0:00:01.000,0:00:05.000 [ Music ] 0:00:15.000,0:00:20.220 (Nohemi) I like computers a lot,[br]and I want to learn more about it, 0:00:20.220,0:00:26.150 because I want to study [br]computer science 0:00:26.150,0:00:32.530 so that's my career that I[br]want to have in the future. 0:00:32.530,0:00:36.200 (Buddy) The only thing I[br]need help with is turning 0:00:36.200,0:00:39.500 the computer on and putting[br]the headset on my head. 0:00:39.500,0:00:43.560 Other than that, I can operate[br]just about anything else by myself. 0:00:43.567,0:00:45.400 (Susanna) It's a real[br]accomplishment and you 0:00:45.400,0:00:48.140 really feel proud of yourself[br]when you're actually able 0:00:48.140,0:00:52.050 to make progress and do[br]something without having to ask 0:00:52.050,0:00:53.850 somebody else, you know. 0:00:53.850,0:00:56.110 It's like you actually did it [br]by yourself, yea! 0:00:56.970,0:00:59.090 (Narrator) Besides an[br]interest in technology, 0:00:59.090,0:01:02.420 what these people have in common[br]is mobility impairment. 0:01:02.420,0:01:04.180 But each one is different, 0:01:04.180,0:01:06.080 and so is the way they use [br]their computers. 0:01:06.080,0:01:10.050 (Doug Hayman) It's pretty rare that[br]there'd be a one-size-fits-all 0:01:10.050,0:01:11.880 technology for people. 0:01:11.880,0:01:15.350 Each person with a disability,[br]with a mobility impairment, 0:01:15.350,0:01:20.070 is going to have a unique setup [br]that's suited to meet their needs. 0:01:20.070,0:01:24.730 And they need to be the end[br]client that decides, 0:01:24.730,0:01:28.120 "Is this technology working for me [br]or is there something else that 0:01:28.120,0:01:30.960 I'd rather use that[br]would suit me better?" 0:01:30.960,0:01:33.270 (Narrator) An individual's[br]mobility impairment may 0:01:33.270,0:01:36.220 or may not be obvious to[br]others, and people with similar 0:01:36.220,0:01:40.540 medical conditions may need[br]different types of adaptive technology. 0:01:40.540,0:01:42.260 The important thing [br]is to work closely with 0:01:42.270,0:01:46.200 the person using the computer[br]to figure out the best fit. 0:01:46.200,0:01:52.950 (Andrew Riggle) Pay attention to the[br]individual and what he or she needs, 0:01:52.950,0:01:57.870 both through observation[br]of him or her in the actual 0:01:57.870,0:02:00.160 environment in which[br]the technology will be, 0:02:00.160,0:02:06.560 is being used, and also through [br]consultations with the individual. 0:02:07.264,0:02:09.389 (Narrator) We'll show you some [br]examples of adaptive technology 0:02:09.389,0:02:13.620 that have been used effectively [br]by people with mobility impairments. 0:02:13.620,0:02:16.470 And we'll start with getting[br]to the computer. 0:02:19.800,0:02:24.160 You can't use a computer [br]if you can't reach it. 0:02:24.160,0:02:26.550 You have to be able[br]to get in the building, 0:02:26.550,0:02:30.740 get through the aisles, and sit [br]comfortably at the workstation. 0:02:30.740,0:02:32.600 Computers at work[br]and at school should be 0:02:32.610,0:02:36.200 in locations that are accessible[br]to people using wheelchairs. 0:02:36.200,0:02:40.990 (Andrew) Physical access to[br]buildings, labs, classrooms, 0:02:40.990,0:02:46.450 all that is extremely important[br]because this technology, 0:02:46.450,0:02:50.010 no matter how good it is,[br]is completely unusable 0:02:50.010,0:02:54.750 to a physically disabled person [br]if they can't get to it. 0:02:54.750,0:02:59.200 (Dan Comden) And that means [br]having a ramp, if there are stairs; 0:02:59.200,0:03:02.460 having an elevator, if there are stairs [br]inside the building; 0:03:02.460,0:03:05.460 having enough room between aisles[br]if it's a computer lab; 0:03:05.460,0:03:07.900 or having enough room [br]in the hallway. 0:03:08.960,0:03:11.460 (Narrator) The furniture[br]makes a difference too. 0:03:11.460,0:03:13.160 It's important to be flexible [br]in the way you position 0:03:13.170,0:03:16.760 keyboards, computer screens, [br]and table height. 0:03:16.760,0:03:19.500 Adjustable tables can be[br]cranked higher or lower, 0:03:19.500,0:03:22.750 so that the monitor is at[br]the most comfortable height. 0:03:22.750,0:03:25.440 Keyboard trays can[br]move up and down, or tilt, 0:03:25.440,0:03:27.320 to make typing easier. 0:03:31.860,0:03:34.440 (Narrator) Some people with[br]mobility impairments don't have 0:03:34.440,0:03:38.820 the flexibility or range of motion [br]to use a standard keyboard. 0:03:38.820,0:03:42.400 Fortunately, there's a wide range [br]of alternatives available. 0:03:42.400,0:03:46.420 Some of those are already built [br]into current popular operating systems. 0:03:46.420,0:03:48.840 (Dan) The fact that there[br]are some basic features built 0:03:48.840,0:03:52.790 into operating systems is really[br]important. There are some very 0:03:52.790,0:03:56.420 simple things that can[br]be done using control panels, 0:03:56.420,0:04:00.980 accessibility options control panels, [br]that give access, basic access, 0:04:00.980,0:04:03.680 to the keyboard and [br]to the operating system. 0:04:03.690,0:04:06.330 (Narrator) For example,[br]someone using a single finger 0:04:06.330,0:04:09.190 or a mouth stick wouldn't[br]be able to type two keys 0:04:09.190,0:04:12.850 simultaneously, such as[br]"control" and something else. 0:04:12.850,0:04:16.890 There's a setting that allows those[br]keys to be entered sequentially. 0:04:17.400,0:04:19.880 Another setting eliminates [br]repeated keystrokes 0:04:19.890,0:04:22.860 for someone who keeps a key[br]pressed down too long. 0:04:22.860,0:04:25.960 And features such as AutoCorrect,[br]which are common 0:04:25.960,0:04:29.420 in word processing software [br]and other applications 0:04:29.420,0:04:32.320 allow the user to abbreviate [br]long words or even sentences 0:04:32.320,0:04:33.940 with a brief letter sequence. 0:04:33.950,0:04:36.270 Once the abbreviations are set, 0:04:36.270,0:04:39.880 they can make typing faster and[br]more accurate. 0:04:39.880,0:04:42.280 There are also physical [br]adaptations to consider. 0:04:42.280,0:04:44.360 For example, a keyguard. 0:04:44.370,0:04:50.060 (Susie) The keyguard's a grid [br]that fits over the keyboard 0:04:50.060,0:04:55.320 and it has holes for each key [br]and prevents people from 0:04:55.320,0:05:01.080 typing a key they [br]didn't mean to hit 0:05:01.080,0:05:05.120 if their movements [br]are not controlled. 0:05:06.600,0:05:08.240 (Narrator) For people who[br]have limited range of motion, 0:05:08.250,0:05:10.990 a mini-keyboard [br]may be helpful. 0:05:10.990,0:05:13.790 There and also left- and [br]right-handed keyboards, 0:05:13.790,0:05:15.840 which can be used [br]with only one hand. 0:05:15.840,0:05:19.300 For someone with good range of [br]motion but poor dexterity, 0:05:19.300,0:05:21.940 there are keyboards[br]with extra-large keys. 0:05:25.550,0:05:28.060 For someone who can't[br]activate a keyboard physically, 0:05:28.060,0:05:30.300 a virtual keyboard[br]may be useful. 0:05:30.300,0:05:32.230 This appears on[br]a computer screen 0:05:32.230,0:05:33.920 as a picture of a keyboard. 0:05:33.920,0:05:37.050 The keys can be activated[br]with a mouse, trackball, 0:05:37.050,0:05:39.110 or alternative pointing system. 0:05:39.110,0:05:42.100 Some virtual keyboards may include[br]features such as 0:05:42.100,0:05:45.660 alternate key layouts [br]or word prediction software. 0:05:51.740,0:05:54.560 (Narrator) Word prediction programs [br]help people type correctly 0:05:54.560,0:05:55.740 and more quickly. 0:05:55.750,0:05:59.780 The program prompts the user [br]with a list of possible word choices 0:05:59.780,0:06:01.720 based on words that have [br]already been typed. 0:06:01.740,0:06:05.080 Some programs collect new words[br]as they're used and work with 0:06:05.080,0:06:08.015 the user's common vocabulary[br]in making predictions. 0:06:08.015,0:06:12.475 (Buddy ) I've thrown in a letter.[br]Let's say I've thrown in a "T" 0:06:12.480,0:06:15.340 and, like, five words that[br]start with "T" will pop up, 0:06:15.350,0:06:17.970 the most common ones that I use. 0:06:17.970,0:06:21.340 They'll pop up and I'll click on it [br]and it'll just print it up. 0:06:25.920,0:06:28.620 (Dan) Graphical user interfaces [br]are everywhere 0:06:28.620,0:06:31.470 and you need to have some[br]sort of a pointing device 0:06:31.470,0:06:33.880 to access the material[br]on the computer 0:06:33.880,0:06:36.990 icons, clicking, pointing[br]all those things. 0:06:36.990,0:06:39.110 So you either need[br]to use a mouse 0:06:39.110,0:06:41.320 or find an alternative[br]to using the mouse. 0:06:42.800,0:06:44.840 (Narrator) Trackballs are[br]a good place to start. 0:06:44.850,0:06:48.870 The trackball's control surface is [br]easier to manipulate than the mouse. 0:06:48.870,0:06:53.560 On some trackballs, buttons provide[br]features such as double-clicking, 0:06:53.560,0:06:55.770 click-and-hold, and [br]other commands. 0:06:55.770,0:06:58.300 They can be used on the[br]desk, or for people 0:06:58.300,0:07:01.800 who use their feet instead[br]of their hands, on the floor. 0:07:01.800,0:07:05.730 People with good head control,[br]but no use of their limbs 0:07:05.730,0:07:08.740 can use a head controlled[br]pointing system. 0:07:08.740,0:07:11.910 This system uses infrared[br]detection and a transmitter, 0:07:11.910,0:07:14.120 or reflector worn[br]on the user's head. 0:07:14.120,0:07:16.780 It translates head movements[br]into pointer movements 0:07:16.780,0:07:17.970 on the screen. 0:07:17.970,0:07:20.540 This can be combined[br]with an on-screen keyboard 0:07:20.540,0:07:22.360 for full computer control. 0:07:22.360,0:07:24.220 (Buddy) Well the Head Master [br]that I use, 0:07:24.220,0:07:30.720 it just controls the mouse,[br]the cursor on the keyboard. 0:07:30.720,0:07:34.760 The little thing that I blow[br]into, that's the button click. 0:07:42.520,0:07:43.980 (Narrator) Switches[br]work with a box 0:07:43.990,0:07:46.860 or an emulator that sends [br]keyboard or mouse commands 0:07:46.860,0:07:48.000 to the computer. 0:07:48.000,0:07:50.220 They come in a wide variety[br]and can be controlled 0:07:50.220,0:07:51.960 with nearly any body part. 0:07:51.960,0:07:54.900 (Doug) Some people will use[br]a switch mounted on an arm 0:07:54.910,0:07:59.550 and this arm can be mounted[br]so that it's in just the right 0:07:59.550,0:08:01.250 location for users. 0:08:01.250,0:08:07.050 Some may use one switch [br]that's just an on-off switch 0:08:07.050,0:08:10.180 that then interfaces with the[br]computer and most often, 0:08:10.180,0:08:14.140 that is used in a way that it's[br]either controlling an on-screen 0:08:14.140,0:08:17.290 keyboard so that they can[br]do the standard keystrokes. 0:08:17.290,0:08:20.800 And then software can also[br]be used with that same switch 0:08:20.800,0:08:23.590 to control the[br]direction of a mouse 0:08:23.590,0:08:28.280 and then the right and left [br]mouse clicks using that same switch. 0:08:28.280,0:08:30.230 (Narrator) Scanning[br]and Morse code 0:08:30.230,0:08:33.289 are two of the input methods[br]that rely on switches. 0:08:33.289,0:08:35.090 With scanning,[br]the user activates 0:08:35.090,0:08:37.840 a switch that brings up an[br]options menu on the screen 0:08:37.840,0:08:39.690 then continues to[br]activate the switch 0:08:39.690,0:08:41.890 to make specific choices. 0:08:41.890,0:08:44.520 Morse code uses a[br]sip-and-puff switch 0:08:44.520,0:08:47.210 where dot is a sip[br]and dash is a puff. 0:08:47.210,0:08:49.590 Special hardware and[br]software translates 0:08:49.590,0:08:52.960 Morse code into a form[br]that computers understand. 0:08:52.960,0:08:55.040 Any switch system[br]should be mounted 0:08:55.040,0:08:56.800 by a knowledgeable professional. 0:08:56.800,0:08:59.770 (Doug) So it's useful to[br]think about a wide range 0:08:59.770,0:09:03.230 of accommodation needs for [br]people with mobility impairments. 0:09:03.230,0:09:07.710 People may use a light-activated[br]switch near their eyes 0:09:07.710,0:09:11.140 that they can do a long[br]blink or a short blink 0:09:11.140,0:09:14.650 and then, with[br]that input device, 0:09:14.650,0:09:17.510 even the person with that [br]severe limitation 0:09:17.510,0:09:19.380 can control a computer. 0:09:19.380,0:09:22.370 They can use an onscreen[br]keyboard and write to somebody. 0:09:22.370,0:09:24.840 They could go to the Web,[br]do things everybody else 0:09:24.840,0:09:26.600 is used to using [br]on the computer. 0:09:26.600,0:09:29.250 Others may have[br]more functionality. 0:09:29.250,0:09:32.550 They may be limited from... 0:09:32.550,0:09:35.320 they can move their head, they[br]can speak fine but they can't 0:09:35.320,0:09:38.120 do anything with their hands,[br]so perhaps they would use speech 0:09:38.120,0:09:42.600 recognition to control a[br]computer or use switches that 0:09:42.600,0:09:46.340 could be located behind their[br]heads so they could click, 0:09:46.340,0:09:49.500 you know, left or right button[br]or maybe even use their head 0:09:49.500,0:09:52.260 to control the cursor as well. 0:09:55.980,0:09:57.820 (Oscar) I'm a junior this year. 0:09:57.827,0:09:59.410 (Narrator) Speech[br]recognition products 0:09:59.410,0:10:02.630 allow users to bypass[br]the keyboard completely. 0:10:02.630,0:10:05.770 (Oscar) This program[br]helps me type. 0:10:05.770,0:10:08.160 Whatever I say it types. 0:10:08.160,0:10:13.550 It's a microphone; I talk into[br]the microphone and it types it out 0:10:13.550,0:10:15.390 on the computer screen. 0:10:15.390,0:10:18.950 (Narrator) Speech recognition[br]software converts spoken words 0:10:18.950,0:10:20.800 into text on the computer. 0:10:20.800,0:10:23.460 The person using it[br]speaks into the microphone 0:10:23.460,0:10:24.950 in a normal manner. 0:10:24.950,0:10:27.340 This type of system[br]requires that the user 0:10:27.340,0:10:30.580 train it to recognize[br]their unique voice. 0:10:32.160,0:10:34.880 It's also important to[br]correct any recognition 0:10:34.880,0:10:36.940 errors that the system makes. 0:10:36.940,0:10:39.050 (Student, dictating) Most of us are[br]intimidated by computers. 0:10:39.050,0:10:42.420 (Narrator) To use speech[br]recognition technology effectively, 0:10:42.420,0:10:45.460 it's important to have good voice [br]and breath stamina. 0:10:45.470,0:10:48.710 Good reading comprehension is[br]also helpful because there are 0:10:48.710,0:10:51.380 always corrections to the[br]program's text output. 0:10:51.380,0:10:54.200 (Student, dictating) But it gets [br]easier with practice. 0:10:57.820,0:10:58.700 (Screen reader)[br]This research effort 0:10:58.700,0:11:00.440 confirms what so[br]many of us believe. 0:11:00.450,0:11:02.780 (Narrator) Reading systems,[br]which involve both hardware 0:11:02.780,0:11:04.890 and software, are[br]helpful for people 0:11:04.890,0:11:07.320 who find it difficult to [br]hold printed material 0:11:07.320,0:11:09.880 or turn pages. 0:11:09.880,0:11:12.680 A scanner converts hardcopy[br]into a digital image, 0:11:12.680,0:11:15.260 which is then converted[br]into a text file that 0:11:15.260,0:11:17.120 is recognized by the computer. 0:11:17.120,0:11:20.260 Next, the words come up on[br]the screen at the same time 0:11:20.260,0:11:23.560 that a speech[br]synthesizer reads them. 0:11:25.520,0:11:28.460 The most important part of[br]selecting adaptive technology 0:11:28.460,0:11:31.110 is to recognize the needs[br]of the individual using it. 0:11:31.110,0:11:34.600 The best adaptations are the[br]ones you choose yourself. 0:11:34.600,0:11:36.770 It's all about personal success. 0:11:36.770,0:11:39.770 (Andrew)The technology that's[br]being adopted that is now 0:11:39.770,0:11:44.210 quickly becoming the core[br]of our modern economy 0:11:44.210,0:11:45.960 and also our social life. 0:11:45.960,0:11:48.780 Without access to[br]the technology that 0:11:48.780,0:11:51.130 allows us to access[br]these new means, 0:11:51.130,0:11:55.940 it makes it nearly impossible[br]for the disabled individuals 0:11:55.940,0:11:59.560 to participate fully in society.