60,0:15:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for now I will tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.60,0:15:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please don't just be afraid\Nwhen you hear the word concussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.56,0:15:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.80,0:15:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.04,0:15:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)