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We live in a medication nation.

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Four point five billion drug prescriptions
will be prescribed by doctors like me

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this year, in the United States alone.

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That's 15 for every man, woman and child.

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And for most of us,

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our experience with this medication
is often confusing number of pills,

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instructions, side effects,
one-size-fits-all dosing,

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which all too often
we aren't taking as prescribed.

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And this comes at tremendous expense,

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costing us our time,
our money and our health.

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And in our now exponential,
connected, data-driven age,

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I think we can and we must do better.

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So let's take a dive
at some of the challenges we have

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and some potential solutions.

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Let's start with the fact

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that many drugs don't work
for those who are prescribed to them.

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The top 10 grossing drugs
in the United States this year,

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they only benefit one in four
to one in 23 of who take them.

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That's great if you're number one,
but what about everybody else?

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And what's worse, drugs,
when they sometimes don't work,

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can still cause side effects.

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Take aspirin -- about one in four of us

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who take aspirin to reduce
our risk of cardiovascular disease,

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are unknowingly aspirin-resistant.

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And still have the same risks
of gastrointestinal bleeds

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that kill thousands every year.

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It's adverse drug reactions like these

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that are, by some estimates,
the number four leading cause of death

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in the United States.

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My own grandfather passed away

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after a single dose of antibiotic
caused his kidneys to fail.

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Now, adverse drug reactions
and side effects

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are often tied to challenges in dosing.

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I trained in pediatrics -- little people,
internal medicine -- big people,

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so one night I might have been
on call in the NICU,

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carefully dosing
to the fraction of a milligram,

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a medication for a NICU baby.

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The next night --
on call in the emergency room,

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treating a 400-pound lineman
or a frail nursing-home patient,

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who, by most accounts, usually
would get the same dose of medications

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from the formulary.

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Which would mean, most of the time
I would be underdosing the lineman,

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and overdosing the nursing-home patient.

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And beyond age and weight,

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we tend to ignore differences
in sex and race in dosing.

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Now, beyond this, we know
we have a massive challenge

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with noncompliance or low adherence.

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Many of us who need
to take our medications

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aren't taking them
or are taking them incorrectly.

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You know, 40 percent
of adults in the US over 65

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are on five or more
prescription medications.

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Sometimes 15 or more.

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And even small improvements in adherence
can dramatically save dollars and lives.

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So, as we think into the future,

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you think that where we are today,

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as we often hear about smart,
personalized, targeted drugs,

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Internet of Things, gene therapy, AI,

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that we'd already arrived
in this era of precision medicine.

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In reality, we still live in an age

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of empiric trial and error
imprecision medicine.

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I think we can do better.

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What if we could reimagine ways
to help make your medicine-taking easier?

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To get the right doses
and combinations to match you?

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What if we could move beyond
today's literal cutting edge

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of pill cutters and fax machines,

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to an era where we could have
better outcomes, lower costs,

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saving lives and space
in your medicine cabinet?

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Well, I think part of the solution
is all the emerging ways

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that we can measure and connect
our health care information.

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Today, we pretty much live
in a reactive, sick-care world,

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siloed information that doesn't flow.

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We have the potential to move
into more continuous, real-time

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proactive world of true health care.

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And part of that starts with
the emerging world of quantified self,

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we can measure so much
of our physiology and behaviors today,

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and often it's siloed
on our phones and scales,

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but it's starting to connect
to our clinicians, our caregivers,

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so they can better optimize prevention,
diagnostics and therapy.

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And when we can do that,
we can do some interesting things.

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Take, for example, hypertension.

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It's the number one risk factor
for early death and morbidity worldwide.

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Half of adult Americans,
on approximation, have hypertension,

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less than half have it well-controlled.

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It's often because it takes two
or three different classes of medications,

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it's tough to do adherence and adjust
your blood pressure medications.

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We have 500 preventable deaths
from non-controlled hypertension

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in the US, every day.

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But now we're in the era
of connected blood pressure cuffs --

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the FDA just approved
a blood pressure cuff

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that can go into your watch.

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There are now prototypes of cuffless
radar-based blood pressure devices

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that can continuously stream
your blood pressure.

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So, in the future, I could --

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instead of spot-checking
my blood pressure in the clinic,

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my doctor could see
my real-time numbers and my trends,

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and adjust them as necessary,

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with the help of a blood pressure
dosing algorithm,

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or using the Internet of Things.

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Now, technology today can do even more.

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My smartwatch, already today,
has an EKG built in,

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that can be read
by artificial intelligence.

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I'm wearing a small, Band-Aid-sized patch,

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that is live-streaming
my vital signs right now.

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Let's take a look.

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They're actually a little
concerning at the moment.

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(Laughter)

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Now, it's not just my real-time vitals

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that can be seen
by my medical team or myself,

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it could be my retrospective data,

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and again, that'd be used to modify
dosing and medication going forward.

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Even my weight can be super-quantified.

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My weight, now my shape,
how much body mass, fat,

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muscle mass I might have,

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and use that to optimize
my prevention or therapy.

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And it's not just for the tech-savvy.

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Now, MIT engineers have modified wi-fi

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so we can seamlessly
connect and collect our vital signs,

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from our connected rings
and smart mattresses,

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we can start to share
this digital exhaust, our digitome,

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and even potentially crowdsource it,
sharing our health information,

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just like we share
with our Google Maps and driving,

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to improve our -- not our driving,
but our health experience globally.

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So, that's great.

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We can potentially now
collect this information.

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What if your labs
can go from the central lab

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to your home, to your phone,
to even inside our bodies

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to measure drug levels or other varieties?

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And of course,
we're in the age of genomics.

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I've been sequenced,
it's just less than 1,000 dollars today.

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And I can start to understand
my pharmacogenomics --

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how my genes impact
whether I need high dose, low dose,

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or maybe a different
medication altogether.

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Let's imagine if your physician
or your pharmacist,

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had this information
integrated into their workflow,

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augmented with artificial intelligence,
AI, or as I like to refer to it, IA --

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intelligence augmentation,

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to leverage that information,

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to understand of the 18,000
or more approved drugs,

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which would be the right dose
and combination for you.

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So great, now maybe we can
optimize your drugs and your doses,

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but the problem today is,
we're still using this amazing technology

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to keep track of our drugs.

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And of course, these technologies evolve,

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there's connected dispensers,
reminder apps,

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smart pill bottle caps that can text
or tweet you or your mother

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if you haven't taken your medications.

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PillPack was just acquired by Amazon,

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so soon we may have same-day delivery
of our drugs, delivered by drone.

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So, all these things are possible today,

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but we're still taking multiple pills.

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What if we can make it simpler?

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I think one of the solutions
is to make better use of the polypill.

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A polypill is the integration of multiple
medications into a single pill.

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And we have these today in common,
over-the-counter cold and flu remedies.

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And there have been
prevention polypill studies done,

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giving combinations
of statins, blood pressure, aspirin,

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which in randomized studies
have been shown

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to dramatically reduce risk,
compared to placebo.

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But these polypills weren't personalized,
they weren't optimized to the individual.

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What if we could optimize
your personalized polypill?

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So it would be built for you,
based on you, it could adapt to you,

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even every single day.

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Well, we're now in the era of 3D printing,
you can print personalized braces,

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hearing aids, orthopedic devices,

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even I've been scanned
and had my jeans tailored to fit to me.

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So this got me thinking,

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what if we could 3D-print
your personalized polypill?

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So instead of taking
six medications, for example,

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I could integrate them into one.

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So it would be easier to take,
improve adherence

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and potentially, it could even
integrate in supplements,

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like vitamin D or CoQ10.

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So with some help --
I call these intelli-meds --

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and with the help of my
IntelliMedicine engineering team,

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we built the first
IntelliMedicine prototype printer.

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And here's how it works:

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instead of full tablets,
we have small micromeds,

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one or two milligrams each,

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which are sorted and selected
based on the dose and combination

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needed for an individual.

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And of course, these would be
doses and combinations

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you could already take together,
FDA-approved drugs.

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We could change the pharmacokinetics

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by professionally layering on different
elements to the individual micromeds.

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And when we hit print,

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you print your combination of medications
that might be needed by you

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on any individual day.

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And we'd start with, again, generic drugs
for the most common problems.

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About 90 percent of prescribed drugs today
are low-cost generics.

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And once we've printed the pill,
we can do some fun bells and whistles.

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We could print the name of the patient,

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the date, the day of the week, a QR code.

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We could print different meds for tapering
for a patient on a steroid taper,

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or tapering from pain medications.

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So, this is actually a look at our
prototype IntelliMedicine printer.

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See, unveil it here.

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It has about 16 different silos,

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each containing individual micromeds.

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And I can now adjust on the software
individual dosings.

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And when I do that,
the robotic arm will adjust

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the height of these spansules
and the micromeds will release.

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I can now --

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The automated process
would rotate and cycle through,

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to make sure the micromeds are loaded.

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And when I hit print,

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these will all fall through the device,

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I now pull out my
personalized printed polypill,

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with the doses
and medications meant for me.

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And we can take a look,
if you look back to the slides,

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you can see the whole process,
we can see the drug silos being selected,

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the pills doing down the different silos,

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and being collected
in the individual capsule.

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Now, this is great,

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I can potentially
print my meds based on me,

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instead of taking six pills.

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I can now be looking
at my individual dosing,

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my smartwatch is looking
at my blood pressure,

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I needed an adjustment
in my blood pressure medicines,

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my coumadin level, my blood is too thin,

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so I lower my micromed
dose of coumadin, a blood thinner.

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So, this could be
smartly adapted, day to day,

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programmed by my physician
or cardiologist.

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And you can imagine that larger printers,
fast printers like this,

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could be in your corner pharmacy,

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in your doctor's office,
in a rural clinic.

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But it could eventually merge and shrink
to small ones, that could be in your home,

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with integrated cartridges like this,
that are delivered by drone.

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Could print your personalized polypill,

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each morning on your kitchen
or your bathroom cabinet.

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And this could evolve, I think,

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into an incredible way to improve
adherence in medications across the globe.

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So, I hope we can reimagine
the future of medicine in new ways,

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moving from polypharmacy,

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one-size-fits-all,
low adherence, complications

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to an era of personalized,
precise, on-demand medications,

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that can take us
and individualize our own health

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and health and medicine around the planet.

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Thank you very much.

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(Applause)

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Host: Daniel, that's kind of awesome.

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Really cool.

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Question for you, though.

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How long is it until, say that
nursing-home patient that you mentioned

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is able to print
their pills in their home?

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Daniel Kraft: Well, again,
this is just a prototype.

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We think that the regular [unclear]
be automated compounding,

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and especially in nursing homes,
folks are taking multiple medications,

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and they're often mixed up,

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so it would be a perfect place
to start with these technologies.

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These aren't going to evolve and start
with printers on your bathroom counter.

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We need to be intelligent and smart
about how we roll these things out,

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but realizing there's so many challenges
with dosing, adherence and precision,

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and now that we have
all these amazing new technologies

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that can integrate and be leveraged,

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I think we need approaches like this
to really catalyze and foster

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a true future of health and medicine.

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Host: Great, thank you.
DK: Thanks.

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(Applause)