[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a bug lover, myself --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not from childhood, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather late.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I bachelored,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,majoring in zoology in Tel Aviv University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I kind of fell in love with bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, within zoology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took the course or the discipline of entomology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the science of insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I thought, myself, how can I be practical
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or help in the science of entomology?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I moved to the world of plant protection --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plant protection from insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from bad bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then within plant protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I came into the discipline
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biological pest control
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we actually define
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the use of living organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce populations
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of noxious plant pests.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a whole discipline in plant protection
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's aiming at the reduction of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And biological pest control, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or these good bugs that we are talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a long, long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But only in the last 120 years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people started,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or people knew more and more how to exploit, or how to use,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this biological control phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in fact, natural control phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their own needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because biological control phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see it in your backyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a magnifier times 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, times 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just open it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just twist leaves, and you see a whole new world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of minute insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or little spiders of one millimeter, one and a half,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two millimeters long,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this phenomenon of natural control
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exists literally everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just have a look at the plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to know how to exploit it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well let us go hand by hand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and browse through just a few examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a pest?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What damage [does] it actually inflict on the plant?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the natural enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biologically controlled agent,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the good bug, that we are talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In general, I'm going to talk
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about insects and spiders,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mites, let us call them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insects, those six-legged organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spiders or mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the eight-legged organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a look at that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a pest, devastating pest, a spider mite,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it does a lot of webbing like a spider.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see the mother in between
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two daughters, probably on the left and right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a single egg on the right-hand side.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On your right-hand side you can see a cucumber leaf,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the middle, cotton leaf,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the left a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can literally turn from green to white
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the sucking, piercing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mouthparts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those spiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here comes nature
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provides us with a good spider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one millimeter, two millimeters long, not more than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running quickly, hunting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chasing the spider mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you can see this lady in action
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your left-hand side --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just pierces, sucks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after five minutes, this is what you see:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a typical dead corpse,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shriveled, sucked-out,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dead corpse of the spider mite,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and next to it, two satiated individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of predatory mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mother on the left-hand side,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a young nymph on the right-hand side.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about five individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the spider mites, of the bad mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 15 to 20 eggs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the pest mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, they are hungry always.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is another example: aphids.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, it's springtime now in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When temperature rises sharply,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your hibiscus, in your lantana,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the young, fresh foliage
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the spring flush, so-called.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, with aphids you have only females,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Amazons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Females giving rise to females giving rise to other females.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No males at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parthenogenesis, [as it] was so called.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are very happy with that, apparently.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we can see the damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those aphids secrete
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some sticky, sugary liquid
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called honeydew,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this just globs
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.00,0:04:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the upper parts of the plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see a typical cucumber leaf
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that turned actually from green to black
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of a black fungus, sooty mold,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is covering it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here comes the salvation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through this parasitic wasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are not talking about a predator.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are talking a parasite --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a two-legged parasite,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but an eight-legged parasite, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a parasitic wasp,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, two millimeters long, slender,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very quick
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sharp flier.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you can see this parasite in action,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in an acrobatic maneuver.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She stands vis-a-vis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of the victim at the right-hand side,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bending its abdomen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inserting a single egg,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a single egg into the body fluids
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the aphid.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, the aphid tries to escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She kicks and bites
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and secretes different liquids,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing will happen, in fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only the egg of the parasite
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be inserted into the body fluids of the aphid.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after a few days, depending upon temperature,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the egg will hatch
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the larva of this parasite
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will eat the aphid from the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all natural. This is all natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not fiction, nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, in your backyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your backyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the end result.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the end result:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mummies --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.00,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,M-U-M-M-Y.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the visual result of a dead aphid
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encompassing inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, a developing parasitoid
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that after a few minutes you see halfway out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The birth is almost complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes just a few minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and off she goes because time is very short.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This female can live only three to four days,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she needs to give rise
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to around 400 eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means she has 400 bad aphids
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put her eggs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into their body fluids.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is of course not the end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is just the last example.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we'll start first with the pest:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thrips.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, all these weird names --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay, just the popular names.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.00,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a nice, slender,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very bad pest.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can see this, sweet peppers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is suffering from a viral disease
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmitted by those thrip adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:07:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here comes the natural enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minute pirate bug,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"minute" because it is rather small.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see the adult, black, and two young ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, in action.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This adult pierces the thrips,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sucking it within just several minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just going to the other prey,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continuing all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we spread those minute pirate bugs, the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.00,0:07:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, in a sweet pepper plot,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go to the flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look, this flower is flooded
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with predatory bugs, with the good ones
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.00,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a very positive situation, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No harm to the developing fruit. No harm to the fruit set.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.00,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is just fine under these circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, the question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.00,0:08:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here you saw them on a one-to-one basis --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pest, the natural enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do is actually this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Northeast Israel,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.00,0:08:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a facility
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mass-produces those natural enemies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, what we do there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we amplify,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we amplify the natural control,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the biological control phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 30,000 square meters
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of state-of-the-art greenhouses,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, we are mass-producing those predatory mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those minute pirate bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.00,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those parasitic wasps, etc., etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.00,0:09:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many different parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, they have a very nice landscape --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see the Jordanian Mountains on the one hand
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a good, mild winter
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.00,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a nice, hot summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an excellent condition
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mass-produce those creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, mass-production --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is not genetic manipulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.00,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no GMOs --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genetically Modified Organisms -- whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take them from nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.00,0:09:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only thing that we do,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we give them the optimal conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to proliferate,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiply and reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we get, in fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see in the upper left corner, you see a single predatory mite.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see this ampoule. You see this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have one gram of those predatory mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One gram's 80,000 individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:09:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80,000 individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are good enough
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.00,0:10:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control one acre, 4,000 square meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.00,0:10:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a strawberry plot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against spider mites for the whole season
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.00,0:10:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of almost one year.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can produce from this, believe you me,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several dozens of kilograms
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an annual basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what I call
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amplification of the phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no, we do not disrupt the balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we bring it to every cultural plot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the balance was already disrupted
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.00,0:10:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.00,0:10:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we come with those natural enemies
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to reverse a little bit of the wheel
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to bring more natural balance
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the agricultural plot by reducing those chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the whole idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the impact?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this table, you can actually see what is an impact
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a successful biological control
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by good bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in Israel,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we employ
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 1,000 hectares --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biological pest controlling sweet pepper
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,75 percent of the pesticides
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were actually reduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.00,0:11:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Israeli strawberries, even more --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.00,0:11:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 percent of the pesticides,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially those aimed against pest mites in strawberries.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the impact is very strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.00,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there goes the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.00,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if you ask growers, agriculturists:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why biological control?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why good bugs?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, the number of answers you get
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equals the number of people you ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we go, for example, to this place,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Southeast Israel,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arava area above the Great Rift Valley,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the really top-notch --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pearl of the Israeli agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is located,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.00,0:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially under greenhouse conditions, or under screenhouse conditions --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you drive all the way to Eilat, you see this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the middle of the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you zoom in,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:12:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can definitely watch this,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:12:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grandparents with their grandchildren,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.00,0:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distributing the natural enemies, the good bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of wearing special clothes
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gas masks and applying chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So safety, with respect to the application,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the number one answer that we get from growers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why biological control.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number two, many growers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in fact petrified
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the idea of resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the pests will become resistant
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in our case that bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.00,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes resistant to antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same, and it can happen very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, in either biological control
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even natural control,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resistance is extremely rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It hardly happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this is evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.00,0:12:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the natural ratio,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unlike resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which happens in the case of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, public demand.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public demand -- the more the public
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.00,0:13:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demands the reduction of chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more growers become aware of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they should, wherever they can and wherever possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replace the chemical control
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with biological control.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.00,0:13:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even here, there is another grower,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see, very interested in the bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bad ones and the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.00,0:13:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wearing this magnifier already on her head,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.00,0:13:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just walking safely
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.00,0:13:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in her crop.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.00,0:13:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, I want to get actually to my vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.00,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in fact, to my dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, you see, this is the reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.00,0:13:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a look at the gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we take the overall turnover
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the biocontrol industry worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's 250 million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at the overall pesticide industry
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all the crops throughout the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.00,0:13:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's times 100 or something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.00,0:13:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-five billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a huge gap to bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So actually, how can we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we bridge, or let's say, narrow, this gap
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.00,0:14:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the course of the years?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:14:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we need to find more robust,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good and reliable biological solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.00,0:14:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more good bugs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.00,0:14:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can either mass-produce
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.00,0:14:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or actually conserve in the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, to create even more
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intensive and strict public demand
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduction of chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the agricultural fresh produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, also to increase awareness by the growers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the potential of this industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.00,0:14:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this gap really narrows.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.00,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step by step, it does narrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.00,0:14:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think my last slide is:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.00,0:14:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we are saying, we can actually sing it:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.00,0:14:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give nature a chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm saying it on behalf of all the biocontrol
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,petitioners and implementers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.00,0:14:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Israel and abroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:14:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really give nature a chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.00,0:15:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.00,0:15:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)