[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.69,0:00:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.70,0:00:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator: Desmond Morris] Of over a million \Nspecies of animals on our planet, one species has
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.26,0:00:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come to dominate all other lifeforms, and \Nto alter dramatically the face of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.01,0:00:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a species that if we remove its protective layer \Nof clothing, reveals a rather strange anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.76,0:00:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A species I once referred \Nto as "the naked ape."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.17,0:00:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Physically the human being is a puny primate with a \Nvulnerable, unprotected skin, with no natural weapon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.42,0:00:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No armor, no sharp spines, \Nno venom, no fangs or claws.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.01,0:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet equipped with little more \Nthan an enlarged brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.00,0:00:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this compulsively curious creature has \Ncome to dominate the natural world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.58,0:01:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the secret of its \Nlavish, unprecedented success?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.26,0:01:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.30,0:01:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anatomically, the human animal is unusual, to say \Nthe least. Its lack of hair is unique among primates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.05,0:01:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Contrasting with other apes, its face has a protruding nose, \Nwhites to the eyes, and lips that are turned inside out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.30,0:01:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its legs are long and straight. And unlike \Nany other mammal, it walks bipedally.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.67,0:01:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The breasts of the female remain swollen throughout \Nher adult life, even when they're not giving milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.46,0:01:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, a unique feature.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.01,0:02:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a few surviving patches of hair, including on the \Ntops of the heads, in the armpits and around the genitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.17,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The male has the largest \Npenis of any primate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the human animal is the only primate \Nthat possesses rounded, fleshy buttocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.73,0:02:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Altogether, these unique features \Nmake us a very strange ape indeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.37,0:02:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for a student of animal behavior, even more \Npeculiar than its anatomy are its activity in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.89,0:02:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a zoologist and since man is an animal, I can see \Nno reason why my work, and also in this series,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.61,0:02:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I shouldn't study this particular species in the same \Nway that I've studied many other animals in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.72,0:02:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The secret is patient observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.72,0:03:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, the ideal method is to go out into the field \Nand study humans in their natural environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.32,0:03:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the streets and parks, the shops \Nand offices, the villages and cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.89,0:03:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to analyze their natural behavior as it happens \Nin real life situations all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.52,0:03:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everywhere I go, I'm struck by how similar all human \Nbeings are to one another in all important respects.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.36,0:03:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, there are many superficial \Ndifferences and these are often so impressive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.96,0:03:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we pay too much attention to them and start \Ntreating one another as if we belong to different species,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.04,0:03:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with disastrous results. But, despite all our \Nvariations in costume, ritual and believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.98,0:03:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biologically we're all astonishingly close to \None another. A fact which I find very reassuring.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.52,0:04:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in the late 1960's, I was sitting in \Nthis very restaurant, on the island of Malta,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.06,0:04:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking to my publisher. I drew his attention \Nto the fact that on the other side of the road
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.48,0:04:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were two men gesturing \Nin a particular way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.20,0:04:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way they were holding their palms \Nto one side was fascinating to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.68,0:04:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "You know, you look at people \Nthe way birdwatchers look at birds."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.21,0:04:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Yeah, I suppose you could call \Nme a 'man-watcher.'" As soon as I'd said it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.73,0:04:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was as if I'd fired a starting \Ngun on a major, new project.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.05,0:04:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One that was to engross me for many years to \Ncome and take me to over 60 different countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.40,0:04:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was wildly ambitious, but I decided to make \Na complete classification of all human actions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.04,0:04:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gestures, postures, expressions all over the world. \NAnd this was going to take a very long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.41,0:04:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was going to do for actions what \Ndictionary makers had done for words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.48,0:05:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began making huge charts naming every facial \Nexpression, every gesture, every movement, every posture.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.79,0:05:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I kept at it for month after month. And 8 years later \NI had completed the work and was able at last
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.40,0:05:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to introduce people to the fascinating \Nsubject of human body language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.62,0:05:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first problems I encountered was \Nthat even the simplest human action,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.66,0:05:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the handshake, \Nhas countless variations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.79,0:05:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes it's reduced to a mere palm touch, \Nas with these Maasai elders in East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.69,0:05:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in other countries it \Nbecomes more elaborate.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.04,0:05:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Mali in West Africa the hand-shaker briefly \Ntouches his own forearm as the palms clasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.34,0:06:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Morocco, the hand-shakers kiss one another's \Nhands at the same time as clasping them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.13,0:06:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Turkey, these Kurdish farmers have taken \Na simple action and converted it into what
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.40,0:06:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amounts to a minor ritual. It's the local rule that they \Ncan't start bargaining until they are shaking hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.29,0:06:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have to keep on doing \Nso until the deal is struck.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.36,0:06:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The essential feature of hand-shaking \Nis that it's an egalitarian act.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.06,0:06:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regardless of their social standing, the two people \Ninvolved are momentarily performing identical actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.05,0:06:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This meeting as equals that has spread \Naround the world is comparatively recent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.07,0:06:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In earlier times when greeting, it was common \Nfor the less important individuals to literally
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.16,0:06:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lower themselves as a sign of respect. In some remote \Nparts of the world we can still see this even today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.76,0:07:00.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Toda people of South India \Nstill perform this body-lowering ritual
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.100,0:07:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with high-status feet \Nplaced on low-status heads.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.93,0:07:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite their variations, all these \Ngreetings have one thing in common.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.98,0:07:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all fine-tuned to the precise \Ncontext in which they occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.93,0:07:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So many gestures have different \Nmeanings in different places.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.57,0:07:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to be quite careful how you use your hands \Nwhen you're in a marketplace in a foreign country.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.96,0:07:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now to me, this means everything's fine or O.K. \NBut, if I happen to be in the south of France
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.96,0:07:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would have a different meaning. There the ring \Nshape made by the hand symbolizes a not or a zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.17,0:07:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in south of France this \Nmeans zero or worthless.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.48,0:08:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you don't want to say the \Nwine was "great" [gestures]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.19,0:08:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in fact you'd be \Nsaying the wine was worthless.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.66,0:08:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gets even worse if you go to Sardinia \Nbecause there the same gesture is an obscenity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.13,0:08:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the ring shape symbolizing an orifice. \NAnd if you think you're going to say
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.66,0:08:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something is great in Sardinia like this, \Nbelieve me you'll be in trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.65,0:08:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's another way you can make mistakes \Nwith gestures as you move from place to place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.68,0:08:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because a single message is given in \Na different way in different countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.91,0:08:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crazy sign. How do you say to somebody \N"you're crazy?" Well, here in Rome you do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.04,0:08:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in England I would probably do this, the \Ntemple screw, saying he's got a screw lose.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.91,0:08:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or I might say his brain is \Ngoing round and round.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.36,0:08:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or I might tap my head saying "what's \Nhe think he's got inside his skull."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.88,0:08:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some countries you do it with two hands. \NIt varies from place to place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.74,0:08:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go to Japan you have to be careful because \Nif you it this way it means he's intelligent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.04,0:09:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to it in the counter-clockwise direction in \NJapan if you want to say that somebody is crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.36,0:09:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, all over the world, the same message \Nis given in a slightly different way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.33,0:09:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most obvious examples of this and \None of the most dangerous is the insult gesture.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.32,0:09:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This Turkish pedestrian displays his \Nanger with the trust of a stiff forearm,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.08,0:09:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using his arm symbolically \Nas an aggressively erect penis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.33,0:09:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A slightly more obscure insult is the cornuto, \Nor horn sign, frequently seen in Italy.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.80,0:09:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It implies that that victim of the insult is \Na cuckold, that his wife is unfaithful to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.69,0:09:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In North America, the most common \Ninsult is the middle fingered jerk,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.33,0:09:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,employing the middle finger \Nas a symbolic penis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.97,0:09:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an ancient Roman gesture and \Nis well-known in many countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.39,0:09:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much more localized \Nis the Greek moutza.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.32,0:10:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This dates back to Byzantine times and symbolizes \Nexcrement being pushed into the victim's face.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.47,0:10:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Britain the main insult is a two-fingered gesture \Nwhich dates back to the battle of Agincourt.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.31,0:10:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a gesture that foreigners sometimes \Nconfuse with the "V for victory" sign,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.22,0:10:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's performed with the \Nhand the other way around.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.67,0:10:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most regional body language has a long and\Ncomplicated history, with the origins often forgotten.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.26,0:10:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the special qualities of regional \Ngestures is that they are amazingly conservative.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.29,0:10:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They remain confined to their own particular \Narea regardless of the fact that all around them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.67,0:10:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,national boundaries keep changing. As a result \Nof this, within a particular country today you
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.29,0:10:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can find what we can call a "gesture frontier." A place \Nwhere one gesture stops and another one begins.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.81,0:10:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a gesture frontier behind me. \NIt's the Massacre Range in Central Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.94,0:11:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And south of here in Naples people use, for \Nexample, the head toss when they're saying no.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.50,0:11:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up in the north in Rome they shake their heads \Nfrom side to side when they're saying no.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.09,0:11:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were amazed to find that here, the Massacre \NRange is a very narrow area, just a few miles,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.22,0:11:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you get the switch from \Nhead tossing to head shaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.09,0:11:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The explanation of this switch is astonishing. \NIn origin, the head toss is a Greek gesture and
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.17,0:11:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many centuries ago the ancient Greeks colonized \Nsouthern Italy and started to move north.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.92,0:11:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was here at the Massacre Range that \Nthey stopped their advance 2,500 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.30,0:11:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to this day, in the north people still give \Nthe typical European head shake when saying no.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.96,0:11:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While in the south they still give \Nthey ancient Greek head toss.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.82,0:11:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this difference has survived despite \Nall the mobility of modern life
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.53,0:12:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the spread of films and television \Nprograms. The old gesture frontier remains.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.65,0:12:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes signals made with the head are \Njust as complicated as no signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.07,0:12:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In most parts of the world people nod \Ntheir head up and down when saying yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.53,0:12:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people mistakenly assume that this action \Nis completely global, but this isn't the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.82,0:12:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two areas where \Nsomething else happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.90,0:12:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them is India, where instead of being nodded, \Nthe head is wobbled side to side when saying yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.57,0:12:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To visitors this looks like a maybe, but \Nit's not. It's a sign of definite agreement.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.82,0:12:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When your taxi driver agrees with you, you \Ncan see his head rolling from side to side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.65,0:13:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get the impression that he's undecided. \NBut, every wobble he makes means yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.06,0:13:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In another region, it's not just \Nthe visitors who are confused.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.13,0:13:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the inhabitants are not \Nalways sure what's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.78,0:13:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in Bulgaria they use both the head \Nnod and the head wobble when saying yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.26,0:13:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This creates total confusion. Why on Earth \Nthey do this remains a mystery, even to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.57,0:13:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although gestures often persist for hundreds or even \Nthousands of years, sometimes they may change
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.53,0:13:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their meaning as they're passed on \Nfrom generation to generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.94,0:14:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all think we know what the popular \Nthumbs up and thumbs down gestures mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.82,0:14:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[children shouting boo or yay]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.36,0:14:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we go to the cinema we are left in little \Ndoubt as to the significance of these gestures.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.62,0:14:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thumbs up for good and the thumbs down \Nfor bad are very well known gestures.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.78,0:14:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many people can tell you how they began. \NIt was here in the Colosseum in Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.81,0:14:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a gladiator at the end of a fight was to \Nbe spared the crowd gave him a thumbs up sign.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.53,0:14:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If he was to be slain it was a thumbs down sign. \NThat's the popular story, there's just one catch.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.86,0:15:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's completely false. \NIt never happened like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.28,0:15:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In ancient times if the gladiator was to \Nbe spared they gave him a covered up thumb,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.21,0:15:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the "pollice compresso." This means \Nthe compressed or squashed thumb.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.01,0:15:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If he was to be slain then they mimed the \Nact of stabbing him with a sword like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.59,0:15:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they were high up they \Nstabbed downwards like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.60,0:15:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the truth of the matter and \Nthe next time you go to the movies,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.81,0:15:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you happen to see the thumbs up you'll \Njust have to take it with a pinch of salt.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.10,0:15:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost certain that our ancestors used \Ngestures to communicate specific information
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.13,0:15:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long before they had a spoken language. Even \Ntoday with words as our main form of communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.30,0:15:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are still situations where \Ngestures have a definite advantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.01,0:15:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, they can communicate information \Nover a far greater distance than would be
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.76,0:16:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possible by shouting. At race tracks in England, the \Nwhite-gloved tic-tac men signal changes in the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.30,0:16:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,betting odds to the bookies so that they can keep up \Nwith the alterations the arrivals may be making.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.89,0:16:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The flashing movements of the white gloves can \Nbe seen even at night and at a great distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.20,0:16:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some sports a gestural sign language not \Nonly conveys information over a great distance,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.30,0:16:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also allows messages \Nto be kept secret.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.58,0:17:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The coach of an American football team \Ntransmits complex signals to his quarterback
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.78,0:17:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using coded hand signals that conceal \Nhis intentions from the opposing team.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.61,0:17:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if the opposing team does manage to \Ncrack the gestural code at any one time,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.98,0:17:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's being constantly \Nchanged to confuse them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.22,0:17:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the floor of the Bombay stock exchange \Nhand gestures provide a powerful tool
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.73,0:18:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when competing for attention. The frantic sell and \Nbuy signals, indicated by the position of the hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.78,0:18:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be the basis of huge deals.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.33,0:18:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An insistent flick of the fingers the only way \Nto attract attention above the roar of the crowd.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.61,0:18:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the eerie silence of the Australian Outback, \Nthese two Warlpiri women are conversing quite
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.14,0:18:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adequately by gestures alone. Now they're not \Ndeaf and they're perfectly capable of speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.42,0:18:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but local custom demands that as an act of \Nmourning they don't utter a word for months
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.49,0:19:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a tribesman has died. It's \Ntheir version of wearing black.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.41,0:19:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly gestures are important to us, but why \Nare we so much better at signalling with our
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.28,0:19:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hands than other animals? The answer of course \Nis that we are the only mammals that are bipedal.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.25,0:19:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are all quadrupedal, they \Nwalk along on all fours.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.78,0:19:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, when we stood up on our hind legs \Nmillions of years ago, here in Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.80,0:19:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we freed our hands from the business of walking. \NWe freed them from the chore of locomotion
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.93,0:19:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was what enabled them to become the \Nflexible, gesticulating hands that we have today.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.50,0:20:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to appreciate what an immense impact \Nthe simple act of standing up had on our
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.10,0:20:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primeval ancestors, it's only necessary to \Nwatch our nearest relatives the chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.37,0:20:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they're moving about in their natural \Nhabitat their hands still have to function
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.93,0:20:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much of the time as \Nplodding front feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.14,0:20:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this prevents them from becoming highly \Ndeveloped as expressive organs of gesture.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.86,0:20:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their front feet can operate successfully as \Ngrasping hands, for example, when holding a baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.22,0:20:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, they never develop the subtlety of \Nmovement that we see in our own species.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.09,0:21:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elegant gesturing remains the prerogative \Nof the uniquely bipedal, naked ape.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.78,0:21:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, all the gestures that I've described \Nhave been regional and they're used consciously
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.89,0:21:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to replace speech like the deliberate \Ndirections of this policeman.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.25,0:21:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, there's another type \Nof gesture all together,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:18.07,0:21:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unconscious hand movements usually \Nreferred to as gesticulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.03,0:21:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of replacing speech, \Nthey accompany it.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.89,0:21:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This type of hand signal has been \Nchristened the baton gesture
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.36,0:21:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it beats time to our words \Nand emphasizes the points we are making.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.34,0:22:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, baton gestures do more than merely beat \Ntime, they also indicate our changing moods.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.36,0:22:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The posture of the hand as it beats the air \Nrevealing the emotional state of the speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.36,0:22:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here at Speakers' Corner in London's Hyde Park a \Nveritable gallery of human baton gestures is on display.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.69,0:22:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's watch for a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.99,0:23:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's take a closer look at two of his \Ngestures. Slowing it down, his first gesture is
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.60,0:23:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a repelling action using his hand as if \Nit were pushing away the intruder,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.99,0:23:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but without making physical contact. This \Nis obvious enough, but what's he do next?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.23,0:23:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the intruder leaves he draws his chosen audience \Nback towards him using an "air grasp" gesture.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.64,0:23:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.100,0:23:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another speaker is about to mention a precise \Ndate and unconsciously accompanies this with a
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.71,0:23:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precision gesture, as if holding a small object with \Ngreat delicacy between his thumb and forefinger.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.21,0:23:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A third speaker is in a more aggressive mood. \NHe's using, not a precision grip, but a power grip.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.24,0:24:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thrusting his clenched fist at the audience. The \Npower of his fist reflecting the power of his argument.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.33,0:24:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, now he switches to the raised forefinger, beating his \Nlisteners over the head with his small, symbolic club.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.68,0:24:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, he extends his hands palm-up in an \Nimploring gesture, begging them to agree with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.74,0:24:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By contrast, this speaker employs the palm-down \Ngesture, a more dominant action in which he
Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.91,0:24:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attempts to calm his audience by symbolically patting \Nthem on the head, as if they're unruly children.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.66,0:24:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, this man introduces \Nthe "hand chop" gesture.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.47,0:24:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A decisive gesture in which he symbolically tries to \Ncut through the argument as if with a sharp blade.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.25,0:25:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The urge to express our emotions with our hands \Nis so strong that we continue to gesticulate,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.75,0:25:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when the person we are talking to is miles \Naway at the other end of a telephone line.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.82,0:25:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The urge to communicate by body language is \Nso deeply ingrained that if we happen to be
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.20,0:25:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japanese we even bow respectfully to \Nour remote, invisible companion.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.36,0:25:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, there's another whole facet of body language \Nthat conveys our emotions with even greater subtlety.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.20,0:25:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We humans have the most expressive faces in the \Nentire animal kingdom. We take our expressions for
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.99,0:26:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,granted, but if we trace them back to their \Norigins it's interesting to see how they evolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.11,0:26:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Chimpanzee's face is almost as expressive \Nas the human's. If we watch these apes in the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.16,0:26:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wild we can begin to see how we \Nacquired our own highly mobile faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.04,0:26:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Originally, facial muscles were needed not for \Ncommunication, but for other more basic functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.02,0:26:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To move the lips for instance, improving their role in \Ndrinking and feeding. As the apes suck, chew and bite,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.92,0:26:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their powerful, sensitive lips explore each \Nobject as it comes in contact with the mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.32,0:26:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This involves a great deal of pulling and stretching \Nand when they're young, the infant apes
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.00,0:27:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,employ their long lips as valuable sucking organs, \Nsqueezing milk from their mother's nipples.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.78,0:27:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, even the Chimpanzee is no match \Nfor the rubber-faced human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.76,0:27:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.22,0:27:20.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>First, I will show you \Nhow I kiss my girlfriend.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.05,0:27:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>In Cumberland, they elected Albert of Somerset,\NCounty Tatem, "Ugliest Man in the World."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.01,0:27:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator] If we could see below\Nthe surface of the human face,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.46,0:27:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd discover the most complicated \Nset of facial muscles in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.41,0:28:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These muscles give us a \Nhuge range of expressions.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.93,0:28:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some big and bold, \Nothers extremely subtle.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.06,0:28:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, Humans and Chimps don't just share a flexible \Nface. We also share many of the same expressions.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.18,0:28:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not hard for us to appreciate that these young apes \Nare in a playful mood by simply looking at their faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.53,0:28:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we watch the way in which Chimps \Nwork themselves up into a violent mood,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.52,0:28:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's easy for us to understand what's happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.17,0:29:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever an animal goes on the attack, \Nit's always slightly fearful of retaliation.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.09,0:29:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, we see a face in conflict. The \Ntightness of the lips around the mouth is a
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.80,0:29:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sure sign of primate aggression, while the \Nlowered eyebrows indicate that the attacker
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.22,0:29:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is protecting its eyes in case of a fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.09,0:29:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same tight-lipped face is also seen in our own \Nspecies in moments of great emotional intensity.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.10,0:29:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there it is, the tight mouth of anger.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.100,0:29:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This leaves no doubt as to the mood of these women, \Nespecially when combined with an intense stare.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.55,0:29:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most primeval of all facial \Nexpressions is the staring eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.81,0:29:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something we share with other animals \Nand it's always threatening. Because of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.09,0:30:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in earlier centuries, people thought there \Nwas something they called the "evil eye."
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.28,0:30:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A mystical force that by staring \Nat them could do them harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.06,0:30:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To protect themselves against this evil \Neye they would often try to "out stare" it.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.76,0:30:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do this they made effigies of eyes which were \Nunblinking and could perform a permanent stare
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.23,0:30:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to frighten away the evil spirits. Fishermen when \Nthey went to sea wanted to protect their boats
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.39,0:30:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they did so by giving \Ntheir boats a staring eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.16,0:30:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all over the Mediterranean,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.45,0:30:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fishing boats are protected with elaborately \Npainted and eternally unblinking eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.97,0:30:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because hard stares are so assertive, some military \Nand prison rituals employ them in a special way.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.68,0:30:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this correctional camp in Maryland, these \Nprisoners are forbidden to stare, even to glance,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.76,0:30:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at their prison officers. The officers, who \Nare not allowed to lay a hand on the prisoners,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.97,0:31:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make their dominance felt by the most \Ndirect and intense staring they can muster.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.01,0:31:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the effect is one of acute intimidation \Nand almost painful humiliation.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.56,0:31:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] Inmate Williams.\N>>[Inmate Williams] Sir.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.01,0:31:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] Can you hear me, Inmate Williams?!\N>>[Inmate] Sir, yes sir!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.52,0:31:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] Count off, Inmate Williams!\N>>[Inmate] Sir, yes sir!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.89,0:31:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] I'm on my toes! Sound off!\N>>[Inmate] Sir, yes sir!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.55,0:31:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] I don't want to see an eyeball on \Nme, no where near me! If you don't hurry up
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.93,0:31:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll put your butt outta here! Don't look \Nat me! And you better stop pressing me!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.48,0:31:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't give a crap about your attitude today. \N[inaudible] Don't care about your attitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.64,0:31:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You, goddamn dummy over there! Why you won't \Nlook at me, huh?! [both officers yelling]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.76,0:31:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Second officer] That's all you gotta do! \NQuiet! Ain't nobody asked you to come here!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.84,0:31:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ain't nobody going to beg you to stay.\N>>[First officer] Put your legs together!
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.59,0:32:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator] If you thought that staring was pretty \Nintimidating, there's one culture that takes it even further.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.35,0:32:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Maori Haka, the aggressive challenge \Nof the indigenous people of New Zealand.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.33,0:32:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An ancient threat display still \Nemployed today in a modern context.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.04,0:33:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taking another look at those aggressive \NChimpanzees, what happens if they start to
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.88,0:33:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become alarmed and fearful, if their \Ncourage begins to dessert them.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.18,0:33:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As they become more and more afraid, their \Nexpressions undergo an important change.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.29,0:33:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their mouth corners are pulled \Nback further and further.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:41.76,0:33:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the typical fear face of all \Nprimates, including our own species.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.04,0:34:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best way to prove just how closely we share \Nthis expression is to examine the faces of the
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.63,0:34:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,panic-stricken customers on the latest \Nfairground terror ride, the spiraling Nemesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.65,0:34:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as with frightened Chimps, these mouth \Ncorners are pulled back, exposing all the teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.84,0:34:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strange feature of this expression is that \Nit looks, in some respects, like the human smile.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.60,0:34:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smiling is a uniquely human expression that \Nhas evolved from the ancient fear face.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.48,0:35:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This might sound odd because we think \Nof smiling as friendly, not fearful.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.65,0:35:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, there's a crucial \Nlink between the two.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.32,0:35:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fear face is sometimes used as a submissive signal \Nsaying "I'm scared, therefore I'm not a threat to you."
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.93,0:35:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, it's \Nan anti-aggressive action.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.100,0:35:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only a small step from "I am not aggressive" to "I \Nam friendly" and that's how the human smile evolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.90,0:35:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because of the smile's anti-aggressive origins, \Nwitnessing it makes onlookers feel at ease and
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.17,0:35:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responsive to the smiler.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.17,0:35:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this reason it's been a mainstay of \Ncommercial advertising for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.36,0:35:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>Certs is a candy mint.\N>>Certs is a breath mint.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.80,0:35:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>Stop, you're both right. New Certs is two mints in \None. Stops bad breath in seconds. Tastiest mint of all.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.04,0:35:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator] The problem for these \Nprofessional smilers however, is that
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.14,0:36:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's difficult to fake the expression perfectly. \NThe fixed smile gives the game away.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.56,0:36:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For synchronized swimmers, the physical \Nexertions of their sport make it even harder
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.21,0:36:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fake a convincing smile. They have to keep on \Nsmiling to impress the judges, but it's not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.32,0:36:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the best places to observe the false smile is on \Nthe faces of beach-side photographer's customers.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.13,0:36:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Photographer] That's it. Beautiful. \NJust a bit more. Beautiful. Smile!
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.04,0:36:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on. Smile.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.61,0:37:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>But, how precisely do we know that this \Nsmile falls short of being convincing.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.69,0:37:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The essential feature is the specialized muscles \Nthat pull the mouth corners up and the ones
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.34,0:37:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the eyes that create the "smiling eyes" \Nare both much harder to control consciously
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.01,0:37:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the more ancient ones that \Nsimply pull the mouth corners back.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.98,0:37:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter how hard we try, we can't \Nfabricate the perfect smile.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.32,0:37:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This incredibly strong link between our facial \Nexpressions and the inner workings of our body
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.74,0:37:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been put to very good use by \Nimaginative doctors in America,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.68,0:37:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who've taken the radical step of \Nclowning in hospital wards.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.97,0:37:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Clown] I think you're having a \Nlittle too much fun, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.36,0:37:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're having so much fun they might kick you \Nout of here or something like that. [laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.54,0:37:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at all the stuff you got in here. \NYou've got a lot of great stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.95,0:38:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator] And though this may appear to be a bizarre \Nform of medical care, it's impact is extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.36,0:38:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By making patients smile and laugh, their pain \Nlevels are reduced. Their happy facial expressions
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.09,0:38:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually release endorphins, the body's \Nnatural pain killers, into their systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.72,0:38:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[patient laughing]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.28,0:38:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Clown] We'll wait for later to do that.\N>>[Patient] Please come back.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.31,0:38:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.62,0:38:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>Oh, you broke his head! Oh boy! \NI think you should be a doctor like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.56,0:38:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator] Amazingly, the laughter created by \Nthis clowning works as well as any painkilling drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.88,0:38:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such is the power of \Nhuman body language.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.81,0:38:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.48,0:39:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because of our body language that reveals our \Ntrue feelings, we often try to suppress it,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:06.81,0:39:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hide our fears and anxieties, \Nour longings and our hostilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.76,0:39:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, it's such an efficient communication system \Nthat we usually give away a few telltale signs.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.56,0:39:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now for most of us that's an everyday social challenge. \NFor some people it's much more than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.20,0:39:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For professional poker players, the \Nsuppression of body language is a way of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.81,0:39:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For them, even the tiniest hint \Nof emotion can cost a fortune.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.85,0:39:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here at the annual world poker contest \Nin Las Vegas, a million dollars in cash
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.83,0:39:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is piled onto the table to be won or \Nlost on the final play of the cards.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.57,0:39:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The finalists around the table are the best \Nplayers in the world and needless to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.74,0:39:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are masters of body language control. \NThey epitomize the so-called "poker face,"
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.96,0:40:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even they are not entirely immune \Nto the urges of human body language.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.23,0:40:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Careful studies of the telltale signs of poker players \Nhave revealed that there are several vital clues
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.44,0:40:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can tell you when a hand is good or bad, \Nand when a player is bluffing.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.13,0:40:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a player has a bad hand he \Nstares at his cards a little longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.44,0:40:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a player has a good hand \Nhis blink rate increases slightly.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.21,0:40:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he has a good hand he \Nlooks away for a split second.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.02,0:40:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he has a bad hand \Nhe bets with a flourish.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.64,0:40:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, these particular players, world champions, \Nin addition to being able to suppress their own
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.76,0:41:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facial expressions and \Ntheir telltale gestures,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.53,0:41:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are also masters of reading the \Nbody language of their competitors.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.28,0:41:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the victor, but watch his face. \NThis man has just won a million dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.97,0:41:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but his expressions are so tightly under \Ncontrol that even now he can't show any emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.18,0:41:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no smile, no shouting for joy, \Nhis poker face is like a mask.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.68,0:41:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All he allows himself eventually is a little \Njab in the air with a triumphant forefinger.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.97,0:41:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us would make poor poker \Nplayers because we're so bad at lying.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.01,0:41:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We give away our true feelings \Ndespite all our efforts to conceal them.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.00,0:42:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This woman has just been accused of stealing \Nsomebody's purse and just by looking at her
Dialogue: 0,0:42:07.21,0:42:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,body language it's possible to spot certain \Nclues that suggest that her denials are false.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.27,0:42:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Accused woman] See I have one like that too.\N>>[Accuser] Yeah, this is mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.51,0:42:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Accused woman] Well, then mine \Nis in your car or something.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.19,0:42:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] Let's see your ID.\N>>[Accuser] We can look in my car if you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.03,0:42:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator] She brings her hand up to her \Nmouth as if to hide the lie that she's telling.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.51,0:42:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Face touching is often a \Nsign of attempted deception.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.52,0:42:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] How'd you get the purse?\N>>[Accused woman] I got a ride.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.100,0:42:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] Where'd you find it?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.58,0:42:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Accused woman] It was on the floor \Nand I automatically thought it was mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.77,0:42:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Narrator] And she uses the "hand shrug" \Ngesture, an unconscious disclaimer
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.78,0:42:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that usually increases in frequency \Nwhen lying is taking place.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.34,0:42:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Officer] Well, if you thought it was yours and you \Njust got through telling me... [woman starts to argue]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.41,0:42:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>And her eyes blink and\Nclose more than usual. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.00,0:43:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An unconscious attempt to shut out the outside world,\Nto cut herself off from the tension of the lie.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.98,0:43:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>[Accused woman] I put it in my bag and my \Nbag was open, so I thought it was mine, ok.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.57,0:43:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I picked this up and this too, automatically. Ok, the \Nwallet was on the floor and my mind's mixed up. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.69,0:43:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He don't want the baby. \NI want the baby. Ok?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.65,0:43:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I just started picking up the things \Nthat were on the floor. I'm sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.08,0:43:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>>Some people seem to think that body language \Nis trivial, but it should be clear by now
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.17,0:43:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is not the case. Indeed, at moments of \Ndesperation we turn not just to spoken language,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.41,0:43:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but beyond that to the more primeval language \Nof the body. A signally system that was used by
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.76,0:43:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ancestors for millions of years before \Nthe first human words were uttered.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.88,0:43:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one that can still play a crucial \Nrole in ensuring an individual's survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.39,0:43:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, even more far reaching than this, body \Nlanguage is so powerful that it can change the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.96,0:43:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,course of history and affect the behavior of millions \Nof people. A fact that tyrants have not overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.44,0:44:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, body language is far more than \Njust a fascinating area of human biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.08,0:44:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the core of a whole new science, the study \Nof human behavior from a zoological perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.64,0:44:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for this series too, \Nbody watching is only the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:36.22,0:44:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turning a zoological eye to our own species, \NI'll be looking at the commonplace,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:40.85,0:44:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the more unusual \Nactions of the human animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.49,0:44:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why, for example, for a species which so often \Nlives in a state of extreme overpopulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.94,0:44:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is aggressive behavior like this \Nthe exception rather than the rule?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.89,0:45:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, for the vast majority of the time, \Nthe human animal goes about his business in an
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.13,0:45:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amazingly ordered way. Every individual, \Neven in the vast social system of a city,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.38,0:45:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is aware of fitting into a very precise \Nposition in the social pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:14.14,0:45:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll be looking at the human \Nanimal's sexual behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.00,0:45:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What biological mechanisms are at\Nwork when we choose a partner?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.93,0:45:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what influences why we find \Ncertain people attractive and others not?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.00,0:45:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it comes to the courtship ritual, what \Nare our species' typical behavior patterns?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:39.25,0:45:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why at this time do we so often display juvenile \Ncharacteristics such as the need to be spoon-fed?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.96,0:45:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parental behavior, the bond between the human \Nparent and its young is probably the strongest
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.14,0:46:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of any species in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.22,0:46:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the effect of being separated can be \Nquite devastating, especially for the parent.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:14.08,0:46:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the biological function of rites of passage, \Nceremonies that mark the arrival of sexual maturity?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.18,0:46:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why do human individuals remain alive long \Nafter they cease to be able to bear children?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.81,0:46:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, in this series, I'll be looking at \Nthose aspects of our behavior that appear to
Dialogue: 0,0:46:35.93,0:46:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have no parallels in the \Nrest of the animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:40.38,0:46:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is the playful behavior of our species really \Ndifferent from that seen in other animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.39,0:46:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is body decoration different from the \Nelaborate and colorful display plumage of birds?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.14,0:47:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What drives us to take serious \Nrisks merely for the thrill of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:13.14,0:47:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in the next episode, I'll turn my attention to \None of our most fundamental activities: finding food.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:23.60,0:47:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no other species that consumes \Nsuch an incredible variety of food.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.10,0:47:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we're so good at extracting \Nnutrients from our environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:34.06,0:47:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're able to adapt to and exploit \Nvirtually every type of habitat on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.72,0:47:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with our modern lifestyle, what's \Nhappened to our ancestral hunting urges?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.16,0:48:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've sometimes been accused of degrading man-\Nkind, of insulting human dignity, of making man beastly.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.52,0:48:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This surprised me because I like animals \Nand I feel proud to call myself one.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.76,0:48:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never looked down upon them, so to call \Nhuman beings animals is not degrading to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.88,0:48:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's simply honest and putting us in our place as \Npart of the scheme of nature on the planet Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.88,0:48:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music]