[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of you may have heard of the Lakota,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least the larger group of tribes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the Sioux.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prisoner of war camps
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now called reservations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Pine Ridge Reservation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the subject of today's slide show,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is located about 75 miles southeast
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Black Hills in South Dakota.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is sometimes referred to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is where the Lakota now live.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the American Indian Movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of Russell Means,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Leonard Peltier,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of the stand-off at Oglala,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you know that Pine Ridge is ground zero
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Native issues in the U.S.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've been asked to talk a little bit today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about my relationship with the Lakota,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.00,0:00:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a very difficult one for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm white,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've called me "brother" and "uncle"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and invited me again and again over five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on Pine Ridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will always be what is called "wasichu,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "wasichu" is a Lakota word
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means "non-Indian,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but another version of this word
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means "the one who takes the best meat for himself."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I want to focus on --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one who takes the best part of the meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means greedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So take a look around this auditorium today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are at a private school in the American West,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting in red velvet chairs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with money in our pockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we look at our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have indeed taken
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the best part of the meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look today at a set of photographs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a people who lost
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could gain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and know that when you see these people's faces
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these are not just images of the Lakota;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they stand for all indigenous people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On this piece of paper
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the history the way I learned it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from my Lakota friends and family.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The following is a time-line
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of treaties made, treaties broken
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and massacres disguised as battles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll begin in 1824.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was created within the War Department,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,setting an early tone of aggression
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our dealings with the Native Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1851:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to the treaty,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those lands are a sovereign nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the boundaries of this treaty had held --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is a legal basis that they should --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this is what the U.S. would look like today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1863:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest mass execution in U.S. history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The execution was ordered by President Lincoln
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only two days after
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1866: the beginning of the transcontinental railroad --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new era.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We appropriated land for trails and trains
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The treaties were out the window.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attacked and defeated the U.S. army many times over.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to repeat that part.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Lakota defeat the U.S. army.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clearly guarantees the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The government also promises land and hunting rights
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the surrounding states.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We promise that the Powder River country
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will henceforth be closed to all whites.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The treaty seemed to be a complete victory
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Red Cloud and the Sioux.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this is the only war in American history
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the government negotiated a peace
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1869:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The transcontinental railroad was completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It began carrying, among other things, a large number of hunters
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who began the wholesale killing of buffalo,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eliminating a source of food and clothing and shelter for the Sioux.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1871:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Indian Appropriation Act
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes all Indians wards of the federal government.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, the military issued orders
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All western Indians at that point in time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were now prisoners of war.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also in 1871,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we ended the time of treaty-making.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can't have that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had plans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1874:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically the Black Hills.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into Lakota Nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Custer recommends that Congress find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to end the treaties with the Lakota
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as soon as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1875: The Lakota war begins
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1876:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On July 26th
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.00,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on its way to attack a Lakota village,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the battle of Little Big Horn.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1877:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surrendered at Fort Robinson.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was later killed while in custody.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1877 is also the year we found a way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under a campaign known as "sell or starve:"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sign the paper, or no food for your tribe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Fort Laramie Treaty
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called for at least three-quarters of the tribe
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sign away land.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That clause was obviously ignored.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1887: The Dawes Act.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Communal ownership of reservation lands ends.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.00,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.00,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distributed to individual Indians
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.00,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the surplus disposed of.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tribes lost millions of acres.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The American dream of individual land ownership
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned out to be a very clever way
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to divide the reservation until nothing was left.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The move destroyed the reservations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it easier to further subdivide and to sell
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with every passing generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the surplus land
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many of the plots within reservation boundaries
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now in the hands of white ranchers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1890, a date I believe to be
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most important in this slide show.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On December 29th,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,U.S. troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and massacred Chief Big Foot
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 300 prisoners of war,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a new rapid-fire weapon
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fired exploding shells
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a Hotchkiss gun.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.00,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this so-called "battle,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were given to the 7th Cavalry.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To this day,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the most Medals of Honor
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever awarded for a single battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More Medals of Honor were given
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:07:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than for any battle in World War One,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.00,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,World War Two,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Korea, Vietnam,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iraq or Afghanistan.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Wounded Knee massacre
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is considered the end of the Indian wars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever I visit the site
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the mass grave at Wounded Knee,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see it not just as a grave
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.00,0:07:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Lakota or for the Sioux,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The holy man, Black Elk, said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I did not know then
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much was ended.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I look back now
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this high hill of my old age,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can still see the butchered women and children
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lying heaped and scattered
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all along the crooked gulch
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:08:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as plain as when I saw them
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with eyes still young.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was buried in the blizzard:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A people's dream died there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was a beautiful dream."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this event,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new era in Native American history began.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything can be measured
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before Wounded Knee and after.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it was in this moment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the U.S. government openly declared its position on Native rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were tired of treaties.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were tired of sacred hills.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were tired of ghost dances.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.00,0:09:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they brought out their cannons.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You want to be an Indian now?" they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finger on the trigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1900:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S. Indian population reached its low point --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less than 250,000,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to an estimated eight million
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1492.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fast-forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1980:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The longest running court case in U.S. history,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Sioux Nation v. the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was ruled upon by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:10:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The court determined that, when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.00,0:10:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seven million acres of their land
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were opened up to prospectors and homesteaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been violated.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The court stated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Black Hills were illegally taken
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the initial offering price plus interest
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be paid to the Sioux Nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As payment for the Black Hills,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the court awarded only 106 million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Sioux Nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Black Hills are not for sale."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2010:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Statistics about Native population today,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reveal the legacy of colonization,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forced migration
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and treaty violations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.00,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The housing office is unable to build new structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and existing structures are falling apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many are homeless,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with up to five families.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.00,0:11:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,39 percent of homes on Pine Ridge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have no electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are infested with black mold.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.00,0:11:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 90 percent of the population
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.00,0:11:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lives below the federal poverty line.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is approximately eight times higher than the U.S. national average.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The infant mortality rate
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the highest on this continent
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is about three times higher than the U.S. national average.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cervical cancer is five times higher
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the U.S. national average.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,School dropout rate is up to 70 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.00,0:11:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teacher turnover
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is eight times higher than the U.S. national average.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frequently, grandparents are raising their grandchildren
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.00,0:11:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because parents, due to alcoholism,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.00,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,domestic violence and general apathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot raise them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50 percent of the population over the age of 40
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.00,0:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffers from diabetes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The life expectancy for men
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is between 46
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 48 years old --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:12:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roughly the same
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in Afghanistan and Somalia.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last chapter in any successful genocide
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the one in which the oppressor
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can remove their hands and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My God, what are these people doing to themselves?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're killing each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're killing themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while we watch them die."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how we came to own these United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the legacy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of manifest destiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prisoners are still born
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into prisoner-of-war camps
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.00,0:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long after the guards are gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the bones left
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the best meat has been taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.00,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A long time ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a series of events was set in motion
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.00,0:12:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a people who look like me, by wasichu,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eager to take the land and the water
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gold in the hills.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those events led to a domino effect
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has yet to end.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As removed as we the dominant society may feel
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a massacre in 1890,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still have to ask you the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how should you feel about the statistics of today?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the connection
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between these images of suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the history that I just read to you?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how much of this history
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you need to own, even?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is any of this your responsibility today?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.00,0:13:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have been told that there must be something we can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.00,0:13:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There must be some call to action.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because for so long I've been standing on the sidelines
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,content to be a witness,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just taking photographs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the solution seems so far in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I needed nothing short of a time machine
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to access them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The suffering of indigenous peoples
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not a simple issue to fix.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not something everyone can get behind
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way they get behind helping Haiti,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The "fix," as it's called,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.00,0:14:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be much more difficult for the dominant society
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than, say, a $50 check
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.00,0:14:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a church trip
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.00,0:14:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to paint some graffiti-covered houses,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a suburban family
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,donating a box of clothes they don't even want anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.00,0:14:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where does that leave us?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.00,0:14:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.00,0:14:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.00,0:14:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continues on a daily basis
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.00,0:14:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to violate the terms
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.00,0:14:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 1851 and 1868
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The call to action I offer today --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my TED wish -- is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Honor the treaties.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give back the Black Hills.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.00,0:14:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not your business what they do with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)