WEBVTT

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Saudacoes, encrenqueir@s! Bem-vindos
a Trouble!

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Meu nome nao eh importante.

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As 10:30 da noite de 29 de outubro, 1969,

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Charlie Kline, um estudante programador
na UCLA

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enviou a primeira mensagem digital

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de um computador a outro via DARPANET,

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um projeto de pesquisa secreto,

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comandado pelo Departamento de Defesa dos EUA.

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A transmissao da simples palavra 'login'

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foi um momento fundamental na historia humana,

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pois representa o nascimento oficial da Internet.

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E foi daqui que a primeira mensagem foi enviada.

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Uma revolucao comecou!

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Quase cinquenta anos depois,

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esta invencao transformou nosso mundo

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e veio a dominar virtualmente todos os aspectos de nossas vidas.

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Reestruturou e rejuvenesceu o capitalismo,

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ao revolucionar o mundo financeiro
e transformar o globo

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num mercado singular interconectado.

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Proporcionou novos metodos de
interacao entre as pesssoas,

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e ajudou a moldar as formas pelas quais
recebemos e processamos infomacao.

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E forneceu um lugar para as pessoas
fazerem o upload

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de terabytes de videos dos seus gatos.

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Este eh Pinky! Ele eh macho e esta
disponivel para adocao.

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Ele eh muito gentil.

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A Internet tambem se tornou
o pilar central

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de uma nova forma de controle social

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baseada na coleta em massa de dados

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e na construcao de algoritmos

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que visam predizer e manipular
o comportamento humano.

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Mas enquanto governos e capitalistas
digitais tem usado a Internet

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como plataforma de vigilancia
em massa e pacificacao,

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ela também tem sido um local de subversao

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e criou novas possibilidades

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para ataques descentralizados na ordem dominante.

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Temos um problema.

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O que?

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Alguem sincronizou um RAT num dos
nossos servidores.

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Uma ferramenta de acesso remoto--
estamos sendo hackeados!

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No fronte dessa guerra estao
os hackers.

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Aqueles que usam a curiosidade,
programação e a resolucao de problemas

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para desbloquear sistemas fechados e
curvar poderosas forcas a sua vontade.

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Nos proximos trinta minutos,

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compartilharemos as vozes
de alguns desses individuos

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enquanto nos relatam suas experiencias
desfigurando sites,

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vazando e-mails, desenvolvendo
ferramentas para se opor a vigilancia digital

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... e causando muita encrenca!

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Penso que hackear se tornou um desses termos

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um tanto quanto nebulosos.

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Eu definiria como usar a tecnologia numa
forma que nao era sua intencao inicial,

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encontrando bugs e descuidos nos designs

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para produzir resultados que nunca
deveriam acontecer.

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Subversao criativa dos sistemas tecnologicos.

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Voce pega o software e o modifica
para ter outro resultado.

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Por exemplo, acessar informacao
num sistema

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que voce nao deveria ter acesso.

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Ou fazer um sistema fazer alguma
coisa que não deveria

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-- ou que voce nao deveria ser capaz 
de manda-lo fazer.

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Existem muitas diferentes definicoes
de hackear, dependendo de quem voce perguntar.

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O codigo penal dos EUA
define "computer hacking" como


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o acesso nao autorizado para obter
informacao, transmitir codigos destrutivos, etc.

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Quer dizer, eles basicamente expandiram
a definicao

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em prol de seus esforcos diarios
em criminalizar a atividade cotidiana da Internet.

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Se voce perguntar a alguem
como Richard Stallman,

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ele te dirá que eh basicamente uma
solucao criativa para um problema.

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Mas hackers tambem gostam de
invadir sistemas.

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Existem inumeros tipos de sistemas,

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e todos os tipos de acesso

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e todas as formas de ganhar acesso.

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Alguns hackers escolhem consertar
e proteger esses sistemas.

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Eles trabalham pro governo, Microsoft, etc

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Se auto-entitulam 'white hats'.

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Nem se quer sao hackers.

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Sao vistos na cena hacker como vendidos.

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Fazem pelo pagamento.. ou talvez
por causa da bandeira.

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Mas tem aqueles, eh claro, que nao fazem
por mero emprego.

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Que nao fazem pelo pagamento.

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Que fazem pela emocao de resolver
enigmas complexos.

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Pela emocao de quebrar essas fronteiras artificias

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que alguns decidiram levantar.

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Tudo que foi construido, pode ser quebrado.

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Eu nao creio que hackear mudou
muito nos ultimos anos.

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O que realmente mudou foi o escopo

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de coisas que podem ser hackeadas.

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Antes, nos anos 90, a maioria dos
hacks eram piadas

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porque nada daquilo tinha impacto
na vida real.

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E na cultura popular,

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voce comeca a ter esses hackers
aparecendo nos filmes e series,

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na qual ha toda essa imagem
dos hackers

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como se eles tivessem superpoderes.

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Que podem invadir sistemas
de computadores de qualquer jeito.

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Ha um novo virus no banco de dados.

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O que esta acontecendo?

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Esta se replicando.. comendo memoria.. uhh, o que eu faco?

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Digite 'cookie', idiota!

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Entao se populariza ainda mais.

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Desde o boom do .com a partir
do fim dos 90,

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as coisas agora tem grande impacto

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e tudo tende a estar
conectado a Internet,

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ou a algum tipo de rede,

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Na medida em que as redes digitais
de informacao evoluiram,

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muita informacao pessoal
esta sendo armazenada.

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Sabe, corporacoes Big Data e as industrias
se baseiam em computadores

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.. entao os hackers tem acesso a
esse tipo de informacao

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que essas empresas possuem.

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Hacker pode ser algo muito simples
e muito complexo.

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Mas na maioria das vezes
eh simples.

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Ao introduzir dados de uma certa maneira,

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voce eh capaz de fazer
o sistema no back-end

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acreditar que o que voce 
esta fornecendo eh, na verdade,

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parte do seu proprio codigo.

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O que, em muitos casos, pode
conceder acesso total ao sistema.

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Isso nao se limita a computadores
e sistemas de telecomunicacao.

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Eh possivel aplicar essa ideia a
todos os tipos de sistemas tecnicos.

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Por exemplo, algo como engenharia social

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eh uma forma humana de hackear.

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Sabe, voce pode fingir ser alguem que
voce nao eh

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e fazer perguntar a outras pessoas
sobre elas

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para faze-las revelar
informacoes privadas.

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Em teoria, um software
sem vulnerabilidades

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eh algo possivel.

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Mas na pratica, eh algo impossivel
de se ter.

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Se uma aplicacao ou sistema

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executa consultas num banco de dados
baseado na sua entrada de dados,

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seria possivel alterar sua entrada

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para ser capaz entao de alterar a
consulta no banco de dados,

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e possivelmente ganhar acesso a
informacoes que voce nao deveria ter.

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O que um exploit basicamente faz,

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eh uma ferramenta pequena que voce
executa para ganhar acesso a um setor

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do software que voce deseja.

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Muitos exploits e vulnerabilidades sao
discutidas publicamente

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e estao sendo utilizadas mundo afora.

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Se voce prestar atencao a listas
tipo Full Disclosure ou Security Focus

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elas te dirao alguns dos ultimos
truques sendo usados.

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Claro, sao aqueles que ja
sao publicamente conhecidos,

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e que muitos fornecedores ja lancaram
patches

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... mas muitas empresas nem sempre
lançam patches.

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Elas nao estao tao no topo como
gostam de pensar que estao.

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Por exemplo, os hacks da Equifax a
algumas semanas atras

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estavam rodando em versoes
desatualizadas do software Apache.

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A maioria das pessoas nao faz
atualizacoes frequentemente.

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Entao a maioria delas vai ser hackeada
por algo muito simples.

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Ataques de negacao de servico.

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.. consiste basicamente em criar
uma quantidade imensa

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de trafego no seu servidor,

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ate o ponto em que o servidor nao
possa continuar fornecendo seus servicos.

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Existe ate uma coisa chamada "Ataques de Negacao de Servico Distribuidos",

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no qual o trafego vem de inumeros
locais ao mesmo tempo.

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As tecnicas mais perigosas sao as
chamadas "vulnerabilidades nao reveladas",

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popularmente conhecido como "zero day".

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Quando alguem descobre alguma
vulnerabilidade e, ao inves de relata-la,

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-- o que os White Hats fariam --

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continuam usando-a privadamente.

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E nao a relatam publicamente,

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de forma que nao ha como alguem

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se proteger adequadamente contra 
a vulnerabilidade.

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Uma forma util de pensar sobre isso
seria que

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a Internet eh um lugar realmente hostil.

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E ela nunca foi feita com a intencao de
privacidade ou seguranca.

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Os atores estatais e corporativos
controlam a coisa toda.

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Entao quando voce fala nas
capacidades deles de manipula-la

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.. digo,pra mim, muitos dos servicos
basicos que nos usamos

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na Internet sao completamente vulneraveis

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sem se quer ser necessario haver
um hacker para invadir,

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ou um malware ou algo do tipo.

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Os atores estatais como o governo
americano

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possuem a habilidade de observar
todo o trafego da Internet em tempo real,

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coletar e armazenar tudo,

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para usar posteriormente em discricao.

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E eles trabalham em conjunto
com os capitalistas digitais

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-- Facebook,Google, e essas
entidades todas

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-- que ja armazenam todas essas
informacoes de qualquer forma.

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A Internet ha muito tempo tem sido
usada por movimentos sociais

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de varios espectros politicos,

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tanto como meio de disseminar
informacao

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e um terreno fertil para recrutamento.

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