[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a real pleasure to be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I last did a TEDTalk
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think about seven years ago or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I talked about spaghetti sauce.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so many people, I guess, watch those videos.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have been coming up to me ever since
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask me questions about spaghetti sauce,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a wonderful thing in the short term --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's proven to be less than ideal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over seven years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I though I would come
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theme of this morning's session is Things We Make.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I thought I would tell a story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about someone
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who made one of the most precious objects
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his era.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the man's name is Carl Norden.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carl Norden was born in 1880.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was Swiss.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, the Swiss can be divided
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into two general categories:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who make small, exquisite,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expensive objects
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those who handle the money
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those who buy small, exquisite,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expensive objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Carl Norden is very firmly in the former camp.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's an engineer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He goes to the Federal Polytech in Zurich.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, one of his classmates is a young man named Lenin
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would go on
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to break small, expensive, exquisite objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's a Swiss engineer, Carl.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I mean that in its fullest sense of the word.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wears three-piece suits;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he has a very, very small, important mustache;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is domineering
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and narcissistic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and driven
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has an extraordinary ego;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he works 16-hour days;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he has very strong feelings about alternating current;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he drinks lots of coffee;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he does his best work
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting in his mother's kitchen in Zurich for hours
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in complete silence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with nothing but a slide rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In any case,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carl Norden emigrates to the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just before the First World War
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sets up shop on Lafayette Street
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in downtown Manhattan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he becomes obsessed with the question
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how to drop bombs from an airplane.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you think about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the age before GPS and radar,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was obviously a really difficult problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a complicated physics problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got a plane that's thousands of feet up in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going at hundreds of miles an hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're trying to drop an object, a bomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards some stationary target
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all kinds of other impediments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all sorts of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moving up to the First World War and between the wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to solve this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nearly everybody came up short.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bombsights that were available
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:02:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were incredibly crude.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Carl Norden is really the one who cracks the code.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he comes up with this incredibly complicated device.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It weighs about 50 lbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it has all kinds of levers and ball-bearings
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gadgets and gauges.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he makes this complicated thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what he allows people to do
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is he makes the bombardier take this particular object,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visually sight the target,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're in the Plexiglas cone of the bomber,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they plug in the altitude of the plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the speed of the plane, the speed of the wind
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the coordinates
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the target.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as Norden famously says,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Before that bombsight came along,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bombs would routinely miss their target
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a mile or more."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he said, with the Mark 15 Norden bombsight,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could drop a bomb into a pickle barrel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 20,000 ft.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I cannot tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how incredibly excited
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S. military was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the news of the Norden bombsight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like manna from heaven.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here was an army
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had just had experience in the First World War,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where millions of men
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fought each other in the trenches,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting nowhere, making no progress,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here someone had come up with a device
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed them to fly up in the skies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high above enemy territory
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and destroy whatever they wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with pinpoint accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the U.S. military
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spends 1.5 billion dollars --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billion dollars in 1940 dollars --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developing the Norden bombsight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to put that in perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total cost of the Manhattan project
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was three billion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half as much money was spent on this Norden bombsight
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as was spent on the most famous military-industrial project
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the modern era.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there were people, strategists, within the U.S. military
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who genuinely thought that this single device
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was going to spell the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between defeat and victory
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it came to the battle against the Nazis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and against the Japanese.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for Norden as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this device had incredible moral importance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Norden was a committed Christian.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, he would always get upset
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people referred to the bombsight as his invention,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in his eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.00,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only God could invent things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was simply\Nthe instrument of God's will.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what was God's will?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well God's will was that the amount of suffering in any kind of war
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be reduced to as small an amount as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.00,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what did the Norden bombsight do?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it allowed you to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It allowed you to bomb only those things
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the years leading up to the Second World War,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S. military buys 90,000
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these Norden bombsights
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a cost of $14,000 each --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, in 1940 dollars, that's a lot of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they trained 50,000 bombardiers on how to use them --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long extensive, months-long training sessions --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these things are essentially analog computers;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not easy to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they make everyone of those bombardiers take an oath,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to swear that if they're ever captured,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will not divulge a single detail
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this particular device to the enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's imperative the enemy not get their hands
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this absolutely essential piece of technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whenever the Norden bombsight is taken onto a plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's escorted there by a series of armed guards.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the box is handcuffed to one of the guards.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's never allowed to be photographed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a little incendiary device inside of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that, if the plane ever crashes, it will be destroyed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's no way the enemy can ever get their hands on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Norden bombsight
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Holy Grail.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happens during the Second World War?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice, the Norden bombsight
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can drop a bomb into a pickle barrel at 20,000 ft.,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's under perfect conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, in wartime,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conditions aren't perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, it's really hard to use -- really hard to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not all of the people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are of those 50,000 men who are bombardiers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the ability to properly program an analog computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, it breaks down a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gadgets and ball-bearings,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they don't work as well as they ought to
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the heat of battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thirdly, when Norden was making his calculations,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.00,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he assumed that a plane would be flying
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a relatively slow speed at low altitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well in a real war, you can't do that;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.00,0:07:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll get shot down.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Norden bombsight doesn't work as well
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under those conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Norden bombsight required the bombardier
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make visual contact with the target.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.00,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, what happens in real life?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are clouds, right.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needs cloudless sky to be really accurate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well how many cloudless skies
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think there were above Central Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 1940 and 1945?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.00,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.00,0:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then to give you a sense
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a famous case in 1944
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the Allies bombed a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the chemical plant comprised
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,757 acres.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the course of 22 bombing missions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this 757 acre chemical plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the Norden bombsight.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well what percentage of those bombs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think actually landed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the 700-acre perimeter of the plant?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 percent. 10 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of those 10 percent that landed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:09:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,16 percent didn't even go off; they were duds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Leuna chemical plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was up and running within weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, all those precautions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the Norden bombsight out of the hands of the Nazis?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it turns out
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Carl Norden, as a proper Swiss,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was very enamored of German engineers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the 1930s, he hired a whole bunch of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.00,0:09:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including a man named Hermann Long
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, in 1938,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave a complete set of the plans for the Norden bombsight to the Nazis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they had their own Norden bombsight throughout the entire war --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which also, by the way, didn't work very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do we talk about the Norden bombsight?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well because we live in an age
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.00,0:09:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there are lots and lots
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Norden bombsights.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a time where there are all kinds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of really, really smart people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running around, saying that they've invented gadgets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will forever change our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've invented websites that will allow people to be free.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've invented some kind of this thing, or this thing, or this thing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will make our world forever better.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go into the military,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find lots of Carl Nordens as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go to the Pentagon, they will say,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You know what, now we really can
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put a bomb inside a pickle barrel
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 20,000 ft."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know what, it's true; they actually can do that now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we need to be very clear
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how little that means.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Iraq War, at the beginning of the first Iraq War,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S. military, the air force,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sent two squadrons of F-15E Fighter Eagles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Iraqi desert
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipped with these five million dollar cameras
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed them to see the entire desert floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:10:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their mission was to find and to destroy --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember the Scud missile launchers,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those surface-to-air missiles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Iraqis were launching at the Israelis?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mission of the two squadrons
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to get rid of all the Scud missile launchers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.00,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they flew missions day and night,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they dropped thousands of bombs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they fired thousands of missiles
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after the war was over, there was an audit done --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.00,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the army always does, the air force always does --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they asked the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many Scuds did we actually destroy?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.00,0:11:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know what the answer was?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.00,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zero, not a single one.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it because their weapons weren't accurate?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh no, they were brilliantly accurate.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could have destroyed this little thing right here
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 25,000 ft.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The issue was they didn't know where the Scud launchers were.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with bombs and pickle barrels
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not getting the bomb inside the pickle barrel,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's knowing how to find the pickle barrel.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.00,0:11:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's always been the harder problem
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to fighting wars.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or take the battle in Afghanistan.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:11:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the signature weapon
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.00,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the CIA's war in Northwest Pakistan?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the drone. What is the drone?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it is the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is this weapon of devastating accuracy and precision.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the course of the last six years
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Northwest Pakistan,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.00,0:12:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the CIA has flown hundreds of drone missiles,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's used those drones
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to kill 2,000 suspected
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pakistani and Taliban militants.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what is the accuracy of those drones?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it's extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think we're now at 95 percent accuracy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to drone strikes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,95 percent of the people we kill need to be killed, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is one of the most extraordinary records
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the history of modern warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But do you know what the crucial thing is?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that exact same period
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've been using these drones
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.00,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with devastating accuracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of attacks, of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against American forces in Afghanistan
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has increased tenfold.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.00,0:12:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we have gotten more and more efficient
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.00,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in killing them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have become angrier and angrier
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.00,0:12:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more and more motivated to kill us.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have not described to you a success story.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've described to you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the opposite of a success story.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.00,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.00,0:13:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our infatuation with the things we make.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think the things we make can solve our problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but our problems are much more complex than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:13:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The issue isn't the accuracy of the bombs you have,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's how you use the bombs you have,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you ought to use bombs at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a postscript
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Norden story
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Carl Norden and his fabulous bombsight.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.00,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is, on August 6th, 1945,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flew over Japan
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.00,0:13:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, using a Norden bombsight,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.00,0:13:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dropped a very large thermonuclear device
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the city of Hiroshima.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as was typical with the Norden bombsight,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bomb actually missed its target by 800 ft.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, it didn't matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.00,0:14:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the greatest irony of all
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.00,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to the Norden bombsight.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the air force's 1.5 billion dollar bombsight
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was used to drop its three billion dollar bomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which didn't need a bombsight at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.00,0:14:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, back in New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.00,0:14:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one told Carl Norden
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.00,0:14:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that his bombsight was used over Hiroshima.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.00,0:14:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a committed Christian.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He thought he had designed something
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would reduce the toll of suffering in war.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would have broken his heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)