[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.61,0:00:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arguably, one of the most important molecules in all of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.36,0:00:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biology is ATP.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.15,0:00:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.69,0:00:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which sounds very fancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.34,0:00:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all you need to remember, or any time you see ATP
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.27,0:00:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hanging around in some type of biochemical reaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.18,0:00:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something in your brain should say, hey, we're dealing with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.94,0:00:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biological energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.36,0:00:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or another way to think of ATP is the currency-- I'll put
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.69,0:00:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in quotes-- of biological energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.82,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how is it a currency of energy?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well ATP stores energy in its bonds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.82,0:00:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll explain what that\Nmeans in a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.04,0:00:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And before we learn what an adenosine group or a
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.22,0:00:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3-phosphate group looks like, you can just take a bit of a
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.87,0:01:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leap of faith, that you could imagine ATP as being made up
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.01,0:01:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of something called-- let me do it in a nice color-- an
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.16,0:01:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adenosine group right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.95,0:01:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then attached to it you'll have three phosphates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.02,0:01:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not might, you will.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.32,0:01:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll have three phosphates attached to it just like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.15,0:01:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is ATP.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.97,0:01:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adenosine triphosphate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.45,0:01:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tri- meaning three phosphate groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.85,0:01:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you take adenosine triphosphate and you hydrolyze
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.24,0:01:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this bond, which means if you take this in
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.46,0:01:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the presence of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.61,0:01:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me just throw some water in here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.25,0:01:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say I have H2O.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.61,0:01:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then one of these phosphate groups will break off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.45,0:01:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Essentially part of this water joins to this phosphate group,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.10,0:01:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then part of it joins to this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.90,0:01:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phosphate group right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.90,0:01:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll show you that in a little bit more detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.59,0:01:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to give you the big picture first.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.96,0:01:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're left with is an adenosine group that now has
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.43,0:01:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two phosphates on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.46,0:02:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is called adenosine diphosphate or ADP.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.52,0:02:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before we had triphosphate, which means three phosphates.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.86,0:02:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, so
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.33,0:02:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of a tri here we just write a di.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.65,0:02:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means you have two phosphate groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.59,0:02:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the ATP has been hydrolyzed, or you have broken
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.76,0:02:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off one of these phosphate groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.79,0:02:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so now you're left with ADP and then an extra
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.55,0:02:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phosphate group right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.55,0:02:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And-- and this is the whole key to everything that we talk
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.37,0:02:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about when we're dealing with ATP-- and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.66,0:02:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have some energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.44,0:02:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so when I talk about ATP being the currency of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.59,0:02:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biological energy, this is why.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.50,0:02:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that if you have ATP, and if you were to-- through some
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.22,0:02:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemical reaction-- you pop off this phosphate right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.96,0:02:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to generate energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.47,0:02:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That energy can be used for just general heat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.96,0:03:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you could couple this reaction with other reactions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.81,0:03:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that require energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.83,0:03:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then those reactions will be able to move forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.96,0:03:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I draw these circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.49,0:03:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adenosine and phosphates.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.04,0:03:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And really, this is all you need to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.01,0:03:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already, what I've shown you\Nright here is really all you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.78,0:03:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to know to operationally think of how ATP operates in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.66,0:03:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most biological systems. And if you want to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.39,0:03:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go the other way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.74,0:03:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have energy and you want to generate ATP, the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.02,0:03:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaction will just go this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.05,0:03:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Energy plus a phosphate group plus some ADP, you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.43,0:03:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can go back to ATP.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.61,0:03:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is stored energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.94,0:03:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this side of the equation is stored energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.52,0:03:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this side of the equation is used energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.22,0:03:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is really all you--well this is 95% of what you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.81,0:03:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to know to really understand the function of ATP
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.43,0:03:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in biological systems. It's just a store of energy when
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.45,0:03:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you-- ATP has energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.15,0:03:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you break a phosphate off, it generates energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.07,0:03:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then if you want to go from ADP and a phosphate back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.70,0:03:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ATP, you have to use\Nenergy up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.58,0:04:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you have ATP, that's a source of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.04,0:04:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have ADP and you want ATP, you need to use energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.58,0:04:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so far I've just drawn a circle with an A around it and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.50,0:04:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that's an adenosine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.46,0:04:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes I think it's satisfying to see what the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.84,0:04:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecule actually looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.18,0:04:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I cut and pasted this from Wikipedia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.01,0:04:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why I didn't show this to you initially is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.31,0:04:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this looks very complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.83,0:04:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the conceptual reason why ATP is the currency of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.78,0:04:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy, I think is fairly straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.71,0:04:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it has three phosphates, one phosphate can break off.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.20,0:04:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then that'll result with some energy being
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.31,0:04:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put into the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.64,0:04:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or if you want to attach that phosphate you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.56,0:04:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to use up energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.56,0:04:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just the basic principle of ATP.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.91,0:04:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is its actual structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.01,0:04:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even here we can break it down and see that it's really
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.22,0:04:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not too bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.74,0:04:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We said adenosine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.79,0:04:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me draw the adenosine group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.49,0:04:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have adenosine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.66,0:04:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This right here is adenosine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.22,0:04:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This part of the molecule\Nright there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.07,0:04:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is adenosine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.28,0:05:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for those of you that have really paid attention to some
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.34,0:05:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the other videos, you might\Nrecognize that this part of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.56,0:05:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adenosine-- so this is called adenosine, but this part right
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.66,0:05:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here-- is adenine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.13,0:05:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is the same adenine that makes up the nucleotides that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.11,0:05:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the backbone of DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.46,0:05:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some of these molecules in biological systems have more
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.87,0:05:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than one use.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.58,0:05:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the same adenine where we talk
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.91,0:05:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about adenine and guanine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.17,0:05:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a purine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.10,0:05:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's also the\Npyrimidines, but I won't go
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.37,0:05:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into that much.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.92,0:05:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's the same molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.18,0:05:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's just an interesting thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.38,0:05:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same thing that makes up DNA\Nis also part of what makes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.95,0:05:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up these energy currency molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.94,0:05:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the adenine makes part of the adenosine part of ATP.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.70,0:05:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the other part\Nright here is ribose.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.33,0:06:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which you might also recognize from RNA, ribonucleic acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.97,0:06:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because you have ribose dealing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.04,0:06:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the whole situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.15,0:06:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I won't go into that much.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.19,0:06:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ribose is just a 5-carbon sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.97,0:06:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they don't draw the molecule, it's implied that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.34,0:06:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.95,0:06:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is one carbon right there, two carbons, three
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.16,0:06:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbons, four carbons, five carbons.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.65,0:06:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's just nice to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.72,0:06:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's nice to know that they share parts of their
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.84,0:06:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecules with DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.70,0:06:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are familiar building blocks that we see
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.38,0:06:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.26,0:06:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to emphasize that knowing this, or memorizing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.92,0:06:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, in no way will help you understand the simpler
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.27,0:06:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understanding of ATP just being what
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.36,0:06:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drives biological reactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.52,0:06:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then here I drew 3-phosphate groups, and this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.52,0:06:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is their actual molecular structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.35,0:06:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their Lewis structures right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.49,0:06:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one phosphate group.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.17,0:06:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the second phosphate group.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.53,0:06:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a third phosphate group.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.32,0:06:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.97,0:06:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first learned this, my first question was, OK I can
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.83,0:07:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take this as a leap of faith that if you take one of these
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.08,0:07:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phosphate groups off or if this bond is hydrolyzed, that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.59,0:07:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow that releases energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.02,0:07:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I kind of went on and answered all the questions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.88,0:07:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I had to answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.57,0:07:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why does it release energy?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.95,0:07:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it about this bond that releases energy?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.92,0:07:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember all bonds are are electrons being shared with
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.69,0:07:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.83,0:07:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the best way you could think about it is right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.19,0:07:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These electrons that are being shared right across this bond,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.90,0:07:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or this electron that's being shared right across this bond,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.62,0:07:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's coming from the phosphate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.47,0:07:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't draw the Periodic Table right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.68,0:07:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know the phosphate has five electrons to share.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.49,0:07:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's less electronegative than oxygen, so oxygen will kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.37,0:07:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hog the electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.46,0:07:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this electron is very uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.31,0:07:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a couple of reasons why it is uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.93,0:07:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in a high energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.70,0:07:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One reason why is, you have all these
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.25,0:07:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negative oxygens here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.72,0:07:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they kind of want to push away from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.59,0:07:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these electrons in this bond really can't kind of get
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.96,0:07:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the nucleus.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.22,0:07:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll go into kind of a low energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.67,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this is more of an analogy than the reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know that electrons can get quite complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.21,0:08:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a whole quantum mechanical world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.43,0:08:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's a good way to think of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.38,0:08:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That these molecules want to be away from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.84,0:08:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you have these bonds, so this electron, it's kind of in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.33,0:08:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a high energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.40,0:08:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's further from the nucleuses of these two atoms
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.25,0:08:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it might want to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.58,0:08:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you pop this phosphate group off, all of a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.22,0:08:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sudden these electrons can enter into a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.87,0:08:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lower energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.11,0:08:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that generates energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.08,0:08:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this energy right here is always-- in fact in any
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.03,0:08:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemical reaction where they say energy is generated, it's
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.41,0:08:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always from electrons going to a lower energy state.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.51,0:08:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what it's all about.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.57,0:08:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And later in future videos when we do cellular
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.61,0:08:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respiration and glycolysis and all that, whenever we show
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.48,0:08:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy, it's really from electrons going from
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.33,0:08:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uncomfortable states to more comfortable states.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.90,0:09:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process they generate energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.64,0:09:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I'm in a plane or I'm jumping out of a plane, I have
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.62,0:09:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of potential energy right when I
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.18,0:09:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jump out of the plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.05,0:09:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can view that as an uncomfortable state.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.28,0:09:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when I'm sitting on my couch watching football, I
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.35,0:09:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a lot less potential energy, so that's a very
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.69,0:09:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comfortable state.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.50,0:09:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I could have generated a lot of energy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.79,0:09:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falling to my couch.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.48,0:09:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't knows.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.59,0:09:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My analogies always break down at some point.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.54,0:09:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the last thing I want to go over for you is exactly how
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.23,0:09:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this reaction happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.53,0:09:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far you could turn off this video and you could already
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.41,0:09:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deal with ATP as it is used in 95% of biology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.68,0:09:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially AP Bio.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.79,0:09:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want you to understand how this
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.63,0:09:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaction actually happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.32,0:09:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to do that, what I'm going to do is copy and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.11,0:09:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paste parts of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.15,0:09:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I already told you that this guy right here is going
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.17,0:09:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to break off of the ATP.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.49,0:10:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the phosphate group that breaks off.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.03,0:10:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you have the rest of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.36,0:10:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the ADP that's left over.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.31,0:10:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the ADP.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.53,0:10:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't even have to copy and paste all of this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.34,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can just accept that that's the adenosine group.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.05,0:10:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.50,0:10:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've already said that this thing gets hydrolyzed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.24,0:10:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off, or gets cut off and that generates energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.93,0:10:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I want to do is actually
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.77,0:10:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show you the mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.30,0:10:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little bit of hand-wavy mechanism of how
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.26,0:10:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this actually happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.63,0:10:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said this reaction occurs in the presence of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.82,0:10:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me draw some water here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.21,0:10:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I have an oxygen and a hydrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.04,0:10:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I have another hydrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.10,0:10:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's water right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.71,0:10:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So hydrolysis is just a reaction where you say, hey,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.36,0:10:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this guy here, he wants to bond with something or he
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.42,0:10:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wants to share someone else's electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.92,0:10:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe this hydrogen right here goes down here and shares
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.50,0:11:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its electron with this oxygen right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.25,0:11:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then this phosphorus, it has an extra electron that it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.32,0:11:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needs to share.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.82,0:11:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember it has five valence electrons; it wants to share
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.19,0:11:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them with oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.36,0:11:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has one, two, three, four being shared right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.04,0:11:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if this hydrogen goes to this guy, then you're left
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.67,0:11:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this blue OH right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.98,0:11:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this guy can share one of the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.46,0:11:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phosphorus' extra electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.81,0:11:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you get the OH just like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.19,0:11:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the actual process that happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.23,0:11:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it could go the other way as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.35,0:11:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could've cleaved it here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.04,0:11:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could have cleaved the whole thing here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.74,0:11:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this guy would have kept the oxygen and the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.27,0:11:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hydrogen would have gone to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.89,0:11:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then this guy would have taken the OH.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.82,0:11:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could happen in either order.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.54,0:11:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so either order would be fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.76,0:11:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's one other point I want to make.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.01,0:11:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a little bit more complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.44,0:11:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was even wondering whether I wanted to make it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.93,0:11:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My whole reason why you're kind of in a lower energy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.31,0:11:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state is, once you break apart--actually let me go
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.51,0:12:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down here-- is because I said, hey, this electron is happier
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.37,0:12:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's-- so let's say this electron that was part of this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.09,0:12:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phosphorus is happier now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.76,0:12:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in a lower energy state because
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.54,0:12:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not being stretched.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.95,0:12:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not having to spend time between that guy and that guy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.35,0:12:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this molecule and this molecule want to spread apart
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.05,0:12:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have negative charges.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.56,0:12:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's part of the reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.91,0:12:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other reason why, and we'll talk about this in a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.41,0:12:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more detail when we learn more about organic chemistry, is
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.54,0:12:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this has more resonance.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.94,0:12:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More resonance structures or resonance configurations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.77,0:12:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all that means is that these electrons, these extra
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.36,0:12:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrons here, they can kind of move about between the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.24,0:12:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different atoms. And that makes it even more stable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.17,0:12:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you imagine that this oxygen right here has an extra
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.91,0:12:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electron with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.70,0:12:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that extra electron right there, it could come down here
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.84,0:12:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then form a double bond with the phosphorus.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.18,0:12:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then this electron right here can then jump back up to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.81,0:12:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.87,0:12:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then that could happen on this side and on that side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.40,0:12:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I won't go into the details, but that's another
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.99,0:13:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reason why it makes it more stable.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.80,0:13:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've already taken organic chemistry, you can
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.59,0:13:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of appreciate that more.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.08,0:13:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't want to get all into the weeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.57,0:13:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing to remember about ATP is that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.12,0:13:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you cleave off a phosphate group it generates
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.46,0:13:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy that can drive all sorts of biological functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.95,0:13:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like growth and movement, muscle movement, muscle
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.57,0:13:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contraction, electrical impulses in
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.90,0:13:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nerves and the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.29,0:13:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the main battery or currency of energy in
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.31,0:13:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biological systems. That's the main thing that you really
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.54,0:13:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just need to remember about ATP.